...in the surrounding regions and the world at large. This was mainly anchored on its ‘look east policy’ initiated in the early 1990s that saw the country focus on the East Asia and Pacific regions as an economic framework for expanding ties and promoting economic growth. With the new expanded strategic vision – “Look East” policy 2, India has broadened the definition of its security interest in its strategic economic endeavors. It is generally seen that India’s partnership with ASEAN have had an impact on India’s economic, political, and security related involvement ‘in these larger, concentric coalitions around ASEAN…in East Asia and in the Asian Pacific’ (Gujral, 1996, p. 12). The look east policy has integrated a larger regionalization framework and strategy encompassing the Asia Pacific issues (Scott, 2007). WE ARE TECHNOLOGY THESIS EXPERTS! ORDER NOW! WWW.UKESSAYHUB.COM The Indians-ASEAN links do not only have economic frameworks but strategic underpinnings as well. As Scot (2007) has indicated, china has been a factor in all of the India’s initiatives albeit blurred in economic progressions. Some analysts have argued that the growing Chinese economic and military influence in Asia has been the anchorage on the basis of which the strategic molding of ‘look East Policy’ was structured. India’s continued influence has therefore been viewed as providing ‘a balance’ to Chinas growing influence in the region. India’s aspiration to be a major global power is indisputable...
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...ECIPE OCCasIOnal PaPEr • no. 2/2010 REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN ASIA: THE TRACK RECORD AND PROSPECTS By Razeen Sally Razeen Sally (razeen.sally@ecipe.org) is Director of ECIPE and on the faculty of the London School of Economics www.ecipe.org info@ecipe.org Rue Belliard 4-6, 1040 Brussels, Belgium Phone +32 (0)2 289 1350 ECIPE OCCASIONAL PAPER ExECuTIvE SuMMARy This is the season for regional-integration initiatives in Asia. There is talk of region-wide FTAs, and there are east-Asian initiatives on financial and monetary cooperation. But grand visions for Asian regional blocs are not achievable. Regional economic integration is most developed in east Asia, but only because of manufacturing supply chains linked to global markets. South Asia is the most malintegrated region in the world. And east and south Asia are much less integrated in finance than they are in trade and FDI – due to highly restrictive national policies governing financial markets. Asia’s existing FTAs are “trade light”. They are largely limited to tariff cuts, but have barely tackled non-tariff regulatory barriers in goods, services and investment, and are bedevilled by complex rules of origin requirements. An APEC FTA initiative has gone nowhere – entirely predictable given such a large, heterogeneous grouping. An east-Asian or a pan-Asian FTA, by discriminating against third countries, would compromise regional production networks linked to global supply chains. Moreover, huge economic...
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...recovery from the global financial crisis in 2010-2011, global foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have again taken a downward turn. As the world economic recovery continues to be uncertain and fragile, global FDI inflows have declined by 18%, from $1.65 trillion in 2011 to $1.35 trillion in 2012. Inflows decreased both in developed and developing economies.16 However, while the majority of developed countries experienced a significant reduction in their FDI inflows, by 32% on average, those to developing economies remained relatively resilient, declining by only 4% on average. More importantly, for the first time developing economies alone absorbed more FDI than developed countries, accounting for 52% of global FDI inflows (figure 3.1). Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Report 2013 FIGURE 3.1 1400 1200 Billions of United States dollars 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2003 Foreign direct investment inflows to developed and developing economies, 2003-2012 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Developed economies Developing economies Source: ESCAP calculations, based on UNCTADStat. FIGURE 3.2 2000 Billions of United States dollars 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 Foreign direct investment outflows from developed and developing economies, 2003-2012 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Developed economies Developing economies Source: ESCAP calculations, based on UNCTADStat Note: Due to...
