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The Role of Women in 'Carmen'

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Submitted By josecastano
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El papel de la mujer había sido tradicionalmente el de ocuparse de las tareas domésticas y el de su familia. La situación social, económica y política de la España de los años 20 había estado centrada en el dominio masculino. La mayoría de las decisiones políticas eran tomadas por hombres, en la sociedad regía un dictamen establecido por hombres e incluso las decisiones familiares eran tomadas por hombres. A causa de esto, la mujer en España, se había visto desplazada al plano familiar, apartada de la política y de las decisiones importantes para el país. Ideológicamente, las mujeres estaban para cuidar, alimentar y educar a sus hijos mientras el marido se encontraba trabajando para mantener económicamente el hogar. En cuanto a la educación, las mujeres no iban a la escuela, ni tampoco iban a la Universidad, a la que solo acudían los hombres. Incluso no estaba bien visto ser una mujer lista porque intentar demostrar la sabiduría y la superioridad intelectual ante un hombre era un signo de deshonra y estaba mal visto por el resto de la sociedad. El uso de la razón quedaba desplazado convirtiéndose en una mujer de su hogar, educadora de valores morales, administradora de la economía familiar bajo la supervisión del hombre de la casa y objeto al servicio de clases pudientes como empleada del hogar. Estos valores morales eran aprendidos de generación en generación hasta que poco a poco empezaron a cambiar.
Tras la Primera Guerra Mundial, los hombres volvieron a la guerra, la economía empezó a caer lo que hizo que muchas fábricas y empresas demandaran mano de obra femenina. Esto y la disminución del alfabetismo femenino, hizo que el papel de la mujer en la sociedad española tuviese un rango superior. Ya no era solo esposa y madre, ahora también podía tomar decisiones. En España, a diferencia de EE.UU. el avance femenino fue más social que político y los grupos feministas centraron sus esfuerzos en mejorar los derechos individuales. Al final, con el derecho al voto, muchas mujeres se pasaron al bando político, que resultó en vano a causa de la imposición del Régimen franquista tras la Guerra Civil Española.
Algunas leyes impuestas impedían el acceso de la mujer al mundo laboral y la escasa introducción de los electrodomésticos en España durante los años cincuenta, hizo que la mujer tuviese que dedicar más tiempo al cuidado del hogar, lo que hacía casi imposible que tuviese tiempo para dedicarlo al trabajo.
Así, durante los años 1930 a 1960, la mujer consiguió algunas mejoras sociales aunque no consiguió aunar el suficiente esfuerzo para ser valorada y recompensada, y sobre todo no discriminada por la sociedad masculina española.

Por otro lado, en América predominaba lo que se conocía como “familias nucleares” donde las casas eran grandes y podían vivir muchos miembros de la familia. Antes de los movimientos feministas de primeros del siglo XIX la familia estaba unida y recogido sobre un mismo núcleo familiar que solía encontrarse en la ciudad pero en la década de 1950, la familia se trasformo y se distorsionó el modelo familiar de aquel entonces. De acuerdo con Edward Shorter en su libro “The Making of the Modern Family”, dice que las familias tienden a desintegrarse y el jefe de la casa pierde autoridad sobre los demás miembros de la familia. Además, muchas familias se trasladaron a núcleos residenciales alejados de la ciudad y los hijos cada vez se independizaban antes, por lo que la mujer iba ganando tiempo para sus propios asuntos. Así, consiguió desempeñar otras labores no solo domésticas, sino también laborales y junto a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, hizo que el papel de la mujer en la sociedad americana floreciese y pudiese luchar por sus derechos individuales.

Names are usually an important aspect to create the characters. According to Wikipedia, the name of Linda might be derived from the same root as the linden tree, from Germanic lind that means soft, loving. The image of the tree is used to indicate that someone who’s name is Linda is an wonderful person with a calm personality.
Doubtless, Linda es un nombre apropiado para la mujer de Willy Loman en la novela de Arthur Miller “Death of a Salesman”. Ella tiene aproximadamente sesenta años de edad y es un mero reflejo de la sociedad mayoritaria de los años 40 en estados Unidos siendo una mujer que se dedica a las labores domésticas, fiel y obediente con su marido.
Linda está obsesionada con su marido hasta tal punto que se cree las propias mentiras de él cuenta a ella. Así, es una mujer protectora y un pilar importante en las emociones y sueños de su marido Willy.
LINDA: Willy, cariño, eres el hombre más distinguido del mundo...
WILLY: No, Linda, qué dices...
LINDA: Para mí lo eres. (Breve pausa.) El más distinguido.

