...HISTORY OF LANGUAGE Language is a set of symbols of communication and the elements used to manipulate them. It is one of the most important innovations of men. Language can be used in different ways for different purposes. But mostly, its primary use is for communication. Language was considered to have a “life cycle” and to develop according to evolutionary laws. In addition, it was believed that language, like the human animal, has a “genealogical tree” –that is, that each language can be traced back to a common ancestor.” Ethnologue organization, the most extensive catalog of the world’s languages, presented a detailed classified list which currently includes 6,809 distinct languages. Although there are many languages, these are not uniformly distributed around the world. Some places are more diverse in terms of distribution of languages. According to Stephen Anderson (YEAR) of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA), out of Ethnologue’s 6,809, for instance, only 230 are spoken in Europe, while 2,197 are spoken in Asia. Among these 2,197 languages in Asia, 171 are spoken in the Philippines. Associated with language are the different systems of writing in the past. Hieroglyphics and cuneiform are some of them. But here in our country, alibata is the primitive form of writing. It is also known as baybayin which literally means “to spell.” It is used even before the Spaniards conquered our country. There are many languages which influenced our official language in the...
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...Communication is exchange of ideas between people either orally or in writing. In this research, communication is taken in the sense of fluency and accuracy. Former refers to proper use of language without hesitation and later talks about use of grammatically and phonologically correct language. Alwright (1994) considers it ‘learn by doing approach’ in teaching whereteacher and students both are involved. Speaking takes place in the presence of listener because listener responds to the speaker’s communication. As Byrne (1986) defines, “Oral communication is a two way process between the speaker and the listener and involves the productive skills of speaking and the receptive skills of understanding”. It is considered to be helpful in improving learning as Staab (1992) states, “I believe that oral language is important not only as a vital communication tool that empowers us in our daily lives but also as a valuable way to learn” (7). He considers listening and speaking as oral communication skills. As hestates, “oral communication skills mean both speaking and listening to oral language, both talking and listening are lifelong activities and probably our most important communication tool” (p.6). Both are integrated skills and supports in developing each other. As (Brown, 1994), also asserts that the integration of listening and speaking skills is termed as oral communication skills because listening can be developed indirectly by integrating it to speaking. The literature states...
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...SOCIOLINGUISTICS “LANGUAGE CHANGE” GROUP 8 : 1. Danu Alfian Baihaqi 2. Dio wahyu 3. Dedeh Y 4. Firman Setiawan Pamulang University 2015 LANGUAGE CHANGE Definition Language change is a phenomenon studied both by historical linguists and sociolinguists. Historical linguists study basically the change of languages over time (diachronic change) and examine how languages were used in the past and how they relate to one another . Eg. Old English Middle English Modern English Sociolinguists study the origins or the causes of language changes and explain how society and changes in speech communities influence language and generate sociolects . Eg. Spanish spoken by an upper class man/woman in Madrid and Spanish spoken by a working class man/woman in Andalucía. Language change is the phenomenon whereby phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of language vary over time Language Change Causes * Economy The principle of least effort is one of the basic and most used explanations for many language changes . Eg. She + is = she's; we + have + been = we've been; clothes /kloʊðɪz/ - /kloʊz/; fifth /fifθs/ /fifs/. * Analogy A linguistic process that reduces words which are perceived as irregular by making them similar to other regular forms . Eg. Semantic historically “livid” meant “pale”, its similar sound with “vivid” has led to analogical semantic change. Morphological the verb “thrive” (thrive-throve-thriven)...
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...Chapter 10 Strategies for Communicating Change Learning Objectives On completion of this chapter you should be able to: • Identify communication strategies appropriate to different images of managing change. • Appreciate a variety of strategies involved in communicating change. • Identify key elements involved in the communication process. • Describe appropriate communication strategies for announcing organizational change. • Understand how successful communication processes will vary depending on the stage and type of organizational change. Chapter Summary The way change is communicated is central to its success. Many problems can disturb the process of communication – message overload, message distortion and message ambiguity. Language, power, gender and emotion can also impact the communication of change. How change managers perceive their role in communicating change will vary; for example, their ability to shape rather than control information about the change will vary depending on their image of managing change. This chapter outlines the variety of strategies that managers can use to communicate change including contingency approaches. It explores dilemmas underlying different change communication strategies such as whether you can communicate too much, how the strategy is linked to the type of change and the phases of a change and whether the strategy acts to “get the word out” or to get “buy-in.” Finally, it discusses...
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...Critical Thinking and Language Kaitlyn Longstaff COMM/251 April 11, 2014 Shaun Morse Critical Thinking and Language Language is defined as “the landscape of our mind; it is the mountains and forests as well as the cities and roads. It both carries the content and structures the form. We think with it. Language works intimately with all aspects of our thinking” (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, chpt. 5). Language both influences and is influenced by the critical thinking process and has the power to inspire or inhibit the expression of thoughts. Language is tied to critical thinking in every way, it is the “interpretive medium for the input—the remembering, sorting, creating, judging, and deciding—and language also dramatically shapes those processes” (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, chpt. 5). Without language, critical thinking would not be possible. Language and language diversity influence critical thinking, which in turn creates persuasion and the ability for language to benefit or inhibit the expression of thoughts. Language and language diversity play a huge role in in the critical thinking process through the universalizing process of language and the structuring power of language. The universalizing process of language is the mind’s ability to critically think about one word and associate it with all things like it. Kirby and Goodpaster use a tree as an example of the universalizing process of language and a panther to show its diversity among different cultures...
