...Affiliation] Multinational Finance Assignment Introduction This paper is based on the foreign exchange theories and the strategies used to minimize the risk of foreign exchange. The scenario is about the two multinational airlines. One is United States Airline and the other is Lufthansa (German) airlines. Both of them are exposed to foreign exchange risks as their transactions is in different currencies. In the scenario, U.S airlines has order from France the Airbus so, they have to pay France in Euro currency. However, United States airlines report their financials in Dollars. So, any slight change in Euro will impact the profits of United States Airlines. On the other hand, we have the case of Lufthansa Airlines which is purchasing a Boeing from USA and their reporting currency is Euro. So, both of the airlines are exposed to risks in the scenarios. This paper will address the foreign exchange theories involved in the case and strategies that will help these two airlines minimize their risk of currency fluctuations. The paper will also show calculations and the instruments used to minimize foreign exchange risks and calculating profits. Analysis of Foreign Exchange market theories in the scenario Foreign exchange market is the one which involves foreign currencies like euro, pounds or yen and it the one that is traded from local currency for e.g. the dollar. The network of foreign exchange is a decentralized one and is not in a centralized location. It is nevertheless integrated...
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...MNC Enters India Finance 535.003 Provide a brief summary of the business you chose. Nucor Corporation is one of the world’s largest steel manufacturing multinational corporations (MNCs) comprised of more than 20,000 employees worldwide (Nucor, 2013). The company is among the top 2 steel manufacturers in the United States, along with U.S. Steel Corporation, with more than 20 million tons of steel produced in 2012. Nucor’s mission is to take care of their consumers with the help of the corporation’s teammates (employees), by producing safe high quality steel at a low cost (Nucor, 2013). They will obtain this goal in conjunction with being most profitable and productive. The corporation has 22 locations in the U.S. and 9 locations in 8 countries, none of them being India (Nucor, 2013). Nucor is broken down into 4 main segments: steel mills, steel products, raw materials and all other (Nucor, 2013). While the company has remained profitable for years, with annual sales of $19.4 billion U.S. dollars, rising steel prices has plagued the steel industry resulting in many steel companies’ sales declining (Nucor, 2013). This can be attributed to steel producers being reluctant to cut prices in spite of lower demand. Many of these issues coming from declining sales have said to have been rooted from China’s inexpensive sales of cheap steel products (Gael, G., 2013). Nucor’s CEO has pleaded for restrictions to be made on trade of Chinese made steel (Gael, 2013). India is in...
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...Foreign Exchange Markets Shalanda Massenburg Axia College During the 20th century, the exchange market rates were fixed, according to the amount of gold for which they could be exchanged (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2008). The gold exchange standard was adopted by Britain during the nineteenth century. There were a few positive aspects of the gold exchange standard. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (2008), “It served as a common measure of value, it helped keep inflation in check by keeping money supply in the gold exchanged standard economies fairly stable, and long-term planning was easier as rate changes were infrequent”. According to Britannica Encyclopedia (2008), “The gold-exchange standard came into prominence after World War I because of an inadequate supply of gold for reserve purposes”. The United States adopted the gold standard back in 1900. The most recognized reserve currencies were from the United States dollar and the British sterling. Under the gold exchange standard, countries held gold or money as reserves but the United States held reserves just in gold. According to Bordo (2008), “many of the conditions that made the gold standard so successful vanished in 1914”. By 1971, the United States decided to abandon the gold exchange standard. According to Britannica Encyclopedia (2008), “A nation on the gold-exchange standard can keep the currency at parity with gold without maintaining a gold reserve as is required under the gold...
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...Kohl’s .com Investor relations, the company is involved in retail trading of merchandise in different forms. The company position is between the higher-end department stores and the discounters, selling everything from candy to engine oil to sporting equipment. Kohl’s stores are stocked with everything customers need for themselves and their homes - apparel, shoes & accessories for women, children and men, plus home products like small electrics, bedding, luggage and more. Kohl’s is a retail-trading business that would be a good fit entering into the Indian Market. India as a country is improving year after year in many phases and the economy of India has improved dramatically over the last decade. Because of the improvement’s year after year, India may establish itself as one the best economies going forward. The population of India is estimated to increase by 283,272,877 (22.4%) to 1,550,674,726 in the year 2100. (Blue Marble Citizen, n.d.). as the population grows, the income levels for people have gone up and they will spend more money in such merchandise that kohl’s offer. The income levels of people in India have come up because of the good numbers of employment generation from industrial development growth. There are other retail business owners in India who operates a small number of businesses. India also has many untouched markets that have not entered in doing business in their country. India has gained some foreign retailers who currently do business there....
