...something as common as freedom is common today. Basically from Canada to Brazil there was some kind of slavery. Most of the slaves were imported from Africa especially in British mainland colonies, but there were a lot of Indian slaves as well in West Indies. Slavery was different between the regions in New World. For example slavery in Barbados was different as in New England, in Barbados there was plantation based slavery but in New England there were only few slaves that helped their masters with some minor work at their houses. Even between British mainland colonies there was difference in slave societies. First British mainland colonies did not heavily relay on slaves, because they had a big migration from Europe. People came from all over Europe, most of them came as indentured servants. For free passage over Atlantic they gave their rights to people that paid for their voyage. They obligated that they will work for free, some amount of time, for free trip and free land after obligated service. British first tried to enslave native Indians but they were not fit for hard work on fields and they were not immune to European diseases as Africans were, also Indians knew the territory better then colonist and they could easily escape. As Foner explains in his book England first intentions were not to relay on slavery, but the lack of labor did these big slave societies...
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...history and even today Race and Class has placed a major impact on the identity of Jamaicans. “Race has been used to render ethnicity” (Austin-Bross, D.2006 Pg 213). Class, however is a social construct that is used to group people into a hierarchy of social stratification. Included are upper, middle, lower and newly stratified ‘working class’. Due to such stratification, persons of the ideal race and class are viewed as superior. Jamaicans have lost their identity and it has also encouraged low self esteems and confidence. Black persons from the lower class has been discriminated against and put to shame. This was the case during the slavery period and even today. Ideologies of the ‘right’ class and race originated from white plantation owners who viewed black people as ‘property. Between 1658 and 1798, approximately 281,000 slaves were imported to Jamaica. Thousands died in the middle passage or became ill and died after arrival. The period of adjustment to plantation conditions known as “seasoning” took one to three years. This period was accompanied by mortality rates of 1/4 to 1/3 of the slaves being “seasoned”. Epidemics were common on plantations and as many as half the slaves died. At Worthy Park Estates, of...
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...Introduction: In the 18th century, Great Britain was and Empire and was open for trading and commerce. It was the same for the 19th century, with the utilization of the slaves. We are going to talk about the slave trade at the Docklands and the abolition of slavery in Great Britain. Issues: How was the Great Britain Empire working during the 18th century ? What was the role of London in the trade and commerce during the 18th and 19th century ? How was the slaves use in Great Britain ? How did the slave trade end in Great Britain ? Subjects: The British Empire during the 18th century (Aymeric) London’s role in the trade and commerce during the 18th (Paul) London’s role in the trade and commerce during the 19th (Esther) The slave trade at the Docklands (Freya) London was at the heart of the ‘trade triangle’ that fuelled the slave trade. Traders left here with manufactured goods, such as guns, and exchanged them for slaves in Africa. The slaves were then taken across the Atlantic (the ‘middle passage’) and sold to plantation owners in America and the Caribbean for sugar, tobacco, rum, rice, cotton and tea, all of which were shipped back to London. It’s estimated that 11-12 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic for slavery. During the 1720s alone, nearly 200,000 Africans were transported in British ships. Packed into tight spaces with little food and water, thousands died en route. Built in 1803, Warehouse 1 was the first docklands warehouse...
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...The Triangular Trade was the fundamental foundation of the development of the United States. However, this historical milestone did not develop overnight, it actually took centuries to excel past the African slave trade. Additionally, America, Europe, and Africa would not be the same without the three hundreds years of trading internationally. Thus, the Triangular Trade was the building blocks of our nation, economically affected the world, and ultimately impacted racial issues we are having in today’s society. The Triangular Trade process was distinctive yet straightforward, specifically the exchange of goods and slaves. The Triangular Trade was a three-sided international exchange of goods involving Europe to Africa, Africa to the Americas, and the Americas to Europe. The first leg was European ships sailing to Africa carrying iron commodity, textiles, rum, guns, ammunition, and manufactured goods in exchange for spices, gold, and most importantly slaves. The second leg involved ships sailing to the Americas voyaging through the route primarily known as the Middle Passage carrying the slave’s required to work on plantations in exchange for goods. A slave explains the ghastly conditions of the middle passage first-hand as, “This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a...
