...Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:485–516 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142105 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 21, 2004 WORK MOTIVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Gary P. Latham Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6; email: latham@rotman.utoronto.ca Craig C. Pinder Faculty of Business, University of Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2; email: cpinder@uvic.ca Key Words needs, values, goals, affect, behavior ■ Abstract In the first Annual Review of Psychology chapter since 1977 devoted exclusively to work motivation, we examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person-environment fit. We focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. We reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...Some Schools require a different style from the one outlined here. Use the citation style required by your Faculty or School. Why reference your sources? It is important to reference the sources you use for essays and reports, so that the reader can follow your arguments and check your sources. It is essential to correctly acknowledge the author when quoting or using other people’s ideas in your work. How do I use Harvard? 1. In-text citations are made like this Paraphrasing and in-text citations Example: The point made by an analytic philosopher (O'Connor 1969, p. 32) is that values cannot be justified in this way. However Kneller (1963b, p. 102) insists that the theorist will inevitably be involved in value claims. Note: Page, chapter or section numbers may be included in the in-text citation if the cited work is long and information helps the reader locate the relevant information. When the authors name is mentioned in-text (e.g. Kneller in the example above) add year and page numbers only to the in-text reference. Entries that have the same author and year are noted by adding a, b, c etc. to the year, both in-text e.g. Kneller (1963b, p. 102) and in the Reference List (See entries in Reference List below). rev. Nov. 2009 1 Direct quotes and in-text citations Examples: ‘Having a solid plan as part of research design is essential’ (Hatch...
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...AND PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS LISA A. WEINBERGER DECEMBER 2003 Swanson & Associates 168 E. SIXTH STREET, SUITE 4002 ST. PAUL, MN 55101 Lisa Ann Weinberger 2003 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 Background and Purpose of the Study...................................................................... 3 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 6 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................... 7 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 8 Background of the Field Setting ............................................................................. 10 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................. 12 Summary ................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2......................................................................................................................... 14 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND HYPOTHESES............................................
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...relates to teaching is very high while their performance in the areas of research and other publications is moderate. It is therefore recommended that universities and other tertiary institutions should take the issue if academic staff motivation seriously to facilitate effective teaching and delivery of knowledge. Keywords: Motivation, Teaching Performance, Research Performance, Academic Staff, Uni INTRODUCTION Motivation is the inner drive that pushes individuals to act or perform. Specific theories may propose varying set of factors influencing motivation (Harder, 2008) but many scholars agree that motivation is the psychological process that causes the arousal, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior (Locke and Letham, 2004; Pinder, 1998). Fundamentally, motivation is the process...
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...Personality and Individual Differences 47 (2009) 675–684 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Review Personality, values, and motivation Laura Parks a,*, Russell P. Guay b,1 a b James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t In this manuscript we review the constructs of personality and values, clarifying how they are related and how they are distinct. We then relate that understanding to motivation, and propose that personality and values have different influences on different motivational processes. We present a model in which personality and values influence motivation via the motivational processes of goal content and goal striving. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 12 November 2008 Received in revised form 19 May 2009 Accepted 1 June 2009 Available online 26 June 2009 Keywords: Personality Values Motivation Goals 1. Personality, values, and motivation Since 1937, when Allport recommended the exclusion of evaluative traits when investigating personality, the constructs of personality and values have rarely been studied together. However, both are expected to influence a variety of behavioral outcomes, and so it seems evident that we should consider both in examining the impact of individual differences on behavior...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction/Background of the Study The performance of individuals, singly and collectively, in work situations is a primary concern for managers in organizations. The effective application of human resources to accomplish organizational objectives typically requires predictable performances of a given level (quantity and quality) from every organizational member. Theorists of both cognitive and a cognitive orientations agree that managers should give considerable emphasis to tying organizational rewards to performance on the job Hamner, 1974; Porter & Lawler, 1968). The assumption (often implicit) in these attempts to encourage increased performance is that there is an additive relationship between externally mediated rewards and rewards which arise out of task performance itself. Therefore, if either one or both types of reward outcomes can be increased, total motivation or performance behaviors can be increased. In the late 1940’s a psychology professor called Harry F. Harlow (Harlow, Harlow & Meyer 1950) conducted one of the first true intrinsic motivational experiments ever performed, using a simple puzzle where a rhesus monkey needed to perform 3 simple tasks in a specific row to complete it. A simple task for a human, but a much more complex task for a little monkey. The experiment was performed on 12 primates over a 3-week period. Almost immediately the monkeys were able to solve the puzzle and they continued to solve it every time they were...
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...Personality and Individual Differences 47 (2009) 675–684 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Review Personality, values, and motivation Laura Parks a,*, Russell P. Guay b,1 a b James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 12 November 2008 Received in revised form 19 May 2009 Accepted 1 June 2009 Available online 26 June 2009 a b s t r a c t In this manuscript we review the constructs of personality and values, clarifying how they are related and how they are distinct. We then relate that understanding to motivation, and propose that personality and values have different influences on different motivational processes. We present a model in which personality and values influence motivation via the motivational processes of goal content and goal striving. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Personality Values Motivation Goals 1. Personality, values, and motivation 2. Personality Since 1937, when Allport recommended the exclusion of evaluative traits when investigating personality, the constructs of personality and values have rarely been studied together. However, both are expected to influence a variety of behavioral outcomes, and so it seems evident that we should consider both in examining the impact...