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...13 Title INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS MARKET SIZE AND LIQUIDITY MARKET PARTICIPANTS KINDS OF FX TRANSACTIONS COMPONENTS OF FX TRADING EXCHANGE RATES AND ITS USES GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET TRENDS DIFFERENT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS WHICH LINKS THE FOREX MARKET GLOBALLY BASIS OF COMMUNICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS CONCLUSION BIBLOGRAPHY Page no. 7 9 11 12 14 16 22 25 35 37 39 40 42 5 GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS 6 Introduction The foreign exchange market is the biggest financial market in the world. Every day, transactions worth about 3.98 trillion dollars are carried out within the market. The major aim of introducing the foreign exchange market is to facilitate international trade by enabling businesses to perform transactions outside their local currency. The market operates round the clock from Monday through Friday. Foreign Exchange is the simultaneous Buying of one currency and paying for it with another at an agreed price (exchange rate) for settlement on an agreed date. FOREX is an acronym for FOReign Exchange. In the foreign exchange market today, a trader can purchase some amount of international currencies by paying with a different currency. This type of foreign exchange market started to develop in the 1970s, which was about thirty years after foreign exchange was introduced. Some important features about the FX market include the following: 1. It has a very...
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...undertake an investment in a particular foreign country may be the outcome of combination of strategic, behavioural and economic considerations, choice of a specific project within a particular product-market posture calls for evaluation of its economic feasibility. For this purpose, capital budgeting exercise has to be done. A firm should deploy funds in a project if the marginal revenue obtained there from exceeds the marginal cost. For an MNC, capital budgeting involves economic analysis of the firm's direct investment opportunities. Whatever be the motive for Direct Foreign Investment (DFI), an MNC's very survival and sustainable competitive position depends on its ability to identify and choose the most profitable investment opportunity. Capital budgeting technique provides the mechanism to identify opportunities and evaluate their economic viability. This is why MNCs evaluate international projects by using capital budgeting techniques. Proper use of capital budgeting techniques can help the firm in identifying the international projects worthy of implementation from those that are not. 13.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF EVALUATING FOREIGN PROJECTS Once a firm has compiled a list of prospective investments, it uses capital budgeting techniques to select from among them that combination of projects that maximizes the firm's value to shareholders. The theoretical framework involved in evaluation of domestic projects is the same as for foreign projects and various considerations influencing...
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...Initial Public Offerings Name: FIN 370/Finance for Business Date: Initial Public Offerings Private companies transform into public companies to expand and attract investors. To do this they begin selling common stock to institutional investors who then sell the stock to the general public through a securities exchange. According to Mayo, 2012, “If this sale is the first sale of common stock, it is referred to as an initial public offering (IPO).” In this essay, we will attempt to describe the initial public offering for the global firm, Facebook, Inc. We will describe the role of the investment banker and underwriter, the role of an originating house and a syndicate, explain the pricing of the issue, discuss some of the risks involved in the public offering and how the securities laws deal with them, and discuss any foreign exchange risks the company can face with ideas about how to mitigate them. The first thing Facebook needed to do to launch their IPO was to hire an investment banker and an underwriter. Facebook hired thirty-three investments banks who acted as brokers to bring together individuals with funds to invest in Facebook. The underwriters in those investment banks together with Facebook agreed on a certain amount to raise on the IPO. Their underwriters provided several services, but the main role is basically to take responsibility of selling those shares to investors. If they fail to sell the shares, they still owe the agreed amount to Facebook. The investment...