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...What is language and how does the process of language affect everyone on a daily basis. Language has different levels and key features of the language. Language affects his or her cognitive thinking skills. Language will be discussed in many forms. Language is his or her way of communicating with people. Language can be broken down in steps and the process of communication. Lexicon is in the vocabulary and is part of a particular language, field social class and person. Dictonary. Com (2013) Lexicon is individuals own words his or her vocabulary. Lexicon is individual’s way of communicating through his or her vocabulary. The four levels of language include phonemes, words, sentences, text and grammar. Phonemes are how individual speak sounds in the alphabet. There are forty-six different phonemes in the English language. Words and phonemes are connected. The forty-six English phonemes are combined in varies ways to produce all of the approximately 600,000 words in the English Language. Willingham, (2007) the words individuals use is what processes are speaking abilities. When individuals use language he or she will speak in sentences, individuals will process his or her language skills on paper when writing sentences. When writing sentences individuals, have to follow rules when, speaking and writing sentences. The text in a paragraph is in regarded to the paragraph he or she is in. Individuals will have a different text for another paragraph connecting the...
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...bpmnBPMN and Business Process Management Introduction to the New Business Process Modeling Standard By Martin Owen and Jog Raj, Popkin Software BPMN and Business Process Management Executive Summary ....................................................................................... 3 Introducing BPMN .......................................................................................... 4 BPMN Enables Business Process Management (BPM)......................................... 4 BPMI.ORG Created to Establish BPM Standards ............................................. 4 Rigor of the BPMI.ORG Standards ............................................................... 5 BPMN Enables Modeling of B2B and B2C ......................................................... 5 BPMN Maps to Business Execution Languages.................................................. 5 BPMI.ORG Works with OASIS for e-Business Standards.................................. 5 BPMN Models Web Services .......................................................................... 6 A First Look at BPMN ...................................................................................... 7 Modeling Business Events ............................................................................. 8 More Complex Events -- Specifying Trigger Types ......................................... 8 Business Processes, Sub-Processes, and Tasks ...............................................10 Decomposing Your Processes Into...
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...specific task or series of tasks. A programmer communicates these instructions to the computer in a language the computer understands. Computers, however, can only operate using binary code (1’s and 0’s), which makes a computer’s language very difficult for humans to understand. The solution to this problem is to create an intermediate language that both humans and computers can understand. These are called programming languages. Programmers create a list of instructions for the computer in a programming language such as C, C++, or Java. The C Programming Language The C programming language was released in 1973. C was created by Brian Kernighan, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson working at Bell Labs. Both the UNIX and Linux operating systems are written in C. The C programming language is a high-level language because the code itself is written in relatively English-like statements. In 1978, Kernighan and Ritchie wrote "The C Programming Language," still one of the best C programming books available. The list of programming instructions is known as source code. It is text-based in nature, and readable to humans (Figure 1). Programmers do all their work in this source code, changing the instructions to fix bugs, add features, or alter the appearance of a program. Figure 1 C programming language source code for the “Hello, world!” program. Compilers Compiling is the process of...
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...Language contact situation directly give the way to linguistic changes. Millet, believed that grammatical loans can only occur when the source and receiving systems are very similar (1921:87), and according to Jakobson ‘a language accepts foreign structural elements only when they correspond to its own tendencies of development’ (1962 [1938]:241). These beliefs probably arose ultimately from a conviction that the Comparative Method would be threatened by the existence of extensive structural diffusion. Schuchardt, a major critic of what he saw as the ‘Neogrammarians’ intellectual rigidity in ignoring foreign interference, was the founder of pidgin/creole studies, because mixed languages like pidgins and creoles challenge...
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...It is not surprising that there should be so much confusion and conflict over the issue of language. It is assumed that it is single problem with a unique solution. One group argues that English language owes its position to British imperialism and that it is inconsistent with national self-respect to continue to use it to the exclusion of our beautiful regional languages. A second group contents that, whatever the evils of British imperialism, English has helped Indian nationalism to achieve freedom; that it has been the vehicle of higher education, technology and scientific research and that it has been the invaluable link for forging the unity of India and any attempt to discard it will result in a breakdown of our educational system and take the country back by two centuries in all aspects of modern life A third group is convinced that as all regional languages of India arc well developed and have worth literatures, all of them should have equal status. There is a lot of confused thinking going on in India today over the problem of finding a universally acceptable link language for the country. The debate on the subject rages 'ad infinitum' in all available forums like the parliament, the press, the platform etc; but none of the many points of view being put forward every day appears to be gaining acceptance. That is so mainly because most of the thinking on the subject is super-charged with emotion and the issues involved have been greatly clouded by the import of prejudices...
