...parents are wide with concerns and fears leading to refusal. Healthcare providers play a major role in providing information for patients with questions regarding vaccinations and nurses are often on the front line when it comes to battling the resurgence of diseases such as the measles and pertussis. These providers must be comfortable, and understand the reasoning while discussing the reason for the vaccination, their schedule, and the effects of vaccines. There are several ways nurses and healthcare providers can help reduce the fear, and bring understanding to the parent who may be refusing vaccines. Some factors the nurse is unable to change, however there are ways to be able to make vaccinations more accessible to the whole population. Since vaccinations laws in the US were enacted in the 1960’s and 70’s, childhood vaccinations have been required to occur before beginning school. By the 1980’s all 50 states including DC required vaccinations for entrance into public school. Exemptions could be made for families that made the decision to refuse vaccinations based upon medical reason, religious reason, or personal philosophy (Blendall & Farre, 2012). Rates for non-medical reasons to withhold vaccinations have increased significantly over the past years, despite the evidence that communicable disease have declined, and documented safety of vaccines (Blendall, 2012). There has been an increase of 0.98% to 1.48% in refusal, with higher rates in...
Words: 2656 - Pages: 11
...immunizations are very important to the general population; including infants, children, adults, and elders. A vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies to provide immunity to one or more than one disease. Receiving vaccines at a pharmacy should be offered at a pharmacy because they can cave your child’s life, they are safe and effective, and they protect the people you love and care about, and can save your family time and money. Lots of pharmacists offer vaccinations at the pharmacy and the different kinds of vaccinations offered are steadily increasing. Some of the vaccinations at local pharmacies include but are not limited to: Influenza, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Pneumonia, Varicella, HPV, Hepatitis...
Words: 1006 - Pages: 5
..."Do parents have a right to withhold vaccines from their children for philosophical reasons, or should parents be forced to have their children immunized for the good of society?" Thesis statement: “Since vaccines have been invented, there has been a lot of controversy regarding the belief whether parents should immunize their children for the benefit of the society or withhold vaccines for personal reasons”. Introduction: It is inevitable that media, especially tabloids and articles play a big role in shaping the beliefs, practices and norms of the society. Immunization, which is also known as vaccination is one of the most controversial debates that evokes different opinions among the general public. Since vaccines have been invented, there has been a lot of controversy regarding the belief whether parents should immunize their children for the benefit of the society or withhold vaccines for personal reasons. During the last couple of months, the Disneyland Measles outbreak has been one of the hottest and most controversial news in the nation. According to writer and news announcer Rath of National Public Relations (2015), it was reported that since December 2014, roughly 80 people in the Unites States have been confirmed to have measles. Seventy percent of the affected individuals were allegedly the ones who visited the Disneyland theme park. It was discovered that at least 28 of these victims had not received the measles vaccine. Because of this heartbreaking news...
Words: 762 - Pages: 4
...Kuhr, Ph.D. University of Phoenix Anthrax: The Deadly Terror It is difficult to imagine that one’s own governmental agencies may have played a role in releasing among it is own citizens one of the deadliest viruses known to humankind. Such is the affirmation made by Thomas L. Rempfer in his 2009 controversial article entitled “The Anthrax Vaccine: A Dilemma for Homeland Security”. His argument essentially relies on the thesis that both the Department of Defense and the Department of Health and Human Resources orchestrated an irrational climate of fear among the American people in which their vulnerability to anthrax and other potential terrorist was highlighted and presented as an issue of national security (2009). The primary reason for such shocking actions by these trusted and respected US institutions was to justify the continued testing of an anthrax vaccination that was imposed on American soldiers as part a mandatory anthrax vaccine immunization program (2009). According to Rempfer, the army and the Department of Defense officials believed that only the threat of an anthrax epidemic would force the government to reconsider closing the mandatory testing of the vaccine on the reluctant soldiers. He argues that the Department of Defense, as well as the Department of Health and Human Resources, played an unintentional role in the highly publicized 2001 anthrax attacks in which random individuals were targeted through the postal system. Scholars disagree on the actual...
Words: 1904 - Pages: 8
...Dryvax was a first-generation smallpox vaccine, and one of the vaccines used during worldwide eradication of smallpox. This vaccine was prepared by harvesting live vaccinia virus from lesions on the skin of infected cows. Although Dryvax was highly effective, it had adverse side effects including fever, headache, and myalgia. More serious side effects included generalized vaccinia, eczema, encephalitis, and even fatality [7,8]. Later, a second-generation vaccine, ACAM2000, was developed, focusing on cell culture methods for vaccine production. In terms of immunogenicity, this vaccine had comparable immunogenicity to that of the first-generation vaccine. However, ACAM2000 still had serious adverse events such as cardiac complications [9]. To overcome the side effects caused by the use of live-virus vaccines, protein- or DNA-based subunit vaccines are currently under investigation...