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...Equiano Olaudah Equiano was born in the Eboe province in Africa, which is in southern Nigeria today, in 1745. He was the son of an African chief. At the age of 11, he and his sister were captured by slavers and put on a ship to experience the horrors of the Middle Passage. He was served under various masters until, with enough money, purchased his freedom in 1766. During a visit to London, he became involved with an abolitionist movement. He petitioned to the Queen in 1788 and even wrote an autobiography called: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. 10 years after his death, slavery was abolished in Great Britain. Although Equiano did not live to see these events, his actions as an abolitionist played an important part in bringing them about. In the mid to late 18th century, Olaudah Equiano was an outstanding example of courage and perseverance through his experiences as a slave, his societal class, and his religion. Equiano was captured at an early age in his homeland and shipped across the Atlantic to Barbados and then Virginia. He was then quickly purchased by a Royal Navy officer, Lieutenant Michael Pascal, who renamed him 'Gustavus Vassa' after the 16th-century Swedish king. Equiano wished, as any slave of that day, to be freed. Unfortunately, Pascal learning of Equiano's desire, and cruelly sold him...
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...most English laborers came to the New World as indentured servants. However, the labor sources of the indentured servant were later shifted to the slave, especially the African slave. These African slaves were victims of the particularly brutal slavery institution that was established during the English colonial era. As they played an important role in developing the English colonies, their...
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...Colonialism is defined as a structure in a colony with a specific linkage; meaning economic, political, cultural, and social ideologies. The colonies linked England to the United States. England, being the mother country, also had a very important role play. The mother country was responsible for providing money for supplies for voyages such as ships, food, soldiers, and weapons etc. Also, England was responsible for the processing and manufacturing of raw materials. Settlers of the colonies needed markets to sell their goods and labor. They also needed a source of labor for the production of raw materials. This new labor force was made up of Native Americans, indentured servants (white slaves who served terms of up to seven years as slaves), and Africans. Columbus and his crew stated that when they arrived in the Americas they found Africans already there. In 1502, the Spanish were the first Europeans to enslave Africans in the Americas. Yet the local population died from European diseases like smallpox and from overwork. Thus in 1502, ten years after Columbus' landing, the Spanish brought the first African slaves to Cuba from West Africa to replace Indian slaves who were dying out. This began the trans-Atlantic slave deal between West Africa and the Americas and the integration of Native Americans and Africans. The Spanish conquerors of the Americas—known as Conquistadors were...
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...Black History Month remains important By Leo Sandon TALLAHASSEE DEMOCRAT Once in the mid-1980s, after I had lectured on the 1965 Selma campaign and the passage of the Voting Rights Act, a young honors student came to me at the conclusion of class. She was incredulous. "Let me get this straight," she said. "Are you saying that African-Americans in the South were denied the right to vote?" When I answered that was the case, she exclaimed, "That is incredible. I never knew that." Her ignorance of our racial policies before 1965 was not all that unusual among my students. Otherwise decently informed undergraduates often were only vaguely aware, if not totally unaware, of this important part of our national story. So when I taught about black and white patterns in American history and religion,...
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...Clearing Conclusion African American Communities in Beloved Toni Morrison’s Beloved is a wonderfully written novel filled with themes and symbolisms. The novel is told with a linear moving plot that is constantly short stopped by the recurrence of character’s repressed memories. A very prominent theme in the story is of communal identity. Morrison emphasizes throughout the story the importance of community. Toni Morrison focuses on the negative impacts of slavery on the well-being of African American communities throughout her novel Beloved by depicting the damage done, its effects on characters, and the renewal of community. Slavery was a very degrading institution. The tragedies of the slavery can be drawn back to the Middle Passage from the 16th to the 19th century, in which more than 10 million Africans were stolen from their homes and...
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...communities to buy slaves to bring back with them for work. The roles and duties slaves had depended on their genders. Women were more likely to get sold into slavery to perform household chores, spin and dye cotton, and sometimes be shown off to let everyone know of a man’s wealth. Men would usually work outside either farming, doing repairs, or building things. In later years, when European countries came into the slave trade, slaves from Africa could be bought with a trade of goods of clothing, food, firearms, and even liquor. Though, by the 18th century, most slaves were obtained...
