...Speech And Language Disorders Psychology Essay Young children can have unclear speech and mispronounce words, but as the children get older they learn how to use their tongue, lips and brain to work in harmony to say difficult and unfamiliar words. For most children speech difficulties pass with time but for some they find it hard so they repeat or pro-long sounds. This can be very hard for children so they can struggle to find ways to avoid using these sounds or words. A phonological disorder is when a child has a problem with producing sound that is needed for the child to speak. Children with phonological disorder can have problems controlling their rate of speech and can fall behind when learning certain sounds. 2 to 3 year old children often mispronounce words and can confuse the sounds that they hear, but if these problems continue as the child gets older, the child may need speech therapy. Research shows that phonological disorders affects "10% of pre-school children, but by the ages of 6 or 7 years only 2% or £% meet the criteria for phonological disorder" (APA, 2000, Tallal & Benasich, 2002.) According to the Irish Association of Speech and Language there are three forms of language difficulty in a child with SSLI. This is a where a child would have problems with both understanding and producing language. A child having problems with understanding but producing language more difficult and lastly a child would have particular difficulty with parts of language forms...
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...The two articles I choose to read and write about are “Covert Stuttering: Coming out of the Stuttering Closet” and “Stuttering and Sleep: Some Speculation”. I choose these two articles because I found them to be very interesting and insightful. Reading the two articles gave me a lot of informative information about stuttering and how it affects everyday life. I learned how certain lifestyle habits can affect a person who stutters and how stutterers have developed skilled techniques to hide the fact that they stutter. This paper will explain what I read and how it will help me conduct the clinical process with people who stutter. The first article that I will discuss is “Stuttering and Sleep: Some Speculation” by Sandra Melo. It has been researched that stuttering became worse after several nights of poor sleeping. In a single day, the brain processes more information than you can possible imagine. We rely on our brain to actively interpret and manage every piece of information our body is in contact with. When we sleep, the brain gets to rest, recharge and get ready for the next day of activities, thinking, processing, analyzing and more. That is why the amount of sleep we get is crucial if we want to efficiently function during the day. Sleep deprivation affects a person’s speech. It has been a general observance that individuals who lack sleep tend to stutter and slur. Vocabulary becomes limited and the tone of the voice is lowered. When conducting speech therapy with...
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...[pic] University of the East Manila College of Arts and Sciences Topic: “Children and Bilingualism” EN221 – 1M - Language in Culture Submitted by: Virgino, Clarisse Yvette P. Submitted to: Dr. Deborah Javier I. Introduction What is a Bilingual? A Bilingual person is someone who can speak or write in more than one language. A person who can speak/write in more than two languages is considered to be a multilingual. Bilingualism and multilingualism isn’t unusual. In fact, it’s the norm for most of the world’s societies. It is possible for a person to know more than one or two languages, most especially when the country is not in the western part of the globe, usually, people can speak two languages—that is, their L1 and L2, which, in this context, L2 is usually the English language. People become bilingual when they learn two languages at the same time, or, they learn the second language sometime after they acquired their L1. But then, it is more possible for a person to learn a second language sometime after he has acquired his L1. The problem is, the older you get, the harder it is to learn to speak a new language as well as a native speaker. Many linguists believe that there is a so-called “critical period” wherein the child can easily acquire any language that he or she is regularly exposed to. Under this belief, the structure of the brain changes...
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...Attractiveness: The Human Capital Attractiveness: The Human Capital In recent years there has been much research to support the fact that physical attractiveness can greatly influence an individual’s employment opportunities. Beginning at a very early age, young children can and do notice the attractiveness of both peers and adults; and subconsciously base decisions on these factors. This trend continues throughout adolescence and into adulthood where an individual’s outward appearance can greatly influence a superior’s impression and perceived social value of the individual. From a very early age, young children are able to perceive the attractiveness of their peers. Judgments made based off of physical appearance can be seen in children as young as four years old. In a study conducted at the University of Toronto, young children were asked to nominate peers who they believed exhibited specific social behaviors such as aggressiveness, independence, friendliness, etc. The children had no prior contact with each other yet in nearly every case the less attractive children were associated with the negative attributes, while the more attractive children the positive attributes. (Dion & Berscheid, 1974) Similar to the results of the children’s peer study, teachers can also be influenced by the physical characteristics of their students. In an article published by Richard Tompkins and Myron Boor, an experiment designed to test the effects...
