...DOH Breastfeeding TSEK Program 2011 – PRECEDE-PROCEED Analysis Introduction and Program Rationale The protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding rank among the most effective interventions to improve child’s survival. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that high coverage of optimal breastfeeding practices could avert 13% of the 10.6 million yearly deaths of children five years old and below. Everyday, as many as 4,000 infants and young children die worldwide because they are not breastfed. According to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), it is because their mothers are not empowered with adequate knowledge about breast-feeding and do not receive enough motivation and support (UNICEF, 1994). Babies, their mothers, their families, their community, their environment, even the economy of the country in which they live, all benefit from breast-feeding (ibid). Realizing the great advantages of breast-feeding and the changing patterns of breast-feeding practice worldwide, the World Health Organization, 1981, recommended that all infants should be “exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months of age”(Kaunang, 1999). Moreover, UNICEF(1994) has advocated breast-feeding as one of the strategies for “ Child Survival” and exclusive breast-feeding as a best protective way for infants against infection and malnutrition. Nowadays, promotion of breast-feeding through Family Planning and MCH Programs is increasingly considered to be a public...
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...Topic: complexities and realities of Global Health Implementing effective global health programs is a difficult task as there are complex issues involved. These issues arise from the distinctive barriers that exist in poor communities as well as from the fundamental complexity of the health care field. Despite efforts made to improve the global health, there are some barriers faced majorly in developing countries which can be grouped into two broad categories: infrastructural barriers and patients behavior. According to Dr. Manchanda’s book titled “the upstream doctors”, effective care for most illness requires understanding the social conditions of one’s patients, and this is true because patients are faced with various limitations that deter them from accessing good medical services. Fear, finance, cultural belief, distance to Health Centre or Hospitals, lack of awareness about treatment availability and benefits, and poor health outcome after treatment, are some of the major contributory factors that deter patients from accessing good medical services, thus, causing a decline in health status globally. Poverty is also a contributory factor especially in developing countries. This can be explained in patient’s inability to purchase drugs or hesitancy to seek proper medical attention due to lack of funds. These barriers can be tackled using the holistic response that includes both social and cultural approach. The means to achieve success is to involve local health care professionals...
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...20th 2011 Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the most precious gift a mother can give her baby. Breast feeding is natural and healthier for the baby. The bond the mother and child get when they breast feed is amazing. Breast milk helps the infant with their health, their bone structure, and their immunity. Breast milk contains growth factors and antibodies which help the baby grow and protect the baby from illness such as ear infections, allergies, diarrhea, and other serious illnesses. The first milk which comes from a mother is yellowish in color, and it is called colostrum; it has antibodies that protect the baby from infections. The antibodies found in breast milk cannot be found in formula. Breast milk comes in three different types; colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. Colostrum (0 to 5 days after birth) is high in protein, low in fat; it also helps the baby’s bowels to move early and often. Transitional (5 to 10 days) is the amount of sugar, fat and calories increases. Mature milk (after 10 days it is produced) is high in protein, fat and calories. The white milk comes later after a few days and its temperature and texture is just right for the baby. Breast milk is easier to digest for the baby than the cow milk. Breastfeeding is a great method for feeding the baby and it offers many benefits for both the mother and the baby. It is cost effective to breast feed, offers convenience, and it has many emotional and physical benefits. Breastfeeding is the...
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...MacArthur, C. 1995). The post natal period, until recently, has been defined as not less than 10 days, or more than 28 days after the end of labour (UKCC, 1998). However, it has been acknowledged by the Government that the public health role of the midwife should be further developed (DoH, 1999) and so the NMC defined the post natal period as the period after the end of labour, on which a midwife must attend a women for no less than 10 days and for as long as the midwife deems as necessary (NMC, 2004). Mrs Smith, this is an alias due to the NMC guidelines 2004, was seen for 28 days post natal due to problems she was having. Her baby was jaundice, she was having problems breast feeding her baby and generally she was feeling inadequate as a mother. She was also overcome with tiredness. Most midwives’ visit for only 10 days and their capacity to extend visiting beyond 10 days depends on staffing levels, the...
