...People often neglect the importance of eating nutritious food. Additional stress, constricted time, and a restricted budget are constantly distorting our decision-making process, resulting in the consumption of unhealthy food choices. It is crucial to choose foods that benefit us both physicially and mentally. In order to effectively assess my nutritional habits and choices, I have recorded what I ate in a food journal for five days, which encompasses two weekends and three weekdays. For every meal, I recorded the five contextual factors (social aspect, health, economics, ecological, and pleasure) that influenced my choices to assist me with intepreting my eating routine. When analyzing my food diary, I observed that the social aspects in...
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...vs. the happiness of the individual. The basic of utilitarian tenets of "The greatest good for the greatest number" and "Maximizing happiness across the population" are easily apparent when reflecting on Rainbow Fish's decision and the consequences (Mill). In the Rainbow Fish's case, theoretically, he was going to be a little less happy if he lost his scales, but as a result his friends will become much happier. In practice, though, giving everyone a scale actually made him even happier. Mill’s theory of maximizing happiness across the population in Utilitarianism explains why Rainbow Fish becomes happier when he shares his scales with the other fish and his perspective of selfishness explains why Rainbow Fish is unhappy at first. In the book, The Rainbow Fish, there is one of the most beautiful fish in the ocean. Unlike all of the other fish, Rainbow Fish had shimmering, colorful scales. He is asked to share one of his shining scales with a little blue fish, and to which he refuses. All the other fish in the sea leave him alone, and he wondered why. He goes to the wise octopus for advice, and she tells him to give away his scales. Rainbow Fish reluctantly does so, except for one. In the end, he is less beautiful then he was before, but he has new friends and is now the happiest fish in the sea. Utilitarianism, by John Stuart Mill, is an essay written to provide support for the value of utilitarianism as a moral theory, and to respond to misconceptions about it. Mill defines...
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...hundreds and hundreds of times, and it truly does begin to lose its original rhythm and pleasure. The grooves in the vinyl are nonetheless there, they've just been worn down from being played too oftentimes. Masturbation can get this way, too. Nonetheless, there's much less chance of it fitting stale and boring. The purpose for this is that the individual who's masturbating can fantasize about any person or sexual obstacle they...
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...Job satisfaction Job satisfaction is a degree of pleasure of a person about their job. The degree of pleasure is varies from one individual to other individual and very subjective. Also depending on emotional which is relate to individual feeling and rational factors such as wages, working hours, etc. Job satisfaction “defined as the feeling of pleasure and achievement that you experience in your job when you know that your work is worth doing or the degree to which your work gives you this feeling” (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press) Factors affect the level of job satisfaction a. Working Condition Working individual will spent most of live at working place. Conducive working place which concerned worker ergonomic, safety is priority, bright and shining, sufficient lighting, implement high technology machine are the factors which can motivate their morale to accomplish the job assigned to them very efficient. b. Opportunity for Advancement. Employees are happy and appreciated with their job and can see the room for them to move forward for next position, hold more responsibility and synchronize with high wages. Company will nominate and consider for promotion for those have high technical skill and experience. Some organization will encourage their employees to do further study for increase their knowledge and pay the tuition fees. c. Workload and Stress Level Heavy workload and compress dead line will...
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...focus is not on the process but on the outcome. The theory is also secular and is therefore non-religious (hence the link to enlightenment) and it is relativist, making it flexible as there are no fixed rules. The principle of utility and the key to Bentham’s utilitarianism, also known as act utilitarianism is that it seeks the greatest good for the greatest number. This means that in a circumstance where there is a lot of people to think about you would do the thing which caused pleasure or benefitted the majority, e.g torturing a terrorist to find out where they had planted a bomb so that more lives could be saved. The famous principle of utilitarianism was coined by Sir Francis Hutchson. Another important feature of Act Utilitarianism is that it is hedonistic and therefore tries to seek out the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number of people. It teaches hat people are governed by 2 soverign masters, pleasure and pain. People are happy when they experience pleasure and therefore seek it. People do not (for the most part anyway) like experiencing pain. Bentham used the Hedonic calculus to work out what decision to make this consisted of 7 different factors: Intensity, purity, duration, certainty, fecundity, extent and propinquity....
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...Educational Psychology Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, December 2005 ( C 2005) DOI: 10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1 A Review of the Research on Internet Addiction Chien Chou,1,4 Linda Condron,2 and John C. Belland3 Research indicates that maladaptive patterns of Internet use constitute behavioral addiction. This article explores the research on the social effects of Internet addiction. There are four major sections. The Introduction section overviews the field and introduces definitions, terminology, and assessments. The second section reviews research findings and focuses on several key factors related to Internet addiction, including Internet use and time, identifiable problems, gender differences, psychosocial variables, and computer attitudes. The third section considers the addictive potential of the Internet in terms of the Internet, its users, and the interaction of the two. The fourth section addresses current and projected treatments of Internet addiction, suggests future research agendas, and provides implications for educational psychologists. KEY WORDS: Internet addiction; Internet dependence; Internet abuse; pathological Internet use. INTRODUCTION The use of the Internet on school campuses and in society has increased dramatically in recent years. Whereas the academic use of the Internet is primarily intended for learning and research, the Internet has also become an important part of student life. However, from time to time, cases of overinvolvement with the Internet have...