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...January 2012 Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of labelling theory in explaining crime and deviance. (21 marks) The Labelling theory plays a major role in explaining crime and deviance. It implies how actions become labelled as criminal or deviant in society and how its only deemed as such labels when society says it is. Since the early 1950s, one group of sociologists influenced by symbolic interactionism, questioned the approach that there is a difference from those who offend and those who do not, the sociologists argue that most people commit deviant and criminal acts, but only some people are caught and stigmatized for it, therefore it is pointless trying to search for the differences between deviants and non-deviants, instead, the stress should be on the reaction to and definition of deviance. “Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label” - Becker (1963). However, labelling theorists have also been criticized for presenting deviants as perfectly normal people and not acknowledging that there has to be a reason for the label to be placed on them. In 'The Outsiders', Becker gives a clear and simple illustration of the labelling argument, drawing up an anthropological study by Malinowski (1948/1982) of tradtional culture on a pacific Island, describing how a youth killed himself because he had been publicly accused of incest. On Malinowski's first inquiry about the case he saw the islanders digust on the situation however, on further...
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...Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Labelling theorists studied the various interactions between the ‘criminal' groups and individuals and the conformist society. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into decline—partly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. Tannenbaum (1938) is widely regarded as the first labelling theorist. His main concept was the ‘dramatization of evil'. He stated that if a person is described as being a criminal then he automatically becomes one. Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the “societal Reaction” theory. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. The first phase is known as the Primary deviance phase. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. According to Lemert, the primary deviance phase begins with a criminal act. He or she is then labelled criminal but has yet to accept the label. The main point of view is whether he or she has accepted the criminal label. If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. The object of whether a person views himself or...
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...learning disabilities, communication disorders and giftedness. The author discusses the curriculum that is necessary for the students with learning disabilities, communication disorders and giftedness. The author summarizes in a short concluding paragraph that brings the topics together. Learning Disabilities There is so much known about learning disabilities, but yet so little. As a teacher it is important to understand the various types of learning disabilities, communication disorders and giftedness. In reality what does that all mean? Teachers should be well informed about the definitions of these as well as what characteristics to look for and what causes them. It is estimated that approximately six to ten percent of school-aged children are learning disabled. Many times students are mistakenly diagnosed having a learning disability. That is the reason why it is important for teachers to understand the difference of having different learning styles or needs than having a disability. Teachers need to know what to include in the curriculum, or how to make accommodations, or modifications to cater to the needs of the individual student. The ultimate goal is to understand these students and to give them an equal opportunity to learn and be successful. Defining Learning Disabilities Learning Disability is basically a term that is utilized to describe specific kinds of learning problems. A person with learning disabilities can have trouble learning and using certain...
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...The roles of speech-language pathologists seem to be shifting and expanding as the 21st century presents society with continuous technological transformations, rising costs of healthcare services, increasing demand for services as the population ages, rising numbers of Autism diagnoses, and the growing diversity of the United States population. Thus, the role of speech-language pathologists within a healthcare setting will depend upon several factors and new models of service delivery will likely be necessary to achieve client success within the ever-changing society of the 21st century. The increasing costs of healthcare services not only affects where speech-language pathologists provide treatment, but also who can receive treatment....
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...Effective Strategies 4. Share at least four characteristics of effective strategies for young children with special needs. Although every child is unique and specific needs vary, there are many different strategies that can be used to help children with special needs thrive in a classroom. Children with sensory problems can benefit from having a quiet and free from distraction. Having a schedule based on events instead of time can also help children with special needs, knowing what to expect, or comes next can have a calming effect on all children. Children that have problems concentrating or sitting still for too long can benefit from having short breaks scheduled throughout the day. Also allow the child plenty of time to process the information you have provided, rather it be directions or a question, some children require more time than others to develop a response. Activities 5. Identify some developmentally appropriate activities that can be implemented to assist these children in their real-life experiences. It is important to have developmental appropriate activities available to children. Children in a preschool will work on motor skills, for Fine motor skills, coloring, playdoh, and activity boards are used in many preschools to help children develop these skills. To develop gross motor skills teaches may have children run, exercise (jumping, reaching, etc.) Throwing and kicking a ball is also a activity that is used by teachers in...