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...health care an elderly home care service provider in London can align its HR and attain its objectives. Interview was held for the managerial level staff and questionnaire was given to the service delivery staff of Leyton Health Care. The total samples used for the study were 12. Out of these 2 were managerial level staff and 10 were service delivery staff. Open ended questions were used for the managerial level participants of the organisation while in case of the service delivery employees, a survey questionnaire which had statements with multiple choice questions i.e., close ended questions were used. The statements that were derived were regarded as themes and the evaluation of results was made by using the method of thematic analysis. Here pie charts were used to indicate neutrality, agreement and disagreement to the statements given. The results of this project indicate that there was a need for HR of Leyton healthcare to play an active role and not only conduct regular training to its employees but also to build the awareness of the organisational goals and objectives among its employees. This project also identified that regular performance evaluation and feedback of employees’ performance could be the strategic options for the HR. Similarly for the organisation it needs...
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...Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students Introduction Academic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism. You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct. There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks. What sources of information should I be reading? Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise! How do I put a citation in my text? To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This...
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...MANSOOR ZAKIR INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY BAHRIA UNIVERSITY, KARACHI CAMPUS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We, Apsara Ali, Eymen Tatheer and Yusra Tarique Jamall would like to thank Allah Almighty for his blessings and for giving us the persistence to carry out this research study. Secondly, we would like to thank our supervisor Mr. Mansoor Zakir for guiding us throughout and for all his support and gave us opportunity to do this research which also helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to know about so many new things. Finally we would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in finishing this research project within the limited time. Table of Contents * Acknowledgements 3 * Abstract 6 Chapter 1: Background of Research Study 7 - 12 1.1 Introduction 7 - 10 1.2 Statement of the problem 10 - 11 1.3 Importance of the project 11- 12 1.4 Hypothesis 12 1.5 Independent variable ...
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...Licensed to: iChapters User Licensed to: iChapters User Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, Tenth Edition Ricky W. Griffin and Gregory Moorhead Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Executive Editor: Scott Person Senior Developmental Editor: Julia Chase Editorial Assistant: Ruth Belanger Marketing Manager: Jonathan Monahan Senior Content Project Manager: Holly Henjum Media Editor: Rob Ellington Buyer: Arethea L. Thomas Marketing Communications Manager: Jim Overly Production Service: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Sr. Art Director: Tippy McIntosh Cover and Internal Design: Joe Devine, Red Hanger Design LLC Cover Image: © Eric Isselée, Shutterstock Rights Acquisitions Specialist/Images: John Hill © 2012, 2010 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online...
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...Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences School of Economics ECOS2002 Intermediate Macroeconomics Semester 1, 2015 Unit of Study Outline Unit Coordinator: Dr. Stella Huangfu Location: Room 339, Merewether Building Email address: stella.huangfu@sydney.edu.au Phone: +61-2-9036 9311 Consultation Hours: Thursdays 2-4 pm or other times by appointment. Tutors: Email address: Consultation Hours: Class times: Thursday 11am-1pm Venue: Bosch Lecture Theatre 2 This Unit of Study Outline MUST be read in conjunction with the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Student Administration Manual (http://sydney.edu.au/arts/current_students/student_admin_manual.shtml) and all applicable University policies. In determining applications and appeals, it will be assumed that every student has taken the time to familiarise themselves with these key policies and procedures. [ECOS2002 Intermediate Macroeconomics] UNIT DESCRIPTION This unit of study develops models of the goods, money and labour markets, examines issues in macroeconomic policy. Macroeconomic relationships, covering consumption, investment, money and employment, are explored in detail. Macro-dynamic relationships, especially those linking inflation and unemployment, are also considered. Exchange rates and open economy macroeconomics are also addressed. In the last part of the unit, topics include the determinants and theories of economic growth, productivity and technology, the dynamics of the business cycle, counter-cyclical...
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...dedicate this work and give special thanks to my husband Alex and my wonderful daughters Alyssa and Czykhryx who have been my best cheerleaders. ABSTRACT Academic performance of students is influenced by teacher factors and student factors. Teacher factors are the competencies, age, and gender, teaching position or designation and length of teaching in years. While student factors are the student’s gender as well, academic motivation, and family. The purpose of this thesis is to gain an in depth understanding of exactly which factor is greatly related to academic performance of students. In order to gain the in depth knowledge required for the paper a questionnaire is distributed to 1o teachers and 10 students for each teacher. CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction In this era of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a first step for every human activity. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality of life. The quality of students’ performance remains at top priority for educators. It is...
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...ERASMUS MUNDUS MSC PROGRAMME COASTAL AND MARINE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT COMEM MEGA CONTAINER SHIPS: IMPLICATIONS TO PORT OF SINGAPORE City University London 25 June 2012 Liyenita Widjaja 110047669 (City University) 4128761 (TU Delft) The Erasmus Mundus MSc Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management is an integrated programme organized by five European partner institutions, coordinated by Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). The joint study programme of 120 ECTS credits (two years full-time) has been obtained at three of the five CoMEM partner institutions: • • • • • Norges Teknisk- Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway Technische Universiteit (TU) Delft, The Netherlands City University London, Great Britain Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain University of Southampton, Southampton, Great Britain The first year consists of the first and second semesters of 30 ECTS each, spent at NTNU, Trondheim and Delft University of Technology respectively. The second year allows for specialization in three subjects and during the third semester courses are taken with a focus on advanced topics in the selected area of specialization: • Engineering • Management • Environment In the fourth and final semester an MSc project and thesis have to be completed. The two year CoMEM programme leads to three officially recognized MSc diploma certificates. These will be issued by the three universities which...
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...ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES United Nations Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/SDPD/2007/7 11 December 2007 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES United Nations New York, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. 07-0488 Preface This study has been prepared by the secretariat of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) as part of its regular programme of work for the 2006-2007 biennium. The study draws upon work that ESCWA is implementing within the framework of harnessing technology and enterprise development for the improved productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises, with a view to...
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