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...Chunlin Du Breastfeeding, Health Lifestyle and Government Support ——Best Way to solve Childhood Obesity Problem Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century (Global Strategy on Diet). According to the research report from World Health Organization (WHO), the childhood obesity prevalence has increased at an alarming rate. Globally, in 2010 the number of overweight children under the age of five is estimated to be over 42 million. Close to 35 million of these are living in developing countries (Global Strategy on Diet). Extreme obesity among American children is much worse than previously believed. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the United States, childhood obesity affects approximately 12.5 million children and teens (17% of that population). Changes in obesity prevalence from the 1960s show a rapid increase in the 1980s and 1990s, when obesity prevalence among children and teens tripled, from nearly 5% to approximately 15% (Figure 1) (Popovic 42). Source: T. Popovic, "CDC Grand Rounds: Childhood Obesity in the United States." MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 60.2 (2011): 42-46.Web. 28 Mar. 2012. Compare with the numbers of obese children, the more worrying things are health issues of childhood obesity. Obesity poses a significant public health threat to children for reasons that affect both their current and future health. Immediate health effects included: obese youth are more likely...
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...CAN BREASTFEEDING IN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS PREVENT CHILDHOOD OBESITY? Can Breastfeeding in the First Six Months Prevent Childhood Obesity? Introduction Childhood obesity is an issue that has baffled many in the United States and the United Kingdom. Various researchers such as Charlesworth (2013) assert that the trend has significantly increased since the 1960s, an issue that has necessitated further research on the subject .For instance, Akabas et al., (2012) assert that 14 to 16% of 5 years old and 17 to 19% of 19 years old are overweight. This has been necessitated by the fact that the older/obese a child becomes the likelihood that the child will become obese in adulthood (Charlesworth, 2013). Thus, considering this became a matter of global concern. Further, studies have been done to ascertain the probability of a child becoming obese if not breastfed in the first six months. For a thorough comprehension of the topic, it was concluded that it is necessary to explore issues such as defining overweight and obesity for children, genetic predisposition to weight and obesity, behaviours that affect childhood overweight and obesity. Also, how breastfeeding aids in curbing obesity and overweight in children and how the role of a mother and family in preventing obesity and overweight in children is also addressed. Finally, recommendations were made regarding how childhood obesity can be curbed. This paper researches whether breastfeeding can play a critical role in...
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...FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AMONG NURSING MOTHERS IN STATE HOSPITAL, ASUBIARO AFOLABI TOLULOPE MARY INDEX NO: DEPARTMENT OF NURSING, COLLEGE OF CLINICAL SCIENCES, LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OSOGBO IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE AWARD OF “REGISTERED MIDWIFE” CERTIFICATE SEPTEMBER, 2014 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that AFOLABI TOLULOPE MARY, Exam No …………………………….. has carried out this research under my supervision. Dr. Mrs. F.O. ADEYEMO (Ph.D., RN, RM, RPHN, FWACN) ...…………………….…. Research Supervisor Signature and Date Dr. Mrs. F.O. ADEYEMO (Ph.D., RN, RM, RPHN, FWACN) .………………………... Head of Department Signature and Date ABSTRACT Meeting the nutritional needs of the infant is one major task that should be considered very important by the mother. Breast milk has been considered the best and complete nutritional feed for the infant and Exclusive breastfeeding has been recognized worldwide as the optimal feeding option for human infants. This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers working in State Hospital Asubiaro, Osogbo. Descriptive design was used for the study. The target population were nursing mothers working in a health institution. Purposive sampling technique was used. The sample size was 176. Data was collected using a self-designed...