Incluso hay veces en las que el propio Willy reconoce acordarse de su mujer mientras viaja y dedicarles palabras de amor y ternura o se preocupa por su salud cuando está encerando el suelo:
WILLY: (muy emocionado): Tú eres la mejor, Linda, eres una amiga, ¿sabes? A veces, en la carretera... me entran ganas de tomarte en mis brazos y de besarte hasta dejarte sin aliento.

[…]

WILLY (sentado a la mesa de la cocina): ¿Por qué tiene que encerar ella misma el suelo? Cada vez que lo hace acaba derrengada. ¡Y ella lo sabe! (pg 24)

A pesar del cariño que recibe Willy, éste no siempre la trata del mismo modo. Hay conversaciones en las que Linda no puede opinar de lo que se habla porque los mismos personajes la ignoran, dejándola en un segundo plano o incluso mandándola a callar:
HAPPY: Irá a ver a Bill Oliver, papá.
WILLY (interesado): ¿A Oliver? ¿Para qué?
BIFF (reticente, pero esforzándose): Siempre decía que me prestaría capital. Quisiera dedicarme a los negocios, así que creo que puedo tomarle la palabra.
LINDA: ¿No es estupendo?
WILLY: No nos interrumpas. ¿Qué tiene eso de estupendo? Hay cincuenta hombres en la ciudad de Nueva York que prestarían dinero a Biff. (A Biff:) ¿Artículos deportivos? (pg 38)

Probablemente la actitud de su marido sea de esta forma debido a que Linda siempre está animándole a conseguir sus sueños y diciéndole que todo va a salir bien y Willy quizás está cansado de oir todo esto y prefiere no escuchar nada para no ilusionarse. Además, el sueño americano está presente en algunos fragmentos de la novela, sobre todo cuando Linda anima a Willy para seguir vendiendo y conseguir dinero y tener una buena vida.
WILLY: Pero en Alaska, pequeña, podría...
LINDA: ¡Tal como te va ahora es suficiente, Willy!
BEN (a Linda): ¿Suficiente para qué, querida?
LINDA (temerosa de Ben y enfadada con él): ¡No le digas esas cosas! Suficiente para ser feliz aquí y ahora. (A Willy, mientras Ben se ríe:) ¿Por qué todos tenéis que conquistar el mundo? Caes muy bien a la gente, los chicos te quieren y algún día... (A Ben:) El viejo Wagner le dijo hace poco que, si continuaba así, sería socio de la empresa, ¿no es cierto, Willy? (pg 52)

Y aunque el propio narrador etiqueta en varias ocasiones a Linda como mujer de hogar colocándola en la cocina o apareciendo con la colada en varias escenas:
(Entra Linda, con el aspecto del pasado, llevando la colada.) (pg 51)
Es una mujer de carácter, sobre todo cuando se enfrenta a sus hijos. Cuando Linda habla con sus hijos Happy y Biff, ella puede ser muy clara y directa. Sin embargo, cuando Linda conversa con su marido, ella se comporta de manera diferente, con prudencia y cuidando mucho lo que va a decir. Aunque el autor la sitúa siempre en la casa, conoce lo que hacen sus hijos cuando ellos están fuera del hogar y en varias discusiones con sus hijos, Linda les reprocha la actitud que tienen con su padre, a fin de protegerlo y que sea más feliz:
BIFF: Estaba de viaje, pero sabes que siempre pensaba en ti. Lo sabes, ¿no es cierto?
LINDA: Lo sé, cariño, lo sé. Pero a él le gusta tener noticias, saber que todavía hay una posibilidad de que las cosas mejoren
Toda la protección que ofrece a su marido, es también el que no ofrece a sus hijos. A lo largo de la novela de Miller, el papel de Linda es más de esposa que de madre protectora:
LINDA: Estaba cabizbajo, Willy. Ya sabes cuánto te admira. Creo que, cuando se encuentre a sí mismo, los dos seréis más felices y dejaréis de pelearos.