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...Compare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 23 October 2013 at 18:10 The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as the different time periods involved, Japanese and European intentions were very similar, and that these similarities contributed to the weakening of Imperialism as a doctrine. To do so, this essay will be examining the reasons for the Japanese conducting policies of imperialism, when they expanded, what methods they use to expand and the systems of government. Japanese Imperialism will be compared to those of a well known European power active in the region, Britain. J.A Hobson’s seminal work Imperialism: A Study puts forward the idea of the ‘Economic Taproot of Imperialism’. A taproot is the largest root in some plants and is the plant’s primary source of nourishment. Military aggression is simply capitalist expansion. He described it as “As one nation after another enters the machine economy and adopts advanced industrial methods, it becomes more difficult for its manufacturers, merchants and finaciers to dispose profitably of their economic resources and they are tempted more and more to...
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...ASEAN countries to fear their Communist neighbours such as Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. These countries had started to abandon central planning and implement market-oriented economic reforms from the early 80s, changes which had significant implications for trade and investment opportunities and indicated the need for enlargement of the ASEAN regional grouping in order to maintain its relevance (Wong, Mistilis & Dwyer, 2011a). The momentum to expand ASEAN was further accelerated by the need to strengthen the region’s voice in international trading bodies such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, the World Trade Organization, and in negotiations with the European Union (Tan, 2003). Between 1995 and 1997, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV) joined ASEAN. They are sometimes referred to as newer members with less-developed economies. With the ASEAN Concord II in late 2003, Southeast Asia charted an ambitious path toward creating a community (AC) founded on economic, security and socio-cultural pillars. In contrast to the EU on which the agreement is loosely based, have rested on open dialogue and concensus processes that have allowed politically and economic diverse nations to cooperate at the regional level. The progress of on ASEAN Concord II will rest on strong regional diplomacy and management of economic and foreign policy convergence. The AEC (Asian Economic Community) hopes to create a single market and production base with free flow of goods, services...
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...Name: Eric Rodrigues Student Name: Mehmet Edib Unal Introduction The Asian Financial Crisis occurred during the year 1997-1998, and is explained well in brief by Galina Hale “East Asian countries experienced severe banking crises. Nonperforming loan ratios skyrocketed because of prior excessive risk taking and most banks had to be recapitalized by their governments.” (Hale 2011, p.3) After ten years, The Asian Financial Crisis was followed by The Global Financial Crisis in 2008. “The precise genesis of the global crisis remains subject to debate. (Lin 2012, Treichel 2012, p.3) “We will argue that global imbalances were the result of the large excess demand in the U.S. over an extended period—the financing of which was made possible by the reserve currency status of the US dollar. “This excess demand resulted from both the public debt” and “the overconsumption by households.” (Lin 2012, Treichel 2012, p.3) “As shock waves of the global financial crisis (GFC) reached East Asia in autumn 2008 immediately after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September, the region faced the task of evaluating and reassessing the economic cooperation efforts of the previous ten years” (Katada 2011, p.274) Thus by evaluating and reassessing the economic cooperation of those previous ten years East Asia was able to maintain its flexibility during the Global Financial Crisis. The aim/purpose of this assignment is to show how the Asian economies have performed during and after the Global...
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...Can China rise without creating military tension with America and its neighbours in the Asia Pacific Area? Having a powerful and strong neighbour can be both a good thing and a worrying one at the same time. China, the East Asia Giant, is a powerful neighbour whose influence on the international platform today can no longer be underestimated. Its backyard, which namely is the Asia Pacific Area, is composed of by great forces such as Japan, South Korea, India etc., which are all allies of the U.S.A, and small or medium sized countries such as Malaysia and Vietnam etc., as well as a politically sensitive region -- Taiwan, which is regarded as a ‘lost territory’ by Beijing. It is this kind of unique layout of powers in the Asia Pacific Area that raised the concern that the current balance of big powers will be broken inevitably on China’s way of seeking regional hegemony and small or medium-sized countries worry they might be victims of conflicts between great forces. It’s believed that as China continues to grow up it will not tolerate America staying in its backyard and it will try to retrieve its ‘lost territory’, while others believe the current stability of the area will not be challenged because of China’s own limitations. There are a lot of concerns that when China becomes increasingly powerful, will the current balance of the established Asia Pacific Area be broken? And how will America react to China’s rise? John Mearshimer believes that China will not rise peacefully as...