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...Initial Public Offerings Barry England, Steven Nesbit, Clifton Hall, Miguel Villanueva, and John Warren FIN 370/Finance for Business October 27, 2014 Gabriel Renero Initial Public Offerings Private companies transform into public companies to expand and attract investors. To do this they begin selling common stock to institutional investors who then sell the stock to the general public through a securities exchange. According to Mayo, 2012, “If this sale is the first sale of common stock, it is referred to as an initial public offering (IPO).” In this essay, we will attempt to describe the initial public offering for the global firm, Facebook, Inc. We will describe the role of the investment banker and underwriter, the role of an originating house and a syndicate, explain the pricing of the issue, discuss some of the risks involved in the public offering and how the securities laws deal with them, and discuss any foreign exchange risks the company can face with ideas about how to mitigate them. The first thing Facebook needed to do to launch their IPO was to hire an investment banker and an underwriter. Facebook hired thirty-three investments banks who acted as brokers to bring together individuals with funds to invest in Facebook. The underwriters in those investment banks together with Facebook agreed on a certain amount to raise on the IPO. Their underwriters provided several services, but the main role is basically to take responsibility of selling...
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...Livingstone, J. (2008). Foreign exchange. [PowerPoint]. Retrieved from https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/130055/viewContent/4741270/View China is a manufacturing superpower. Assume that you are CFO of an automobile manufacturer looking to build a US$ 800 million plant in China. You are discussing this project with your spouse, who is intelligent, but has no background in finance. 1. Your discussion should begin with a clear and logical step-by-step explanation of the theory behind the concept of "required return" on proposed capital investments. Explain how cost of equity, cost of debt, WACC, and allowances for various risk factors are involved in determining the "required return" on proposed international capital investments. Please write at least one paragraph for each step in the WACC process. The required rate of return is the minimum annual percentage earned by an investment that will encourage individuals or companies to invest into a project. My company, as potential investors in a foreign market, will use the required rate of return to decide whether or not the associated risk is worth the investment. Companies make capital investments to earn money. The required rate of return on proposed capital investments is the amount required by investors before they decide to commit money to an investment at a certain level of risk. If the expected return does not exceed the required return, then we would choose not to invest. The cost of equity, cost of debt...
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...Why should we hedge? Business is exposed to several risks, currency risk being one of them Objective of hedging is to ensure: Predictability in Income Statement thereby reducing cash flow volatility. Revenue is generated & receivables are collected at budgeted rates Maintaining margins on long term projects as these projects are priced & bid with an exchange rate assumption, which needs to be protected to ensure desired margins Managing the translation risks in case of multiple geographies & overseas entities Best Practices A good risk management and hedging policy should be debated, understood & approved at the highest level (Board) The policy should indentify risks entity is exposed to, ways to measure these risks & suggest methods to mitigate these risks Should specify clear identification of responsibilities, authorities & limitations on its implementation Should state the purpose of hedging clearly - profit, protection, reducing volatility. Should suggest appropriate risk management tools like Sensitivity Analysis, VAR to contain risks Should be reviewed periodically by board in view of changing risks, market dynamics. Enctheirage use of natural hedges to reduce hedging costs METHODS OF HEDGING Methods of hedging can be classified as a. Internal methods b. External methods ...
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...Chapter 3 International Financial Markets Lecture Outline Foreign Exchange Market History of Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange Transactions Foreign Exchange Quotations Interpreting Foreign Exchange Quotations Forward, Futures, and Options Markets International Money Market Origins and Development Money Market Interest Rates Among Countries Standardizing Global Bank Regulations International Credit Market Syndicated Loans Impact of the Credit Crisis on the Credit Market International Bond Market Eurobond Market Development of Other Bond Markets International Stock Markets Issuance of Stock in Foreign Markets Issuance of Foreign Stock in the U.S. Chapter Theme This chapter identifies and discusses the various international financial markets used by MNCs. These markets facilitate day-to-day operations of MNCs, including foreign exchange transactions, investing in foreign markets, and borrowing in foreign markets. Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion 1. Why do international financial markets exist? 2. How do banks serve international financial markets? 3. Which international financial markets are most important to a firm that consistently needs short-term funds? What about a firm that needs long-term funds? POINT/COUNTER-POINT: Should Firms That Go Public Engage in International Offerings? POINT: Yes. When a U.S. firm issues stock to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO), it is naturally concerned about whether...