Al fin y al cabo, ella quiere lo mejor para Willy y sus hijos pero la actitud de Linda es más de protección hacia su marido antes que a sus propios hijos. Quizás la consecuencia de esta sobreprotección es que la actitud de su marido se vuelva más negativa. Incluso sabiendo que Willy gana poco dinero porque realmente es un mal vendedor y que sus hijos no lo ayudan, ella continúa dándole esperanzas de que todo irá mejor. Analizando las razones de su actitud, podemos encontrar una razón social. Como mujer americana y confinada en las labores domésticas, desea que todo lo que ella no tiene ni podrá tener por el papel ideológico femenino de las mujeres del siglo XIX lo tenga su marido Willy. Todo lo que pueda conseguir Willy lo haga porque ella no puede hacerlo a causa del veto femenino y la mejor forma de conseguirlo es apoyándole en todo lo posible.
Al final de la novela, Linda se enfrenta con sus dos hijos, en concreto con Biff, con el que se rebela y dice dejar de ser su sirvienta, por lo que a partir de ese momento, Linda se comporta como una simple esposa. Y como tal, cuando Willy muere, siente mucho dolor y a la vez incomprensión al desconocer la causa de la muerte de su marido. De nuevo, el amor la ciega y simplemente piensa que se ha ido de viaje de negocios de nuevo y que pronto volverá.

El otro personaje a analizar, Carmen, presenta diferencias y similitudes con respecto al personaje anterior de Linda. No está muy claro el significado del nombre de Carmen, pero varias fuentes sacadas de internet destacan que las mujeres con ese nombre tienen un carácter fuerte, son prudentes, honestas, tienen facilidad para expresar sus pensamientos y, con respecto al amor, son mujeres románticas. Además, es un nombre muy propio de las mujeres hispánicas tomado de las advocaciones de la Virgen¹.
PIE DE PAGINA¹ En Palestina existe un monte llama Carmel o Carmelo (Carmelus en Latín). De ahí surgió el nombre de la Virgen Maria del monte Carmelo, cuyo culto fue difundido en el occidente cristiano en el siglo XIII. Finalmente, de los nombres del monte Carmel derivó el de Carmen, que fue tomado para designar a las diferentes advocaciones de la Virgen.

http://etimologias.dechile.net/?Carmen

Partiendo de esta base, podemos decir que el personaje de Carmen procede de una buena familia, con mentalidad conservadora. Carmen es una mujer clasista, autoritaria, individualista y una persona que da mucha importancia a las apariencias. Es egoísta, poco culta, dominante y materialista. El autor de la novela utiliza varios recursos que hacen que el personaje de Carmen sea más real, incluyendo frases hechas aprendidas por su madre, errores gramaticales como laísmos o leísmos y el uso del artículo delante de los nombres propios.
El personaje de Carmen es distinto al de su marido Mario. Ambos tienen ideas diferentes sobre la vida, la sociedad e incluso sobre el amor. Ella es una mujer con la mente abierta, habla sobre sexo y varios temas de actualidad, como las píldoras anticonceptivas pero a la vez tiene una mentalidad conservadora, inculcada por su madre desde que era pequeña: buena era mamá, desde chiquitina, fíjate, al tiempo que a rezar, "casarse con un primo hermano o con un hombre de clase inferior es hacer oposiciones a la desgracia", date cuenta, y yo no estaba por la labor, que no es que vaya a decir que tú fueses un marqués, clase media, eso, más bien baja si quieres, pero gente educada, de carrera, que te confieso que con mamá anduve frita. (pg 26)

Procedente de una familia media alta, Carmen admira a quienes tienen un cargo importante o tienen una buena posición social. Incluso se fija en los bienes materiales de los demás, en concreto con Paco, con el que Carmen se confiesa sentirse atraída y no duda en ningún momento en contárselo a Mario:
Hubo una época que me gustó Paco, como lo oyes (pg 48)
Al fin y al cabo, ella busca el perdón de su marido por estos pensamientos porque si se casó con él fue por amor maternal hacia sus hijos ya que, como ella misma confiesa, tenía otros pretendientes con los que podría haberse casado. No busca una vida familiar en un hogar, al cuidado de los hijos y de las labores domésticas. Además, no se siente valorada y sus funciones en la casa quedan reducidas a las tradicionales funciones domesticas de la mujer de la sociedad patriarcal: ama de casa y madre de sus hijos: pero como una es una mujer de su casa, una mujer como debe ser, vosotros a descansar, que eso es lo que explotáis los hombres; la bendición, un seguro de fidelidad, como yo digo, habéis comprado una fregona, una mujer que de dos os saca cuatro, ¿qué más vais a pedir? (pg 45)

Por ultimo, Carmen se siente un objeto sexual. Su marido no muestra signos de amor hacia ella, ni cuando mantienen relaciones sexuales, en las que Mario no da el placer que una mujer necesita, ni siquiera en la noche de bodas.
Lo de la noche de bodas, Mario, te pongas como te pongas, es algo que no olvidaré por mil años que viva, vamos, hacerme eso a mí. (pg 46)