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...motivating the action is universalizable. Kant’s ethics is considered a deontological theory, meaning that the action’s morality is in the action itself, separated from results and consequences. For it to be praise-worthy and moral, the action must work and implemented on a universal scale. 2. Describe one of the criticisms often leveled against Kant's theory. · One criticism against Kant’s theory is that it relies on subjective judgment. Kant’s theory judges what principles should be universalizable, which allows possibilities on being able to justify committing horrendous acts. 3. Although the two versions of the categorical imperative appear different, Kant contends that they are two ways of stating the same thing. How does Kant support his claim? · Kant believed in always treating people with respect, as ends in themselves, and never as a means to our own ends. Kant supported his claims of stating the same thing in two different ways by stating that “all persons must be treated as ends in themselves” is the same as “always act in such a way that you can will that your act should be a universal law”. 4. What is the difference between a qualitative pleasure and a quantitative pleasure? ·...
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...Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on the moral, philosophical characteristics from formal, systematic and ethical principles. Moral judgments are calculated from ethical principles which need to be applied as a standard for everyday choices in life and business. This is directly related to the decisions human beings make. Cavico (2009) states utilitarianism is more than just moral philosophy. It is a way of reformation and used extensively in government decision making. This will be discussed further in the Bank of America-Merrill Lynch merger. Utilitarianism is considered a scientific system of ethics and not just a philosophical theory of ethics. Utilitarian ethics follows the belief of maximizing the greatest good for the largest number of people. As utilitarianism is identified, one needs to learn that the greatest good could be based on aggregate principle or a distributive principle. The Bank of America-Merrill Lynch merger will be assessed in regards to who, what and how the greater good will be affected in this merger. Within utilitarianism, a moral philosophy is developed that focuses on the consequences of specific actions. An action is done, then observed and then analyzed. After identifying all the people that were involved, one needs to ask the question, “Do the sum of good consequences outweigh the sum of the bad consequences?” Quantify all the good and bad consequences in the scenario and if the good consequences are greater than the bad consequences...
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...we die”? 2. Explain the humorous but meaningful and important phrase of Mill: “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied”. Even when we as humans are dissatisfied, our knowledge of such higher pleasures makes humans lives better than those of animals. Even when we are feeling a little melancholy, our memories of happiness can keep us going, and the thought of once again being happy can keep us suspended. In difference, animal pleasures are simplistic. Their pleasures include things like eating and mating. While we enjoy these pleasures as well, this is the height of pleasure for animals. They will never experience anything better than a good meal and a hump. 3. Why does Gustafson think utilitarianism might be the ethical approach most suited for business? Utilitarianism may be the ethical approach most suited for business because it helps calculate happiness. In addition, this ethical approach helps keep businesses sane and supports higher aspirations. 4. Now, look at the example given on pp. 80-81 - embellishing the expense report. After applying the 7 considerations criteria to help calculate how much pleasure and pain will result in the decision to cheat on the report, it is not until the final criterion that other people, the company, and society, are considered in the equation. Will cheating harm anyone else? It seems for Bentham that the act itself is unimportant, only the consequences...
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...meaningful and important phrase of Mill: “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied”. * Mill responded by describing a different theory of happiness. Human beings have abilities more elevated than the animal appetites. You cannot measure pleasures on quantity alone, but must include quality. Since Mill has come down on the side of Socrates instead of the fool, he has separated mental pleasures, which he called “higher” pleasures, from physical pleasures, which he implies are “lower” pleasures. 2. Why does Gustafson think utilitarianism might be the ethical approach most suited for business? * Gustafson thinks utilitarianism might be the ethical approach most suited for business because it is “outcome-oriented.” It is a goal that brings about happiness and social benefit. Utilitarianism when tied to business has a method of “making decisions which are essentially expedient and concerned with making the most money possible.” 3. Now, look at the example given on pp. 80-81 - embellishing the expense report. After applying the 7 considerations criteria to help calculate how much pleasure and pain will result in the decision to cheat on the report, it is not until the final criterion that other people, the company, and society, are considered in the equation. Will cheating harm anyone else? It seems for Bentham that the act itself is unimportant, only the consequences. It almost seems in Bentham's approach...
