...personal experiences that I have had with police, I believe that many officers overlook the fact that part of the job is to serve the community, many of them neglect interacting and forming positive relationships with people. I believe the police as a whole need to interact more with the community to prove that not all interactions with police are negative. By doing this it builds trust and when you have trust crime fighting can be 78%** more effective, and when crime fighting is more effective is leads to a safer place for all of us to live. “When you have police officers who abuse citizens, you erode public confidence in law enforcement. That makes the job of good police officers unsafe.” is a famous quote by Mary Frances Berry a former chairwoman of the United States commission of civil rights, and it perfectly describes the situation that happens in much of America today. That is, a person will have a run in with a police officer that has treated them in an unlawfully or abusive manner and that person will develop the notion that all police are that way, when in reality that is not the case. Believe it or not, not all police are bad but when an individual has a negative experience with a police officer this knocks the “trust” wall down. A study by the***** shows that 87%*** of people have had a negative run in with the police such as being harassed, racially profiled, or even in my case been illegally searched. By doing this police neglect forming positive relationships...
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...at crime. Police have always responded to crime, that is the belief and that has always been their job. What happens, though, when provided with an idea that expresses that crime can be more preventative just by looking at and involving the community to participate? Policing traditionally has always been a response unit, providing its’ service after the fact (after a crime has happened). The broken windows theory counters that traditional style by looking outside of the traditional criminal justice system to see how crime is generated and solutions to fix and prevent it (Trojanowics, 1994). The broken windows theory has views closely related to community policing: The quality of life, as the ultimate goal of policing (Carter & Sapp 1994; Joseph 1994; Kelling and Coles 1996; Skogan 1990; Trojanowics 1994). This type of policing has broadened the goal to assist communities to maintain a safe environment where basic institutions (families, schools, churches, commerce) can effectively operate and thrive within the community (Kelling and Coles 1996). Apprehending criminals is no longer the only focus among law enforcement. Police and their agencies must now adapt to look at what needs to be done to maintain the quality of life in communities as well as alleviate citizen fear of crime. To prevent community decline and crime police agencies must us the strategic measure of disorder control. Legitimacy refers to the judgments that the citizens make about police authority...
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...Metropolitan Police Department Heloise V. Posey BUS310014VA016-1118-001 Date: October 29, 2011 Abstract The Washington Metropolitan Police Department is one of the largest local police agencies in the United States. The Metropolitan Police Department is the primary law enforcement agency for the District of Columbia. The main focus of this paper will be on the issues surrounding human resources and other areas of the Metropolitan Police Department. The Chief of Police serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the department. The Chief of Police is also responsible and accountable for all activities involving the Metropolitan Police Department and establishes professional standards that maintain a higher level of integrity and ethical conduct than is generally accepted of others. History of the Metropolitan Police Department On August 6th the Metropolitan Police Department will celebrate 150 years of continuous service to the District of Columbia. Since its’ founding in 1861 the Metropolitan Police Department of Washington DC has grown in diversity as well as size and been on the front lines for much of this city's most colorful history and today is the forefront of technological crime fighting from highly developed advances in evidence analysis to state-of the-art-information technology. Tragic events such as the assassinations of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and James A. Garfield, and the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan as well as happier events...
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...Context of Business Economic Environment Factors of production: Resources used to produce goods and services 1) Land (natural resources) 2) Labor (workers) 3) Capital (buildings, equipment) 4) Entrepreneurship 5) Knowledge/Information World Economic Systems 1) Communism: All factors owned by all people * Big government * No competition * Karl Marx 2) Socialism: Some factors owned by all people * More equal allocation of resources * Government/central planning for basic goods/services * Most basic industries owned by the government 3) Capitalism: Factors are privately held and used to make profit * Promotes competition and freedom. * Driven by self-interest, rewards innovation * Adam Smith: father of free trade and capitalism Market Economy A) Supply and Demand B) Levels of Competition * Pure: Indistinguishable products, infinite sellers, i.e. Retail gas * Monopolistic: Similar products, many sellers, i.e. Candy, Athletic Shoes, Apparel * Oligopolies: Market is dominated by a few sellers, i.e. Soft drinks, Airplanes * Monopolies: One firm owns majority of market, i.e. Electricity, Gas, Water Economic Indicators (indicate health and trend of an economy) 1) GDP: Measures the sum of all goods and services produced in a country in a year 2) Unemployment rate: Measures percentage of population 16 and over looking for work but cannot find it. Three types of unemployment * Frictional:...