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...with Equatorial Guinea, India is placed in the “medium development” category. There has been steady improvement in its HDI value, which was 0.345 in 1980. In 1950, Brazil, China and India together represented 10 per cent of the world economy, while the six traditional economic leaders of the North accounted for more than half. According to projections in the report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India will together account for 40 per cent of global output, far surpassing the projected combined production of today’s Group of Seven bloc. | | | HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. Since 2011, the UNDP report has included an inequality adjusted HDI, also known as IHDI, which attempts to include the effects of inequality on human development. The IHDI for India this year is 0.392. High gender inequality The country fails miserably on the front of gender equality. On the gender equality index, with a value of 0.610, India has one of the worst indicators in the medium human development category. For example, the country has only 10.9 per cent of seats in Parliament occupied by women. Countries like South Africa (41.1 per cent, HDI – 121), Timor-Leste (38.5 per cent, 134), Iraq (25.2 per cent, 131) and China (21.3 per cent, 101) are much ahead of India when it comes to the representation of women in decision making. India’s HDI progress...
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...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
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...attractiveness of Asia, and the reason why Giordano choose Asia as its main market. From the analysis of Asian environment, sizeable population, increasing consumption on cloth, pursuing for fashion and globalization of world are all factors that make Asia attractive. Giordano’s FDI-related projects and the FDI modes are exhibited in this report, which can describe a whole picture of this company’s development. In addition, based on the analysis of FDI activities, Giordano’s FDI activities have many impacts on host economies, like job creation in Indonesia. This report draws on sales data of main Asian markets and subordinate brands to analyse the trend of investment of Giordano. Korea is the most important and second market except Mainland China；The Middle East grows quickly during last decades; Singapore is a stable and profitable market. Malaysia and Indonesia are potential markets, and from a long term perspective Giordano will focus on the development of these countries. Asia is the basic market of Giordano, which conducts over 95% foreign investment there. This report applies SWOT analysis to illustrate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and also uses PEST analysis to explain the external factors-political, economic, social and technological, which influence the investment direction in the future. Country screening process identifies company-specific criteria, which enable them to rank countries. Giordano mainly selects countries in Asia and compares...
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... the Asia-Pacific region will experience the worst effect on rice and wheat yields worldwide, and decreased yields could threaten the food security of 1.6 billion people in South Asia. B. The crop model indicates that in South Asia, average yields in 2050 for crops will decline from 2000 levels by about 50 percent for wheat, 17 percent for rice, and about 6 percent for maize because of climate change. C. In East Asia and the Pacific, yields in 2050 for crops will decline from 2000 levels by up to 20 percent for rice, 13 percent for soybean, 16 percent for wheat, and 4 percent for maize because of climate change. D. With climate change, average calorie availability in Asia in 2050 is expected to be about 15 percent lower and cereal consumption is projected to decline by as much as 24 percent compared to a no climate change scenario. E. In a no-climate change scenario, the number of malnourished children in South Asia would fall from 76 to 52 million between 2000 and 2050, and from 24 to 10 million in East Asia and the Pacific. Climate change will erase some of this progress, causing the number of malnourished children in 2050 to rise to 59 million in South Asia and to 14 million in East Asia and the Pacific, increasing the total number of malnourished children in Asia by about 11 million. F. To counteract the effects of climate change on nutrition, South Asia requires additional annual investments of 1.5 billion USD in rural development, and East Asia and the...