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...Perception is subjective, active, and creative. Active perception means that your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense. So each person is a different video camera, and each person aims the camera at different things; each person’s lens is different; each person sees different colours; and each person’s audio picks up different sounds. Perception is subjective in that you interpret what you sense; you make it your own, and you add to and subtract from what you see, hear, smell, and touch. Subjective perception is your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli. So, why do differences in perception occur? Differences in perception may be the result of physiological factors, people’s past experiences and roles, their cultures and co-cultures, and their present feelings and circumstances. Physiological Factors You are not physiologically identical to anyone else. People differ from each other in sex, height, weight, body type, and senses. Sex is another physiological factor that may lead to perceptual differences. Some authors have suggested that hemispheric differences in the cerebral cortex of the brain are sex-linked. These differences account for females’ language facility and fine hand control and for males’ spatial and mathematical abilities, as well as their increased likelihood of dyslexia,...
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...MY Role in the medication world Mental health counselors do not usually have essential knowledge and training to recommend medications. Certainly, I have no legal right to prescribe them. Prescribing medications must be left to a trained professional with drug- prescribing licensure, although with training, I may assist the prescriber by making recommendations. Because as the counselor comprehensive understanding of the client's circumstances, the prescribing professional may benefit from my assistance (King & Anderson, 2004). Referring the client to the appropriate medical professional is in the client's best interest, especially when the counselor suspects a biological basis for presenting behavior. Specifically, the trained counselor may well recognize the client's need for prescription medication but making recommendations to the client for such treatment is the exclusive responsibility of the prescribing professional. Considering the significant role of pharmacology in contemporary mental health care, maintaining a balance of understanding its significance as well as using caution in its application is essential (King & Anderson, 2004). Depending on the particular client need, the appropriate referral for prescription medication may be directed to a psychiatrist, a psychologist with prescribing rights, the client's primary care physician, or other medical professional. It is not unusual to include specialists, depending on the health concerns. The counselor is...
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...visual system for sign language. Such body parts are controlled by the brain for their functions. E. Bruce Goldstein (2008) defines language as a system of communication using sounds or symbols that enable us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas and experience. lastly Language can be defined as a means of communication. Cooper(1989) defines language Development as the result of the series of on-going planned actions that language communities take to ensure that that they can effectively use their languages to achieve their social, cultural, political, economic and spiritual goals. In summary Language development is the process which starts early in human life where children grow in their acquisition of human language from a single word to rich sentences. 1....
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...abuse can stem from things that may have happened to someone in their childhood, their teenage years and even in their adulthood. These acts can be seen as acts out of fear, cowardice, and some may even attempt to say love. These are all ways that someone can try to explain their actions and why they may harm those they say they love. No one really knows what causes people to be volatile towards their lover, there are so many excuses that men and women use to defend domestic violence. Domestic violence can definitely affect the way someone looks at life, it can affect children during childhood and when they grow up, it also can cause someone to lose their life. One of the many forms of domestic violence and the biggest one is physical abuse. Physical domestic violence can be anything from scratching, punching, biting, strangling or kicking. It doesn’t stop there, because the use of weapons can play an even bigger role in the volatile acts. These actions mostly take place amongst a man and woman and the man is usually the aggressor, but is not limited to just one gender or even just a heterosexual relationship. It can even take place amongst family members. In an article on the Indiana Coalition against Domestic Violence the definition of domestic violence is made fairly clear, “Domestic violence can be defined as a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner”...
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...Sleep wake disorders include; circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, hypersomnolence, insomnia disorder, nightmare disorder, narcolepsy, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, restless leg syndrome, and non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder. Childhood disorders include; autism spectrum disorders, attachment disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, conduct disorder, disorder of written expression, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, encopresis, enuresis, expressive language disorder, mathematics disorder, mental retardation, oppositional defiant disorder, reading disorder, rumination disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety disorder, social communication disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, stuttering, touretts disorder, transient tic...
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...development is affected by three subsystems, which forms the crux of child’s environment. 1) Physical and Social setting in child’s daily life i.e. physical context and people who interact with the child in that setting. The Indian child is never alone when young. The child is usually in close physical contact with the mother, sibling, or other kin. 2) Customs of childcare & socialization- All communities and culturally distinct subgroups have fairly well understood set of customs and practices regarding childcare. The child with disability receives parental care underscored by these customs, the specifics being guided by caste, social class, and ethnicity. 3) Parental beliefs of behaviour expected of children i.e. familial & community experience in socialization of children. It is important that while analyzing the situation of the child with disability, the child be viewed in the context of these three subsystems, which share the function of mediating the child’s developmental experience within the larger culture. In an attempt to understand childhood disability, this section will discuss important issues under the following themes: ➢ Defining Disability ➢ Early...
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