...the Charter of the United Nations, Reaffirming its dedication to protect and honour the sovereignty of all States equally, its understanding of territorial integrity and political freedom of all States equally and the responsibility of all Member States to act internationally in conformity with the principles and aims of the Charter of the United Nations, Taking into account the importance of gender balance within every activity of the UN, whether it be decision-making or idea-generation, Understanding that violence due to arms, terrorism and civil disunion continues to hamper the serenity and social stability of numerous regions all around the world, Noting with appreciation the successes of certain previous mediation attempts as well as the peace and stability they have brought about, Taking note of the 2009 report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations promoting, propagating and supporting any and all mediation efforts made by UN and/or any other state or non-state actor, provided that the aim of the mediation was solely the peaceful settlements of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution, Reiterating Article 99 of the UN Charter, which states ‘The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security’, Aware of all previous resolutions/statements approved and published by the GA (General Assembly), UNSC (United Nations Security Council)...
Words: 1518 - Pages: 7
...U.n charter it ws decided that the objective of maintaining peace and security will be the primarly responsibity of SECURITY COUNCIL. it is unsc's responsibility to maintain intl. paece and security and for restoring peace wen it breaks down Acoording to Article 12 of U.N charter "Security Council has the power gven acco. to the charter of exercising its functions in respect of any dispute or situation concerning the international peace and security. The general asembly on the other hand can not make any reccomendation regarding the dispute unless security council requests to." But with the rise of Korean Crisis in 1950 , the ineffectiveness of security council was seen. Due to the the Veto power exercised by the soviet union on any unsc decision taken against the north korean, no strong action was taken during the korean crisis. This situation led to an important modification in the working of U.N. U.S.A with the support of France and the United kingdom was determined to have the United Nations provided with additional machinery handle such a situation. it was introduced in the assumption by USA that in future that in the Soviet Union veto in the security council would surely block any action similar to that taken in korea. Thus soon the UNITED FOR PEACE RESOLUTION was adopted by the general assembly. The resolution had 5 main provision: a) if during any case where there appear to be a threat to peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, the security council, because...
Words: 794 - Pages: 4
...ASSIGNMENT TOPIC THE UN SYSTEM OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION. There are a number of human rights provisions in the charter of the United nations, Article 1 includes in the purposes of the organization the promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. Article 13(1) notes that the general Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendation regarding the realization of human rights for all, while Article 55 provides that the United Nation shall promote universal respect for and observance of human rights, in a significant provision Article 56 states that: all members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in article 55 . The United Nations officially became an institution with the ratification of the UN Charter on October 24, 1945. From then on, it quickly became an active international body. On January 10, 1946, the first General Assembly met at Westminster, London. There were 51 nations represented at this first meeting. One week later, on January 17, the Security Council first met, also in London. The following week, on January 24, the General Assembly adopted its first resolution, focusing on peaceful uses of atomic energy and the elimination of weapons of mass destruction. February 1 of that year saw the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie...
Words: 2835 - Pages: 12
...CHALLENGES OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PROPOSE TACTICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THESE CRISES Introduction i) The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization instituted with a visionary goal and objective of promoting world peace, security, and cooperation under the terms of the Charter, signed by member countries. Established in 1945 by 51 founding states, the institution has its headquarters at New York City. The focal point of the organization is focus on affairs of the government, politics, and diplomacy worldwide, and encompasses economic and social development programs. Implementation of these development schemes works to improve human rights and reduce conflicts among its member counties. ii) The UN Security Council The United Nations is composed of the General Assembly (for legislation), a Security Council (for the promotion of peace), a Secretariat (administration and information) as well as the International Court of Justice (for judicial matters). Under the Charter, the Security Council has a primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. While the UN has had its fair share of success, it has also encountered several obstacles in its path of executing peacekeeping missions. This paper investigates the challenges that the Council has stumbled upon in its mandate to maintain world...
Words: 1874 - Pages: 8
...Reform of the United Nations Security Council From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the section, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2012) | The United Nations Security Council. Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship. Member States, regional groups and other Member State interest groupings developed different positions and proposals on how to move forward on this contested issue.[1] The reform of the Security Council requires the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states and that of all the permanent members of the UNSC, enjoying the veto right.[2] Contents * 1 History * 2 General Assembly Task Force * 3 Increasing membership * 3.1 "In Larger Freedom" * 3.2 Uniting for Consensus * 4 New permanent member proposals * 4.1 Brazil * 4.2 Germany * 4.3 India * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Membership of a Muslim-majority nation * 4.6 Africa * 5 Veto reform * 6 Overall positions on reforming the Security Council * 6.1 United States * 6.2 United Kingdom and France * 6.3 Russia * 6.4 India * 6.5 Brazil *...