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...The City of Las Vegas, Nevada Budget Process Sarah Molda Missouri State University The City of Las Vegas, Nevada Budget Process In accordance with Nevada state Law, City governments in Nevada are created either by general law or special charter. The City of Las Vegas is a special charter city, and operates under a council-manager form of government as proscribed by Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) Chapter 268, with our mayor elected at-large and six City Council members representing the 6 single member wards that represent the City. The vision of the City of Las Vegas is to be “a world-class, vibrant, affordable, economically and ethically diverse, progressive city where citizens feel safe, enjoy their neighborhoods and access their city government. Its mission is to provide residents, visitors and the business community with the highest quality municipal services in an efficient, courteous manner and to enhance the quality of life thorough planning and visionary leadership.” (City of Las Vegas) The Las Vegas city council oversees the general administration, makes policy, and sets budget. The council appoints a professional City Manager who is charged with the running day-to-day operations, with the City Managers office being responsible for the administration and operation of all municipal services for the City of Las Vegas as well as the oversight for all redevelopment and economic development. The City Manager's staff also tracks the progress of various projects,...
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...Traditional Leadership vs. Cutting Edge Leadership MGT 3173: Introduction to Leadership December 2, 2007 Abstract The entire realm of leadership has taken has taken a dramatic shift over the last several decades. For many years, the strong-arm approach to leadership has proven successful during its reign and has been credited with being the basis of all successful endeavors during its time. However, in the last few decades there has been a shift in its approach; a change in the attitude, function and definition of leadership. This change has made a complete turn around from how most organizations have lead in the past, compared to the newer design that’s been introduced within these same organizations today. These recent changes have been so prevalent within our workforce and in our lives that new terms have emerged while discussing the styles of leadership. This essay will discuss the differences between the traditional leadership styles of yesterday versus today’s contemporary, or cutting edge style of leadership. Traditional Leadership vs. Cutting Edge Leadership The topic of leadership can be traced back for thousands of years. Ever since man has inhabited the earth, they banded together as tribes or clans. Someone would generally take charge of that group and set rules and/or parameters for others to follow, usually by force or intimidation. As the years flew by and industrialization...
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...TAXATION LAW I. General Principles POWER OF TAXATION TAXATION – power by which the sovereign through its law-making body raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of government from among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must bear its burdens. Two Fold Nature of the Power of Taxation 1. It is an inherent attribute of sovereignty 2. It is legislative in character Extent of Taxing Power Subject to constitutional and inherent restrictions, the power of taxation is regarded as comprehensive, unlimited, plenary and supreme. Scope of Legislative Taxing Power 1. Amount or rate of tax 2. Apportionment of the tax 3. Kind of tax 4. Method of collection 5. Purpose/s of its levy, provided it is for public purpose 6. Subject to be taxed, provided it is within its jurisdiction 7. Situs of taxation TAXES – enforced proportional contributions from the persons and property levied by the law-making body of the State by virtue of its sovereignty in support of government and for public needs. Characteristics of Taxes 1. forced charge; 2. pecuniary burden payable in money; 3. levied by the legislature; 4. assessed with some reasonable rule of apportionment; (see theoretical justice) 5. imposed by the State within its jurisdiction; 6. levied for a public purpose. Requisites of A Valid Tax 1. should be for a public purpose 2. the rule of taxation shall be uniform 3. that either the person...