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...Evaluate a utilitarian approach to abortion (10 marks) Bentham said: ‘An act is right if it delivers more pleasure than pain and wrong if it brings about more pain than pleasure.’ This states that abortion is ethical to conduct as it gives greater happiness to the greater amount of people. Bentham’s theory will support the act of abortion. The hedonistic approach to utilitarianism is concerned with the balance of pleasure and pain. Therefore, it is concerned with the amounts of pleasure and pain in situations such as abortion. An Act utilitarian will support abortion depending on the situation and if it benefits a higher number of people. Bentham is an Act utilitarian. According to his theory the majority will receive pleasure through the abortion of an unborn. The pregnant women might have conceived the unborn by an accident. If the woman and her family are financially broken she will choose not to keep the child. This will lead them to take a decision to abort the unborn. This will not make the financial system better for the family however it will decrease the amount of materials they would need to spend for another person, allowing them to save some money. This will lead them to take a decision to abort the unborn child. Even though it is not acceptable to abort a child Bentham’s theory can be used to support this act. Majority will benefit from this abortion. However, utilitarianism advocates injustice as the innocent is unjustly framed. Minority is not considered...
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...Shaw and Barry distinguish two different forms of utilitarianism. What are these two forms? Briefly describe each. The first form of utilitarianism was a view by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. They viewed utilitarianism as that a person’s actions are right if they create the most pleasure, and wrong if they do not. Both men believed that pleasure and happiness were equal and considered it the ultimate value. They thought of utilitarianism as self-interest. An understanding of this is that if someone gets pleasure out of something or it makes them happy then it is okay for them to do something. For example, if someone gets pleasure out of driving much faster than the speed limit, then according to Bentham and Mill it must be right because it is giving this person pleasure when really this person is breaking the law and it is not okay to do. The second form of utilitarianism is known as “rule utilitarianism” or called act utilitarianism. This form is like the view of Bentham and Mill in that it is still about pleasure, but not self-pleasure. This form is on a bigger scale that it is not just one person but many people that it is for. If the overall level of happiness or pleasure is greater than the pain or unhappiness then it is considered a good action. This form is appealing for businesses since there is usually a very large amount of people. An example of this would be a company that is reconstructing its way of working. Part of the companies plan may result...
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...harshly if seen not living up to the goodness or excellence that they are supposed to be portraying. For example, President Clinton was reamed by the media and public when it became known that he was having an affair with an intern. Though he might have been doing his job well, he didn’t hold the ethic standards in the public opinion to be in the president position. Next theory discussed is Utilitarian, the concept of being a team player. Utilitarianism is putting the good of the team before their own good. This theory suggests that their actions produce more for the whole utility then only thinking of themselves. There are two principles associated with this theory the “Pleasure and Pain” principle. Humans strive to find pleasure. This is set more towards the science of the measure of pleasure then it does philosophically. For example when we order food. A person strives to order food that would satisfy their food crave. Or a women...
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...How adequate is Mill’s conception of happiness? How good are his arguments to show that “higher” pleasures are intrinsically more desirable than “lower” ones? Is this distinction consistent with the thesis that pleasure is the only thing of value? In “Utilitarianism” Mill argues that ‘higher’ pleasures are intrinsically more valuable than ‘lower’ pleasures, citing the invariable preference of men who have access to both available (pp.140). I am inclined to disagree, particularly with regards to his assertion that ‘higher’ pleasures have such a “superiority of quality”(pp.139), so as to render any quantity of ‘lower’ pleasures “in comparison, of small account”- this non-cardinal view of pleasure raises many discontinuities. This is particularly the case when we take Mill at his word: “actions are right in proportion as they tend to increase happiness… By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain”(pp.137), and view pleasure as the only good. It is the twin beliefs; of pleasure as the only good-making exercise and Mill’s non-cardinal conception of pleasure that form the core of my disagreement with Mill. I will begin by presenting Mill’s arguments for intrinsically more valuable ‘higher’ pleasures and evaluating them. To support his assertion that ‘higher’ pleasures are intrinsically more valuable, Mill asks the reader to consider a thought experiment. Would an “intelligent human being… consent to be changed into a fool”(p.139), if they could be persuaded that the...
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...Philosophy 20 Ethics – Final Exam How Does the Virtue Theory Differ from Utilitarianism and Duty Theory? May 29, 2012 Keysha Latrice Gwin West Los Angeles College Philosophy 20 Ethics – Final Exam How Does the Virtue Theory Differ from Utilitarianism and Duty Theory? May 29, 2012 Keysha Latrice Gwin West Los Angeles College Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism and Duty Theory contain the common goal of HAPPINESS! Although they share this common goal the journey in which you reach said happiness bares little similarity. Aristotle’s Virtue Theory states that perfect happiness or Eudemonia is realized by “living the good life”. Aristotle believes that you achieve this state of perfect happiness as a result of a reasoned governed life. Virtue theory focuses on what is good for oneself. Aristotle believed that mankind would blossom by exhibiting good virtues however; everything should be done with moderation. Finding the moderate balance of virtue is a skill that can only be accomplished through Phronesis “practical wisdom”. Virtuous acts lie between the deficiency and excessiveness of virtue itself. Virtue is not a characteristic that a man exhibits by following rules and guidelines set before him; virtuous acts are those that are guided by what the individual agent wants for himself! It asks the question “what type of person do I want to be”. Finding the medium in virtuous acts involves applying the skills of communication, awareness, and knowledge, all of which...
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