Words: 669 - Pages: 3
...childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination” (CDC). Yet, some refuse to vaccinate their children. Vaccines prevent diseases, are safe, effective, and protect future generations. For these reasons, they should be mandatory for all children. Vaccines should be given to children in effort to prevent diseases. Some may say that vaccines cause harmful side effects such as seizures, ADHD, autism, diabetes and allergic reactions. According to Sanjay Gupta, a neurosurgeon and Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, "you are 100 times more likely to be struck by lightning than to have a serious allergic reaction to the vaccine that protects you against measles." Many studies taken on by prestigious institutions such as, the Center for Disease Control, Johns Hopkins, and the American Medical Association show it is worthwhile to protect your tot with the use of shots. MMR, dTap, the flu vaccine, and others show no correlation with instances of diabetes, autism, Bell’s Palsy, and asthma, a claim made by some. Results of false accusations by opposers, show that vaccinations should be administered to all children....
Words: 482 - Pages: 2
...Communicable Disease Chickenpox Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V May 01, 2016 Communicable Disease Chickenpox Here is some background on varicella-zoster virus. Chickenpox and Shingles used to be considered two different diseases, but they are both caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) ("CDC chickenpox," 2016). Varicella is the primary infection that causes the chickenpox and the herpes zoster is the virus that lays dormant in the host until reactivation and causes shingles. About 70-90% of all chickenpox cases that are reported occur in children under the age of 10 years old ("CDC chickenpox," 2016). Before the vaccine was introduced in March of 1995, there were 4 million cases of the chickenpox reported every year and since the introduction of the vaccine this number has decreased by 90% ("CDC chickenpox," 2016). If a person has the chickenpox and they cough or sneeze they can spread the disease. They release tiny droplets that will carry the virus. If they do this around someone that has never had the virus and didn’t get their immunizations as a child there is a possibility for that person to inhale the virus and contract the virus. When the virus is inhaled it enters the lungs and then will pass into the blood stream. It then is carried to the skin and causes the typical chickenpox rash. The chickenpox are very contagious. It can be spread by airborne, droplet, and direct contact with an infected person ("CDC...
Words: 1248 - Pages: 5
...exactly did the vaccine concept form and originated? As I summarize a brief history of vaccinations from an article written by author Zielinski which begins emphasizing on how it was two long millennia ago when it was recognized by China or India. Then realized people who are infected and suffered from disease expected nothing but death but instead recover. Along with that logic, It wasn't too long until science took notice the only method is to infect oneself with a limited amount of the infectious disease and let's just say hoping the body can become immune to it. As the year's progress, it wasn't until an English physician of the name Edward Jenner who discovers a vaccine based from a particular infection called...
Words: 654 - Pages: 3
...The role of non-evidence based beliefs on anti-vaccination-Literature Review Student Name: Institution: Introduction Anti-vaccination proponents have largely embedded their energies in promoting doubt in parents, instructing forms of biomedical fear while capitalizing on their spiritual and paranormal belief naivety to enforce the same. These approaches are ensured to make it possible that even with any increase in people’s knowledge and evidence, their rational strength over anti-vaccine movements become a myriad.[Lewandowsky et al. 2013] Decision making becomes a weak thing to do because by looking at both ends, things seem to parallel each other. There those who believe in an unquestionable trust in political figures, doctors and other medical professionals. Other parents seem to look at homeopathy, nature and metaphysical tendencies to resolve their medical dilemma as regards to the vaccine.[Huntley and Peeters, 2010; Battles, 2008]. It is at this point that Lewandowski et al. [2013] and his believed that with an increase in knowledge the worldview polarization of science also doubled. Apparently, these issues are evident to point out to the fact that anti-vaccine attitudes are predicted by them. But there is very limited research in place, to depict the underlying factor beneath these forms of psychosocial behaviors against vaccines. The notion of worldview approach to anti-vaccine over vaccines is a current one and stems from paranormal, spiritual, and conspiracy beliefs...
Words: 6697 - Pages: 27
...to address all items required for the Part 3 of the Programming Development assignment. Programming Development: Part 3 In the previous weeks, the choice for developing software was for an Animal Shelter and it was also analyzed selection structures. In this paper are analyzed array and loop structures that will be present in the program as part of its implementation. Identified Objects For the Animal Shelter system there are many things that could become an object if this program is developed using an Object-oriented Programming Language. Among the most important we have User, which would identify a user inside the system with its role and some other attributes. Person, which would have all information related to a person and would be related to User. In the system a User is own by a Person. Then we would have Animal and Vaccine too, with all related information applicable. We could have other objects such as Adoption Form, Cage (the cage where the animal stays in) and Treatment but in any case, the object-oriented approach will help achieve the desired levels of encapsulation and data hiding. “The term encapsulation means to package data members and methods into a single programming unit (in our case, a class or an object created of that class) with a well-defined external boundary, or interface. Encapsulation is most often achieved through data hiding, which is the process of hiding all the facts, or secrets, of a class that do not contribute directly to others’ ability...