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...PTI * Climate of PTI * Communication & PTI WHAT IS CULTURE? Def. Culture is the values and practices shared by the member of a group (source notes) Hence a corporate culture is values and practices shared by the people in that company Key Points Regarding Culture * A Companies culture can make or break the company. * Company’s culture can be changed. But it can be difficult in some cases. * It can be changed as the targets of the company changes. * Company culture changes and evolves over time. But not in all cases if it is strong culture. * It changes from one environment to another. (E.g. Multinational companies) Explanation in My Views: Any human organization develops culture over time, from small family business to global national companies to village and country try to develop its own culture over time. It is like an iceberg whose very small portion can be seen while travelling in sea but the major portion of it is under water, which can only be observed when you get under water. Now, Why it is important? It is important as every organization try to develop its own unique identity. Here I think it is important to define organization. “An organization is a group of people with a particular purpose, and has a specific boundary that separates it from others” such as a business or government department. Every company tries to develop a foundation of its core values. Most common are: * Communication ...
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...explores the coast of California. 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System – land for population – people spread out 1608: French establish colony at Quebec. 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America. 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe 1619: First African slaves brought to British America. 15. Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority • 1624 – New York founded by Dutch 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill” - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools 1630: The Puritan Migration 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony 1635: Connecticut founded 1636: Rhode Island is founded – by Roger Williams 23. Harvard College is founded • 1638 – Delaware founded – 1st church, 1st school • 1649 – Maryland Toleration Act – for Christains – latter repealed 1650-1696: The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament. - limited trade, put tax on items 1660 – Half Way Covenant – get people back into...
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...NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: LaChara S. Hill THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN Please Follow These Procedures: If requested by your mentor, use an assignment cover sheet as the first page of the word processor file. The assignment header should include the Learner’s last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number (DoeJXXX0000-1) justified to the left and the page number justified to the right. Keep a Photocopy or Electronic Copy of Your Assignments: You may need to re-submit assignments if your mentor has indicated that you may or must do so. Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The known submission of another person’s work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. | | | |CJ7011-8 |Gabriele Suboch | | | ...
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...Topic Two Contract Law: Formation of Contracts [A] Introduction Contract law concerns with regulation of the legal relationship of the parties to contracts. A contract is an agreement having legally binding effects on its parties. In other words, generally speaking, the party who broke the contract has to compensate the innocent party for his loss. How to form a contract? All the 4 following elements are needed for forming contracts: - a. Offer b. Acceptance c. Intention d. Consideration [B] Offer What is an offer? • The expression of a person’s intention to others to have a legally binding agreement. • The maker of the offer is called the offeror. The recipient is called the offeree. Important rules about offers: - (a) Certainty of the offer A contract must contain the basic terms of the relevant transaction. Normally, the following 2 items are needed to form an agreement: - i. Price (e.g. how much is the house that I am going to sell to you?) ii. Property (the seller has to show the buyer the goods or to describe them briefly: Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] All ER Rep 494). * Under the Sale of Goods Ordinance (cap.26 of the Laws of Hong Kong), the buyer is required to pay a reasonable price for his purchased goods if there has not been a specified price in the agreement. Under the Supply of Services Ordinance (cap.457 of the Laws of Hong Kong, the party contracting with the supplier has to pay a reasonable...