Words: 5882 - Pages: 24
...THE RELEVANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: IRAQI INVASION AS A CASE STUDY BY ALADENIYI, EMMANUEL ABIODUN APRIL 2005 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 1. The basic concepts and assumptions that led to the formation of the United Nations (UN) dates back to the beginning of statecraft and humanity’s first efforts to foster international cooperation. The treaty of the peace of Westphalia of 1648 is regarded at humanity’s first effort in statehood and fostering international cooperation. The formation of the UN is predicated on the evolution of diplomacy, alliances, conferences, rules of warfare, means of peaceful settlement of conflicts and the development of international law. The overriding purpose of the UN is war prevention. This purpose was earlier pursued by ancient Greek Philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, who wrote on the conditions necessary for peace.1 The church in the Middle Ages also enunciated a doctrine of “Just War” to limit violence and destruction by sanctioning only wars fought for justifiable courses. The pacifists and internationalists, like Desiderius Erasmus, condemned war in its entirety as “immoral and wasteful”. 2. The need to institute mechanics for peaceful settlement of disputes and prevent war encouraged the formation of various international organizations over time. These include the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe in 1815. The Hague System worked towards the codification...
Words: 11211 - Pages: 45
...An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Intro to the UN 070329) A Course Produced by The United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Programme of Correspondence Instruction (Revised 2003) Course Author Lt.Col. (Retd.) Christian Hårleman Senior Special Fellow, UNITAR Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz Copyright 2003, UNITAR POCI UNITAR Training Programme of Correspondence Instruction in Peacekeeping Operations Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Box 20475 New York, NY 10017 Programme UNITAR de Formation Par Correspondance Aux Opérations de Maintien de la Paix Palais des Nations 1211 Geneve 10 Suisse An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Intro to the UN 070329) A Course Produced by The United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Programme of Correspondence Instruction (Revised 2003) Course Author Lt.Col. (Retd.) Christian Hårleman Senior Special Fellow, UNITAR Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz Copyright 2003, UNITAR POCI Address all correspondence to: UNITAR Training Programme of Correspondence Instruction in Peacekeeping Operations Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Box 20475 New York, NY 10017-0009 USA An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents................................................................................. i Foreword.....................................................
Words: 62089 - Pages: 249
...Kashmir- Is it a symbol of failure of United Nations Machinery Country: Germany Delegate: Ruchi Gupta Since the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, the Kashmir conflict between them has become intractable. India first referred the case of Pakistani aggression in Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter on January 1, 1948. This move was directed towards protecting India’s territorial integrity. United Nations was involved in mediating the Kashmir conflict from 1948 through 1965. Later, at the end of the Third Pakistan- India war of 1971, Pakistan and India signed the Simla Agreement in 1972 which emphasized the adoption of a bilateral framework to solve the crisis. UNSC resolution 47 of 1948 recommended Pakistan to withdraw all its tribesmen and Pakistani nationals. It also recommended Indian forces to be reduced to minimum strengths to maintain law and order so as to later hold a UN supervised plebiscite in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir to determine the aspirations of her people. But Pakistan never vacated and later India also backed out. As a result the referendum never went through and UN declaration could not be implemented. Germany agrees that the Kashmir issue should be undertaken bilaterally as “one spark” could be disastrous for the entire region. Germany has always supported negotiated settlement of the Kashmir issue between Pakistan and India. We also believe that the two countries could follow...
Words: 651 - Pages: 3
...organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two types: International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include International non-profit organizations. Examples include the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states. Example includes the United Nations (UN). Recognized Regional Organizations (ROs) are independent bodies which share IFAC's mission and values and which, in many cases, share IFAC's membership. ROs play a valuable role by supporting the development of the international accountancy profession, facilitating convergence to international standards, and providing leadership in addressing issues affecting the accountancy profession in their region and/or constituencies. Purpose Of These Organizations: Regional and International Organizations are crucial in promoting and supporting the...
Words: 6075 - Pages: 25
...‘soft law’. 8 states What is a State? – rights of States – self-determination – creation and recognition of new States – case studies. AUTHOR NOTE: Jane Stratton currently leads corporate social responsibility programs in a leading Sydney law firm, teaches law students at a Sydney university and independently, undertakes community development projects in Western Sydney. Her work has included legal and policy roles in the Public Interest Advocacy Centre, the Australian Human Rights Commission, UN High Commission for Refugees and the ICTY. She has experience in litigious and political advocacy. Jane holds qualifications in law (Honours) and in Arts (Honours) from ANU and a Masters of Law from New York University. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The publisher would like to thank Dr Ben Saul, Director, Sydney Centre for International and Global Law, for reading and commenting on the text. DESIGN: Bodoni Studio PHOTOS: Cover image – National Geographic; p 12 – UN Photo; p 14 – Age fotostock; p 19 – AAP Image; p 28 – Newspix; p 31 –...