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...Water is essential to all living things: humans, plants, and animals. But in South Asia, water is starting to become a heavy issue. With heavy populations in most asian countries there is a huge risk of pollution due to lack of space, hygiene and misunderstanding of the risks that people have when effecting water. These issues have had many different effects on all the land the people drinking and using it along with animals that consume the water as well. This is leading to an unhealthy and dangerous life for all in Asia. At the pace that this water pollution is moving in, South Asia doesn't have a lot of time to fix the problem before it ends up being too late for the country. The populations in Asian countries are so overcrowded and there...
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...Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation in a Resurgent Asia SAARC 2015 The New Delhi Statement on SAARC 2015 and Asian Resurgence © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, March 2007 Published by: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung India Office K-70B, Hauz Khas Enclave New Delhi Email: fes@fesindia.org Edited by: Kant K. Bhargava and Mahendra P. Lama Designed and printed by: New Concept Information Systems Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi ISBN 81-7440-065-6 Contents Foreword Preface Background Paper Inaugural Address by I.K. Gujral Group Reports New Delhi Statement Annexures: (i) Programme (ii) List of Participants & Special Invitees (iii) List of Written Papers and Presentations Related Publications iv vi 1 17 23 45 56 71 Foreword As part of its programme for the promotion of regional cooperation in South Asia, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung organised the Conference on SAARC 2015: Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation in a Resurgent Asia in February 2007 in New Delhi in collaboration with Ambassador Kant K. Bhargava, former Secretary-General of SAARC, and Prof. Mahendra Lama, Chairman, Centre for South, Central, South East Asian and South West Pacific Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The main thrust of the Conference was that the SAARC as an entity and its member states must prepare themselves well for leveraging the opportunities arising from the current resurgence in Asia. The Background Paper for the Conference was prepared by...
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...Motor Corporation Headquartered in Japan 6 3.2 Second Case Study of Firm; Apple Inc Headquartered in U.S. 7 3.3 Comparisons between Toyota Motor Corporation and Apple Inc. 7 3.4 Factors Toyota and Apple took such strategic production and location decisions 8 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 9 5.0 References 10 1.0 Introduction East Asian region has been seen as the world’s fastest growth centre for decades with the emerging of East Asian Tigers- Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan- shows that the world’s economic centre of gravity is gradually shifting East (Ando & Kimura, 2005). The World Bank (1993) listed this as “East Asian Miracle”. With more and more acceptance of globalization and trade liberalization in East Asia had formed international production network (IPN) – the cross-borders trades of parts and components to other countries or regions before the assembly of final product is completed (Saslavsky & Shepherd, 2012) – that caused East Asia countries to experience economic growth (Milberg & Winkler, 2010). Based on the above description of IPN, this paper describes the reasons why MNC in Asia utilize multiple production locations located in several countries for production of parts and components...
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...| Asian Crisis of 1997 | | | Prepared by:Azra Becirovic and Sanela Bilalic | | April 21, 2012 | Long before Asian financial crisis has started, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia had an increasing economic performance; economy was fast growing, saving rates were high, and inflation low. Turning point in Asian economy was 2 July 1997, the day when Thai Baht fell around 20 % against the $US. “It all began in Thailand’ summarizes the conventional explanation of the early stages of the crisis.” (Hill, p.3) How it all began, what factors caused the crisis, what segments were affected the most, what was the backup plan, and what policies should have been taken to prevent the crisis are the points that this paper will cover. First and Second-Generation Models According to 1996 annual report of Bank for International Settlements (BIS), pre-crisis fundamentals exhibit economic performance of Asian countries. They’ve experienced moderate inflation rates of about 6%, high savings rate of 32%, and trade openness indicators of 39%. Table 1: East Asian Economic Conditions Before Crisis Although accounting and macroeconomic analytics have failed to foreseen the currency crisis, which is inevitable, first and second-generation models explain us was it due to weakening macroeconomic fundamentals or financial contagion. In accordance to first-generation model developed by Krugman 1979, market-speculative movements, in response to policies, are incompatible...
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