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...Preface There is no doubt that we are in the midst of a great revolution in the history of women. The evidence is everywhere; the voice of women is increasingly heard in Parliament, courts and in the streets. While women in the West had to fight for over a century to get some of their basic rights, like the right to vote, the Constitution of India gave women equal rights with men from the beginning. Unfortunately, women in this country are mostly unaware of their rights because of illiteracy and the oppressive tradition. Names like Kalpana Chawla: The Indian born, who fought her way up into NASA and was the first women in space, and Indira Gandhi: The Iron Woman of India was the Prime Minister of the Nation, Beauty Queens like Aishwarya Rai and Susmita Sen, and Mother Teresa are not representative of the condition of Indian women. Over 32000 murders, 19,000 rapes, 7500 dowry deaths and 36500 molestation cases are the violent crimes reported in India in 2006 against women. There are many instances of crime especially against women go unreported in India. These are figures released by the National Crime Records Bureau recently. While Madhya Pradesh is worst off among the states, the national capital New Delhi continues to hold on to its reputation of being the most unsafe city in India. Delhi takes the top slot for crimes ranging from murders and rapes to dowry deaths and abductions. It reflects country's law and order situation when its capital is a cauldron of crime. Instead...
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...Summary Technology has provided companies the opportunity to expand into areas of the world that were nearly inaccessible several decades ago. These markets have seen an increase in goods sold to them, more of their natural resources being purchased from them, and more employment opportunities at multi-national firms. These emerging markets are usually categorized as countries with low–to-middle per capita income and often considered the world’s fastest growing economies. Countries in Asia, Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe are seeing a growth in local business activities as well as international business activities, both of which are stemming from multinational firms primarly located in North America or Europe. Understanding the best ways to work with individuals from these emerging markets can be valuable during negotiations. There are five cultural factors that most often affect negotiations among cultures: 1. use of time; 2. individualism versus collectivism; 3. role orderliness and conformity 4. patterns of communication; (Acuff, 2008) and 5. corruption. The goal of this research paper is to discuss cultural factors that affect negotiation and find examples from different regions on how those factors affected business negotiations and to conclude by providing ideas to deal with those challenges faced during negotiations. Use of time Individuals in different countries perceive time and use time in different ways. There are two major ways that cultures understand...
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...Just Water Under The Bush? By: Janice Foster There is a term that old folks often say to refer to something that has taken place in the past that cannot be changed and therefore you just get over it. This is easier said than done especially if you are the living reminder of what cannot be changed. All of us have been affected by George w. Bush and his administration whether it is good or bad, directly or indirectly. There are some of us who have been affected in ways that you can only imagine. Sometimes even though something has taken place in the past it can have an important bearing on how you prepare for your future. For Katrina and 911 victims, the term may not be so easy to apply in their lives. The presidency of George W. Bush began on January 20, 2001, when he was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States of America. George W. Bush is the oldest son of former president George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush was elected president in the 2000 general election, and became the second US president whose father had held the same office. Bush did not get into office without some scandal and controversy because On December 8, 2000, the Supreme Court of Florida ordered that the Circuit Court of Leon County tabulate by hand 9,000 ballots in Miami-Dade County. It also ordered the inclusion in the certified vote totals of 215 votes identified in Palm Beach County and 168 votes identified in Miami-Dade County for Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., and Senator Joseph Lieberman...
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...Statutory Interpretation (not examinable) • Literal Rule There are three (3) principles of law that can be applied to interpret the law, where the Literal rule can be applied and if absurdity exist either the Golden or the Mischief rule can be used. The Literal rule considers the law as what it says where the natural meaning of the words are used for interpretation; this can be depicted in the case Regina v Barrymore where the defendant was charged with the offence of wounding with the intent to murder, however the learned magistrate of St John’s Magistrate’s court committed the defendant to stand trial on a charge of wounding with intent to do grievous bodily harm. The court however had no power to commit the defendant for any offence other than the offence with which he had been charged. • Golden Rule The Golden rule is an extension of the literal rule, giving either narrow or wide meaning to the law; the Narrow meaning can be exemplified in the case of Marilyn Spenser v the Attorney General (AG), where the appellants, members of the Executive of the Committee of the Hallelujah Square Tabernacle church submitted to the Attorney General (AG) articles of incorporation of the church as a religious non- profit organization. However, the AG rejected the request stating that a nonprofit company must be a commercial enterprise which is to be carried out without financial gain to its members. Wide Meaning on the other hand is used to give law a wider meaning...
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