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...islands where French, English, and Spanish planters were accustomed to purchasing African Slaves. The main parts of the Atlantic trading system ill go into is West Africa and the slave trade, New England and the Caribbean, and slaving voyages. Majority of the enslaved people taken to North America originated in West Africa. Some of the main Coastal rulers served as intermediaries, as they allowed the establishment of permanent slave-trading posts in their territories and supplying resident Europeans with slaves to fill ships that stopped regularly at coastal forts. Whydah was the major slave-trading port. It was said that Whydah passed at least 10 percent of all slaves exported to the Americas, and Whydah's merchants earned substantial annual profits from the trade. The Portuguese, English, and French all established forts there. Before any Europeans could begin to acquire any cargo, they had to pay fees to Whydah's rulers. However, the slave trade brought varying consequences for the nations of West Africa. Because of the trades centralizing tendencies, it helped to create such powerful eighteenth-century kingdoms such as Dahomey and Asante. The trade disrupted original trading patterns, as goods once sent north to the Mediterranean, were redirected to the Atlantic. Agricultural production intensified, especially in the rice growing areas because of the need to supply hundreds of slave ships with food for transatlantic voyages. Prisoners of war made up the bulk...
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...New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey were known as the “bread colonies,” because of how much grain they exported. Their forests served as sources for shipbuilding and lumber and the rivers and harbors stimulated commerce and growth in seaports. The landholdings of the middle colonies were intermediate in size, local government was in between personalized town meetings and diffused county government, and the population was extremely ethnically mixed with an unusual degree of religious toleration and democratic control. Because of easily acquirable land, a large amount of social and economic democracy prevailed in the middle colonies. The South was a plantation based economy with a strong aristocratic atmosphere where owners lorded over black slaves. They were devoted to exporting agricultural products such as tobacco and rice. In all of the plantation colonies, there was slavery. The scattering of plantations slowed urbanization and made establishing schools and churches difficult. The South allowed for a small amount of religious toleration, the Church of England became the ruling faith, and the colonies were somewhat...
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...three serious social issues that exemplify the extreme oppression women faced throughout the Middle Ages. Firstly, The Wife of Bath addresses the negativity associated with women and sex. She begins by informing her audience that she is sexually experienced because she has been with five different men. During the Middle Ages it was widely believed that women were not allowed to have sexual relations outside of marriage and if they were convicted of adultery they were to be punished. However, The Wife of Bath defends the amount of times she had been married in order to advocate for being able to have multiple sex partners. By working within this social framework, The Wife of Bath demonstrates that if a woman marries many different men, she can have sex with several partners. As a result, this clever use of sex...
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...The southern colonies economy thrived on agriculture(GA,SC,NC,MD,VA) This economy created plantations, large rural society, and a need for slaves. Often built next to rivers so they could directly ship goods. Controlled the economy of the South-more small farms. African slaves became part of the triangular trade (middle passage) Slaves were captured by other Africans. Journey took 5-8 weeks. Once in America, 80-90% worked in the fields while the others became domestic slaves. Thriving industries in the north were grinding wheat, fishing, and lumber. Port cities grew (Boston, NY, PA). The major cash crops were wheat and corn. Persuasive purpose of a slave narrative is to expose the evils of slavery and turn people against it. Olaudah was kidnapped when he was 11, he was in the west indies then Virginia, enslaved 10 years then bought freedom. Abolitionist was someone that wanted to abolish slavery. The time period of the enlightenment was the 1700’s in Europe. “Scientists began looking beyond religion for answers on how the world worked. The world is governed by fixed math laws rather than souly the will of god” encouraged by the Renaissance. Lead colonists to question British monarchy. Rational though 0 discovery of natural laws & principles of governing the world and human behavior (value scientific method & reason) Key players: Galileo Galilei, Ben Franklin(truth through experiment) Tom Jefferson(born w/ natural rights-Locke), Sir Isaac Newton, Nicolas Cofernicus (pub. edu.)...
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...Movement came into national prominence during the period of mid-1950s. The roots of this movement can be traced to the era of African slaves where their descendants started resisting racial oppression and they also advocated for the abolishment of slavery. This effectively led to the American slaves being emancipated due to the Civil War and they were also granted vital civil rights. These civil rights were granted during the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth amendments were done to the US Constitution. There were also continued struggles during the following century to effectively secure federal protection in regard to the granted rights (Green and Harold, 03). These struggles used various ways to express what they actually wanted by use of nonviolent protests. It was during the periods of between the 1950s and the 1960s when the civil rights movements attained the abolishment of race discrimination in public facilities in the south that they were more motivated to continue with their struggles. This was a breakthrough since they had achieved the equal-rights legislation basically for the African Americans. This was a humongous achievement since the 1865-1877 periods that was referred to as the Reconstruction period. The passage of the fundamental civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965 did not deter the civil movements even though the passages were victorious to them. The militant black activists perceived their struggle as being a liberation or freedom movement that was meant...
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