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...Do languages help mould the way we think? Language, according to number of researches, is the main means of communication, and while people regard themselves as social beings, it is essential to cooperate properly in the society. It is general knowledge that every single culture has its own, characteristic for this particular society customs as well as language. The language of every society reflects its, individual features. Therefore, the way in which language is used and the entire context depends on the society, again. The question that arises is whether it is the lingo that changes our way of thinking or maybe our way of thinking changes the language we use? Every human being’s way of thinking and behaviour stems from the society one lives in. it all has its beginning in a family a person lives with. A child repeats sounds, words and observes certain patters of behaviour. All those elements become obvious for the child to be used in particular situations. The infant starts using different phrases in situations he or she noticed them. While observing their family members and other people, the child encounters different social situations and learns in what way one should react or behave. Another vital aspect to be mentioned is the fact that language is only a tool to communicate in the world we live in. Every single world’s language is used for the same purpose; to exchange some information. The aim of using language is unchanged in each culture, however...
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...life leaves changes as the only constant. It is paramount to note that individuals and institutions that choose to meddle through turbulence find it very difficult to survive. Indeed there are many reasons that inspire change. According to McKinley survey on change management (2006) organizations will change to reduce costs, to move from a good performance to a great performance, turn around a crisis situation, and catch up with rivals or to direct part of the organization. In doing so according to Davis and Holland (2006) organizations use systematic methods to ensure that the organizational change is guided in a planned direction, conducted in a cost effective manner and completed within a targeted time frame with desired results. Further Todd A (2008) focuses on the people aspect by arguing that change management is a structured and systematic approach of achieving a sustained change in human behavior within an organization. The success of implementing change is generally associated with those who facilitate the change process. The change agent is defined here as a manager who seeks “to reconfigure an organizations roles, responsibilities, structures, outputs, processes, systems, technology or other resources” (Buchanan and Badham, 1999) in the light of improving organizational effectiveness. The role of change agents as facilitators is extensively discussed within a rational framework. For example, Buchanan and Body (2002) list competencies of effective change agents as clarity...
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...methods of nomination…………………………………………………...14 1.5. Transposition and identification as the two stages of nominative process…….16 CHAPTER II. THE ROLE OF NOMINATION IN LANGUAGE ORGANIZATION……………………………………………………………...…19 2.1. Creative approach during the process of color nomination……………………19 2.2. The main types of lexical nomination of the words of the group «clothes»……21 CONCLUSION……....………....……...…………………………………...…….23 SOURCES…......………...……………………………………………………..…24 INTRODUCTION The actuality of this work is that the issue of change of meaning has always attracted attention of a great deal of scholars both in America and in Europe. The long history of language studying shows the interest of scientists to determine the issue of basic language functions, which inevitably include the nominative one. As a primary language function, the nominative function assumes the language system ability to designate and to isolate fragments of reality, transferring their notions into words, word combinations, idioms and sentences. The dynamic development of cognitive and communicative activities of human society and, as a result, the emergence of new realities, artifacts, objects of material and spiritual culture really determine one of the main tasks of language as "providing all spheres of life activity of a person with new designations" [3]. However, the role of the language in organizing and storing information in our mind is still unclear. A lot of disciplines are aimed at studying perception...
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...Should English be the Official Language in the United States Even though other countries have their own official language, not making English the official language in the U.S. will help preserve the different cultures that decide to live in the US. Communities are built based on cultures and the U. S. economy depends on other countries and their people. One of the greatest barriers today in the U.S. is the effectiveness of communication. Whether that communication is written or verbal there is a noticeable gap and is costly both in monetary and people. With many government challenges in the U.S.; it is still fighting the growing question, “should English be the official language of the United States”? With the increased in supporters of making English the official language; there are many supporting facts to substantiate this concern. The influx of the increasing number of Hispanic immigrants in the U.S. has created a need to address this concern. The impact cost both the U.S. and the Hispanic population. Communication Defined Communication is identified differently to different people and systems. To a student in class, it is a means of learning new concepts and skills. To an employee, it is a way of making sure that the job gets done. To those who love us, it is a way of maintaining those relationships. To friends and co-workers, it is the tool that helps us to get along as stated in Communication in The Work Place (Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., & Rios, F. (2010)...
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...logic of the program. During this time of the process, the programmer uses tools to layout the program’s logical steps from beginning to end. The programmer decides the variables needed in the program. Also, the programmer uses planning tools like, Flowcharts, and Pseudocode to show the steps involved in his/her programming solution. Coding the Program: Coding is converting the design into an actual program, written in some form of programming language. This is the step where you actually have to sit down at the computer and type. Coding is a little bit like writing an essay. In most cases you write your program using something like a word processor. And, like essays, there are certain things that you always need to include in your program, like titles, contents pages etc.. When you've finished translating your design into a program you need to submit it to the computer to see what it makes of it. Using Software to Translate the Program into Machine Language: The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize programmable microcode) Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. Programmers, therefore, use either a high-level programming language or an assembly language. An assembly language contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions...
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