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...dddddddddddddddddddddd Chapter 7: Market Entry Strategies Chapter Objectives Structure Of The Chapter Entry strategies Special features of commodity trade Chapter Summary Key Terms Review Questions Review Question Answers References Bibliography When an organization has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it. These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control which can be exercised over them. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Having decided on the form of export strategy, decisions have to be made on the specific channels. Many agricultural products of a raw or commodity nature use agents, distributors or involve Government, whereas processed materials, whilst not excluding these, rely more heavily on more sophisticated forms of access. These will be expanded on later. Chapter Objectives The objectives of the chapter are: Structure of the Chapter The chapter begins by looking at the concept of market entry strategies within the control of a chosen marketing mix. It then goes on to describe the different forms of entry strategy, both direct and indirect exporting and foreign production, and the advantages and disadvantages connected with each method...
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...International Finance & Global Capital Markets Exposure Management Himanshu Bhutani A014| Dawood Bukhari A015 Shibani Gujrati A025| Siddhant Anthony Johannes A033 Nishtha Sardana A054| Prateek Walia A063 1 INDEX 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3 2. Operational Exposure………………………………………………………………………..9 3. Transaction and Translation Exposure…………………………………………….……..11 4. Other Strategies used by Companies to Hedge Exposure……………………...………19 5. Case Studies: Hedging Strategy used by Companies………………………….………..20 2 INTRODUCTION Foreign exchange exposure represents a material risk for multinational corporations which are unrelated to business operations. One needs to identify each foreign exchange exposure, the risk it represents and methods and costs available to limit such exposure. The value of a firm’s assets, liabilities and operating income changes continuously due to change in factors such as exchange rates, interest rates, inflation etc. In other words, a firm is “exposed” to uncertain changes in a number of variables in its environment. Exposure may therefore be defined as a measure of sensitivity of the value of a financial item to changes in the macro economic variables mentioned above. Risk refers to the variability of the value of the item. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE Foreign Exchange Exposure occurs because of unanticipated change in the exchange rate. For example the difference in the spot rate & one month forward rate is 0...
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...Chapter 15 1, Exporting to a foreign market and manufacturing in a foreign market are the methods in which a firm can enter a foreign market. The relatively easier and more popular way of entering a foreign market is by way of direct and/or indirect exporting. Both deal with the export of a good to a foreign market but in indirect exporting involves no special expertise and no large cash presence. A commission in doing indirect exporting is often common in which a 3rd party is usually involved. Manufacturing is a much more extensive project in which a company sets up shop in a foreign market. 3. The differences are not that obvious. Strategic alliances often are made to speed up and concentrate on the need for further development of a product. The alliance helps fray down the entire cost of the project whereas joint venture focus more on a common interest in which doing business in a 3rd market is sought or a project is going underway. Both types often have management issues amongst each other. 4. A firm can be multi domestic in relation to each foreign market is different. In a multi domestic market, the need to be adaptive is high along with stressing the principle of trying to keep prices low. All markets differ and the ability to adapt and change to a certain market from a global standpoint will enable a firm to think globally along with being able to fundamentally carry on multi domestic operations within a specific market. 5. One important condition is that a host government...
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...be on its way. This report outlines the investment specifications. It is outlined in these categories: Country Analysis, Real Investment Analysis, Specific Components of the Project, the Best Mode of Entry, and the investment Risks Involved. Each outline analyzes the investment’s specific opportunity given the condition of the country. Based on this analysis, our group made a conclusion. A final recommendation of the proposed investment is given below. Country Analysis China is a developing country that has a great opportunity for foreign investors 5to establish their international business and make profits. China has a booming investment market and based on our research, the Livecast states that China’s investment environment is improving in recent years. Take an example from the Livecast, many enterprises transferred their business to China and trying to reduce the investment loss during the economic crisis in 2008. As the news from The China Post indicates, “China is rapid urban development, increasing awareness of corporate social responsibility and energy security --- all factors creating a stable investment environment for foreign businesses.” This means China is developing all the time, and providing a good business environment for foreign investors to start their businesses. In addition, according...
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