Words: 810 - Pages: 4
...Vaccinations are a topic of great debate in the United States. Some of this debate generates positive discussion about vaccines, their safety, and why they are an important factor in public health. However, other discussions help to spread false information. The anti-vaccination movement in particular has detracted from the public’s ability to truly understand the benefits of vaccines. It is important to be vaccinated in order to protect their own health, the health of those in their community, and to prevent potential spread of diseases internationally. Vaccines relate to personal health in that they work to protect a person from dangerous and even deadly diseases. The weakened pathogens present in vaccines provoke an immune response when...
Words: 470 - Pages: 2
...Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? I. Introduction (Jessica and Chrystal) A. Why this topic is important? i. AIDS is a pandemic ii. B. Implications i. AIDS vaccine could potentially save billions of lives ii. . C. Objectives of the assignment. i. Identify a health care ethical issue ii. Present facts in an outline format. iii. Describe the pros and cons of the issue including an analysis. iv. Follow APA 6th formatting. II. Literature Review A. Review of the key articles on this topic (5 per team member). i. HIV/AIDS- Ethical/Legal Issues (Arora & Arora, 2009). This article … ii. AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology (Bourinbaiar, Jirathitikal, Silin, Nian-Qing & Abulafia-Lapid, 2007). This article… iii. Correlates of negative intent to receive an AIDS vaccine: an exploratory study (Crosby, Holtgrave, Bryant, & Frew, 2004). iv. AIDS Care (AIDS CARE), Dhalla S; Nelson KE; Singer J; Poole G. (2009). This article describe how developing an HIV vaccines may contribute to participants better follow-ups and may improve the patient’s knowledge and education regarding HIV/AIDS. v. Development of an AIDS vaccine: perspective...
Words: 1963 - Pages: 8
...Influenza Introduction Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat, nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higher that 100F, soreness in the back, myalgia, legs and arm muscles, sweats and chills, frontal or retro-orbital headaches, tachycardia, red, watery eyes, and fatigue. Sometimes, a dry and persistent cough, nasal congestion and discharge occur (Clark & Lynch, 2011). Causes and Transmission The Influenza viruses are transmitted in the form of droplets through the atmosphere whenever an infected individual speaks, coughs or even sneezes. A healthy person can either get infected through directly inhaling these contaminated droplets or obtain the viruses from contaminated objects like computer keyboards, mouses or even the phones, and move them to the respiratory pathways like the nose and mouth. According to Clark & Lynch (2011), the infected individuals become contagious a day before the appearance of the first symptoms and continue in this state up to 5 to 10 days after. Studies have revealed that young children and individuals with compromised immune systems remain in the contagious...
Words: 1394 - Pages: 6
...TO: President Barack Obama FROM: Sally Choi RE: Vaccine Mandates Regulation DATE: April 22nd , 2015 Problem Statement: What actions or measures can President Barack Obama take in order to balance the need to protect the public’s health in addressing concerns of citizens who may object to mandatory immunization requirements? Background: In the United States, virtually every state has enacted legislation in which they mandate some level of compulsory vaccinations for its citizens. In order for a child to attend public schools, they must receive all required vaccinations. Throughout history, many have disagreed and opposed vaccinations for various reasons. Many of the citizens do not believe that vaccines mandates to be constitutional. Also, many do not believe the state legislatures have the power to require everyone to receive certain vaccinations and view the authority as a violation of their constitutional rights. Recently, there has been an increase in people who are against to vaccinations as a possible factor to Autism in children. Also, religious beliefs play a role in opposing vaccinations for themselves and their children. These have built anger and opposition to the states mandates of some vaccinations. In 1813, United States Vaccine Agency was established. “The U.S. Congress authorized and James Madison signed ‘An Act to Encourage Vaccination,’ establishing a National Vaccine Agency” (History of Vaccines RSS). This Act was the first push by the United States...
Words: 2388 - Pages: 10
...1 Potential Etiologies of Autism Autism spectrum disorder, also called autism, is a severe physical disorder of the brain, characterized by impaired cognition, limited language, repetitive patterns of behavior, difficulty with social interactions, and a lack of responsiveness to other people (Schreibman). Other conditions within the autism spectrum include Asperger syndrome, Child Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Rett’s Disorder (58-63). Scientists consider these disorders to be similar because they share common characteristics (58). Asperger syndrome occurs when children have difficulty with social interactions, but do not exhibit delays in language. CDD develops within two years and autism is evident within the first year of life (59). PDD-NOS occurs when children have difficulty with social interactions and either communication problems or restricted interest (63). Rett’s Disorder is diagnosed definitively in females and autism is diagnosed primarily in males (58). The term autism was first used in 1943 by child psychiatrist Leo Kanner, who wrote a paper “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact” (Koegel 2). In his paper, Kanner described his observation of eleven children between the ages of two and eight who displayed a tendency to want to be alone and lacked the ability to interact with others. The children also displayed a delay in speech, a lack of imaginative play, unusual interest, and verbal...
Words: 1259 - Pages: 6