Words: 23627 - Pages: 95
...Real Strength Comes From the Inside - A Constructivist Analysis of EU Actorness in the Context of UN Security Council Reform Supervisor: Name: Jonas Hirschnitz Claudia Engelmann Student ID: i6004017 j.hirschnitz@student.maastrichtuniversity.nl Pigeonhole: 336 Bachelor Paper I Version: Final Date: 22-July-2011 Word Count: 5,988 Structure: Introduction p.3 1. Actorness - the Construtivist Dimension p.4 2. Capability in EU’s Foreign Policy p.6 2.1 Institutional Settings p.6 2.2 The EU at the UN(SC) p.7 2.3 Institutional Capability p.8 3. Approaching Presence p. 8 3.1 Normative Values Approach p.8 3.2 Normative Values in EU Policy p.9 4. Presence in the Context of UNSC Reform p.10 4.1 The Reform of the UNSC p.10 4.2 EU Member States’ Attitudes p. 11 4.3 Two Positions – One Identity? p.13 Conclusion p.16 Illustrations: Table 1 p.11 Table 2 p.12 Introduction “Intellectually and conceptually, the European Union and the United Nations are built on the same foundations. If this ground becomes shaky, both structures are in danger.” (Fassbender, 2004, p.884) Different scholars have found that Europe only has two decades left – at best – to have an important impact on global political developments (Mayer, 2008, p.64; Schnabel, 2005, p...
Words: 7503 - Pages: 31
...centralized leadership under President Xi Jinping provides for articulating a clearer foreign policy message and more forward foreign policy behaviour. This article provides evidence in support of the argument that China has decided to adopt a more activist foreign policy. It focuses predominantly on China’s policy towards the United Nations as a way of demonstrating a new willingness to take decisions previously left in abeyance, and as an example of a policy area where the Chinese leadership believes it is showing a desire and an ability to contribute to global public goods. In particular, I explain here why the UN is favoured by China as a venue for displaying a more globalist stance, focusing on the UN’s institutional design and on China’s longstanding involvement in peace operations as the primary sources of the country’s increased activism in a multilateral venue of high importance to it. *...
Words: 9592 - Pages: 39
...2012 IT Leadership at the United Nations William Bly IT Leadership 4/8/2012 IT Leadership at the United Nations Table of Contents 2012 An Inside Look a United Nations Information Technologies ................................................... 5 UN Structure ................................................................................................................................... 6 General Assembly ........................................................................................................................ 6 General Assembly Subsidiary Bodies ......................................................................................... 7 Economic and Social Council ............................................................................................. 7 International Court of Justice .............................................................................................. 7 Security Council ..................................................................................................................... 7 Security Council Subsidiary Bodies ............................................................................................. 7 Trusteeship Council ............................................................................................................... 7 Secretariat .............................................................................................................................. 7 Repertory of Practice of United...
Words: 5041 - Pages: 21
...Running head: War Crimes and the International Community War Crimes and the International Community Abhishek Gandhi Professor Farber Sociology 300 Summer 2012 Abstract What are war crimes? Inhuman acts have been committed in all wars throughout human history. It has only been in the last 2 centuries that certain acts that were committed during war were found to be so reprehensible that they were labeled war crimes. Even thought these acts were committed during the "fog of war", they still merited punishment in a court of law in the eyes of the international community. When military and political leaders began to systematically target large civilian groups because of their nationality, ethnicity, gender or religion, then the international community began to see the necessity of holding political leaders accountable for their political decisions in a court of law, (Hauss, 2003). After World War II, when the atrocities of the Holocaust became well known, the victorious Allied powers decided to hold war crimes tribunals to punish the political and military leaders of Germany and Japan. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials were the first of their kind in establishing international precedent for the prosecution of war crimes. Later war crimes that were committed in Yugoslavia and Rwanda resulted in the creation of separate tribunals by the United Nations to punish the leaders who perpetrated these acts. Attempts are...
Words: 3270 - Pages: 14
...EMMERGING ROLE OF UN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FUTURE CONFLICTS INTRODUCTION Since the end of cold war, the world has been in a constant flux of changes, resulting into serious security risks. These risks range from border disputes to ethno-religious conflicts, most of which are likely to cause regional and global destabilization. In today’s unipolar world no single or group of states has the capacity to counter balance by themselves and therefore, the world is looking more towards United Nations (UN) for establishing World peace. The Collective power to shape the future is greater now than ever before. The world needs a new vision that can mobilize people everywhere to achieve higher levels of cooperation in areas of mutual interest. The foundation of UN some fifty five years ago was an expression by world leaders towards a new world wherein the international behavior and governance was about to begin. The domination of power blocks and less respect for use of UN forum for vested interest has curved the UN role. The potentialities of international organization led by UN are immense in this regard though not utilized to its full potential. At this new millenium every ones expectations are of more peaceful world order. But the natures of conflicts in future days are likely to be more diverse and complicated to be handled by UN. The causes of these conflicts will be mainly of race for nuclear power, global militarization, prolong economic sanction on...
Words: 12831 - Pages: 52