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...styles, in cohesion with the parent’s physical and psychological health. The essay will further highlight an existence of additional complex factors, above and above parenting, that affect children’s mental health, varying from, social, environmental, cultural, stigma and poverty effects. Mental health can described as state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Research outlines that, a child mental well being is thought to depend a combination of factors such healthy and balanced nutrition, socialization, and nurturing, provided by primary caregivers, extended family, and the community of residence, a potential impact to which, the child development process can proceeds along a healthy, or potentially traumatic trajectory (Gardner, & Gunn, 2012). From a social and nurturing perspective, the attachment theory supports the above notion, by stating that the quality of mother-child (or primary caregiver) attachment, is regarded as a pervasive factor in the development of an individual’s relational psychology throughout the entire lifespan (Bowlby, 1982; Freud, 1932). Attachment theory evolves from a basic premise that attachment behaviours are part of a drive behavioural system, organised around specific attachment figures (Bowlby, 1969). The theory further explains that the Infants attempt to establish a secure base...
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...Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV FACILITATOR’S MANUAL TOSOUTH SOUTH THE SOUTH TO SOUTH PARTNERSHIP FOR COMPREHENSIVE FAMILY HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAM (S2S) South Africa has the largest HIV burden of any country in the world, with an estimated 5.7 million people living with the virus. Women and children remain at the centre of the pandemic in terms of transmission, vulnerability and potential for impact. To continue to build on the existing successes of South Africa’s antiretroviral (ARV) program, the capacity for HIV disease management must be enhanced. It is essential that HIV disease management transition from an individual case management to a family-centred and chronic-care approach targeting and prioritising pregnant women and children. Enrolling pregnant women and children into HIV care and treatment early and regularly can prevent new HIV infections and reduce morbidity and mortality, effectively sustaining the quality of life of mothers, their children, and their families. The scale up of effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and paediatric ARV care and treatment programs are crucial in the fight against HIV but are challenged by many factors including perceived complexity of treating pregnant women and children, inadequate paediatric and PMTCT knowledge and clinical skills, lack of psychosocial and adherence support, delays in integrating PMTCT services with antenatal and child health management systems, and gaps in referral...
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...nursing metaparadigms: person, environment, health and nursing, with the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) and compare similarities’ and differences. Personal Philosophy The author’s personal philosophy is seeded in spirituality and seeing the world as interconnected with a divine source where all things are possible. She attempts to integrate the core concepts of her philosophy: intuition, altruism, holism, empathy, knowledge, compassion and advocacy into the nursing process. The author will define and demonstrate her nursing philosophy as applied to the metaparadigms. The person is viewed as a unique individual and energetic being (spirit) within a physical and integrated body system connected to a higher supreme source; environment: the internal and external state that influences the spiritual and physical person; health: a physical and mental state that is interdependent and works consciously and subconsciously to maintain wholeness; Nurse: the advocate: obligated to put aside personal philosophies and belief concepts if not beneficial or congruent to the persons preferred course of action; empowering to the person, to...
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...Citation: The following citation should be used when referring to the entire document. Specific chapter citations are noted at the beginning of each chapter. Stewart, D.E., Robertson, E., Dennis, C-L., Grace, S.L., & Wallington, T. (2003). Postpartum depression: Literature review of risk factors and interventions. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: LITERATURE REVIEW OF RISK FACTORS AND INTERVENTIONS Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 5 CHAPTER 1: RISK FACTORS FOR POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION 9 Emma Robertson PhD, Nalan Celasun PhD, Donna E. Stewart MD FRCPC CHAPTER 2: DETECTION, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION 71 Cindy-Lee Dennis RN PhD CHAPTER 3: THE EFFECT OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION ON THE MOTHER-INFANT RELATIONSHIP AND CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 197 Sherry L. Grace PhD, Stephanie Sansom MA CHAPTER 4: PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS AND...