A pesar de todo esto, Carmen estaba enamorada de Mario y en más de una ocasión esperaba que él fuese más cariñoso con ella, sobre todo cuando eran novios:
Sin que salga de entre nosotros, te diré que a mí me hubiera gustado que me besaras más a menudo, calamidad, de casados, claro, se sobreentiende, pero ya desde novios fuiste frío conmigo, cariño, y eso que cada vez que te veía en pleno verano con el periódico, antes de decirte que "sí", en el banco de enfrente de casa, como si nada, te imaginaba mucho más fogoso, palabra. (pg 25)

Uno de los ejemplos más claros de del individualismo de Carmen lo podemos encontrar en su mayor capricho, un coche: o me será muy difícil perdonarte, cariño, por mil años que viva, el que me quitases el capricho de un coche (pg 17) […] Pero no, un coche es un lujo, figúrate a estas alturas, cualquiera que te oiga, lo mismo que la cubertería (pg 19)

Un coche para una mujer significa un símbolo de libertad individual, ya que un coche da la independencia que una persona necesita para hacer lo que quiera e ir a donde sea. En este caso, un coche hubiese sido el mejor aliado que Carmen puede tener para cumplir su sueño de presumir ante la sociedad y sentirse valorada por los demás.

Analizados los dos personajes por separado, podemos llegar a la conclusión de que ambas mujeres son muy diferentes. Aunque viven el mismo contexto social y tradicional de mujer como objeto hogareño y al cuidado de sus hijos y su marido, Linda está profundamente enamorada de Willy y todo lo hace por su felicidad. Por el contrario, Carmen se siente frustrada por la vida que tuvo junto a su marido y por no sentirse valorada como mujer. Al fin y al cabo, ellas son objeto de un mundo complejo lleno de convencionalismos típicos de la sociedad del siglo XIX.

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...the Earth based on? Based on the book From Out of the Shadows and the film Salt of the Earth, how did women participate and contribute during the miners’ strike? What did the workers and their families gain through this movement? The film Salt of the Earth is based on Cold War politics and Mexican-American labor. Women participate and contribute during the miners strike in many different ways such as feeding the men while they were protesting. However, afterwards women take the men places on the line and men assumed childcare and household responsibilities. Even though women were assaulted and harassment they refused to be intimidated. In fact, women fought back for their rights. According to the book From Out of the Shadows the majority of the union negotiated team during the Empire Zinc strike were not miners, but wives of...

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Art and Culture

...Art and Culture The role women and their influence in the twentieth century started when they were challenged, by men, not allowing women to be included in the art exhibits and therefore the feminist movement had begun. The feminist movement was started with four women artists: Yoko Ono, Adrian Piper, Carolee Schneemann, and Eva Hesse who participated in and prompted the artistic directions. The purpose of the feminist movement was to protest for equal rights, sexism, gender roles, and reproductive rights so women could be allowed in the American art world. In 1971, art historian Linda Nochlin published an essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” In this article she argued with art critics and historians. Nochlin explained how women were being excluded from all art exhibits and collections. Women started protesting by picketing museums and staging demonstrations. In 1972, women started shaping American society by opening their own art galleries all over the world to show their work. They opened feminist art programs at Fresno State College and California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts) in early 1970. By 1974 over 1,000 United States colleges and universities offered women’s studies courses. In 1975, women started creating images of their bodies to proclaim women’s right to control and enjoy their bodies, which was the start of women’s liberation, while other women decided to dress up their painting with embroidery, knitting, quilting, and china paintings...

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Beyonce

...Beyonce Knowles is a Grammy Award-winning, multi-platinum, recording artist, actress, and clothing designer, who is noted for her vocals, videos, and live shows. Beyonce was born on September 4, 1981 in Houston, Texas to Celestine, a hairdresser and salon owner and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. She has one sister, Solange Knowles. Beyonce attended St. Mary’s Elementary School in Texas, where she was enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered by her dance instructor, who noted her ability to hit high-pitched notes. She won her schools talent show at age seven, beating fifteen and sixteen year olds. In 1990, she was enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school located in Houston, where she was a member of the school’s choir. She attended high school at the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. She was also a member of the choir at St. John’s United Methodist Church where she was a soloist for two years. At age 8, Beyonce, along with her cousin, Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while auditioning for an all girl group. The audition was successful and they were placed into a group with three other girls. This group which was called Girl’s Tyme, rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. While performing on this circuit, the group was discovered by an R&B producer, Arne Frager. He brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them on the show Star Search, which at...

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