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...the perception of the pregnant teen. Healthcare providers who work with this population have an essential role in ensuring a positive experience for the mother, father, and family network. This paper provides a brief review of adolescent pregnancy and the general role of the healthcare provider. Keywords: adolescent pregnancy, healthcare provider in adolescent pregnancy Adolescent pregnancy has been delineated as a social problem worthy of addressing from a prevention perspective in the Healthy People 2020 national objectives (Office of Population Affairs, 2010). Pregnancy between the ages of 10 and 19 has been portrayed as a crisis and associated with negative emotional, physical, and financial repercussions. United States taxpayers incur about 9 billion dollars per year secondary to teen childbearing expenses (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Although adolescent pregnancy is not ideal for most life trajectories, it does not have to be regarded as an all-encompassing, unfavorable life event. Nurses are the health care providers who have the most prolonged interactions with women during the pregnancy, birth, and postpartum period; hence, they have a paramount role in the wellness of childbearing adolescents (Mercer, 1990). Although the focus of health services is centered on the pregnant or birthing mother, nurses have direct interaction with the fathers and extended family and friends as well. Dallas (2009) suggests nurses are the most vital link between...
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...factor that contributes to loss of developmental potential. On the other hand, positive caregiver-child interactions are said to facilitate social-emotional development (Walker et al., 2011). This is especially true in infancy.” In this essay I wish to discuss the above emphasised statements in the context of normal social behaviour. This essay places specific emphases on three main areas; the role of attachment in child developement, how a lack of caregiver-child interactions affect the infant and the protective factors that could facilitate the child’s social-emotional development. After World War II, it was found that many children who lost their parents presented similar psychological difficulties (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999). Psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby wrote a pamphlet on the situation, entitled “Meternal Deprivation”. Out of this work spawned the attachment theory. For the first time people became aware that the close careciver-child attachment, usually mother-child, was very important in the healthy development of a child. Research has since and is still being done on understanding the role of attachment. Principles of the theory have been used to explain a number of social behaviours, such as social dominence, hierarchical social structures and even justice (Bugental, Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life: A Domain-Based Approach, 2000). The knowledge brought to light by...
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...THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV (PMTCT) PROGRAMME AT BULAWAYO CITY CLINICS, ZIMBABWE. by MGCINI SIBANDA Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS in the subject SOCIAL BEHAVIOR STUDIES IN HIV/AIDS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR GE DU PLESSIS JOINT SUPERVISOR: MR L ROETS SEPTEMBER 2008 DEDICATION This is dedicated to all women living with HIV, in the sincerest hope that this study will make a small contribution to programme development and implementation. I also wish to dedicate this to my family: Patience, Babongile and Bongiwe, with love. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the support, commitment and encouragement of a large number of people in a wide range of capacities. Unfortunately, it is not possible to acknowledge by name all the people who contributed in some way to the study. Above all l appreciate the contribution of all the pregnant women who participated in the study, who volunteered their time and valuable information. Particular thanks are due to my supervisor Gretchen du Plessis for her untiring effort and thorough guidance throughout the study. A special word of thanks goes to the Bulawayo Medical Director’s office and the staff at the city clinics for allowing me to carry out the study. I am also grateful to the research assistants who assisted in collecting...
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...Policies and strategies to improve nutritional status[7] Ministry of Health and Population strategies Health strategies In order to improve the health status of the Egyptian population, MOHP has developed several strategies, including the following: * Preventive care system: the specific areas of intervention are immunization, quarantine measures, safe water supply, food hygiene, public cleanliness, environmental hygiene and infestation control. * Primary health care: through which medical services are provided to the general population and to vulnerable groups (pregnant and lactating mothers and children under five years of age). * Curative care services: where sick people find medical treatment. Nutrition strategies Before 1992, ad hoc programmes addressed the problem of malnutrition. Following the International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), held in Rome in December 1992 and sponsored by FAO and WHO, nutrition programmes in Egypt have been enhanced. Egypt presented a country paper at the conference and took part in post-ICN condensed nutrition activities. A ministerial decree of 1994 formulated a high-level inter-ministerial committee representing the ministries of agriculture, health, planning, information, supply, education and academia. The outcome was the development of the Egyptian National Strategy for Nutrition, which has nine main policy areas. Each policy area includes a problem statement, a goal, measurable objectives, actions, authorities responsible for...
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