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The Sentinel and 2001: a Space Odyssey

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Abstract Within the pages of a book, authors are able to create great visual images of locations and landscapes by using elaborate and descriptive words. Sometimes these images are transferred into an actual visual by the subsequent creation of films based upon these great works. “2001: A Space Odyssey” by Stanley Kubrick is an example of such as it is based upon the literary short story, “The Sentinel” by Arthur C. Clarke. Kubrick has done an astounding job at developing the original short story by combining music with visual images way before it’s time. The film allows its viewers to see the original short story told by Clarke, creatively expanded and elaborated upon in comparison with great detail.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Sentinel (Arthur C. Clarke), 1951
• Descriptive Elements
• Theme – First contact
2001: A Space Odyssey by Stanley Kubrick, 1968
• Style, Visual and Music Elements
• Theme – Evolution
Conclusion
References

The Sentinel and 2001: A Space Odyssey
Introduction
“2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968) has been called, “The most spectacular vision of the future,” and “Eerily accurate and wild with suspense” (Nashawaty, 2011). It is an epic science fiction film based on the short story, “The Sentinel” (1951), written by Arthur C Clarke. Comparing the literary work from Clarke, to the fully elaborated film by Kubrick, it can be said that there is very little similarities. Kubrick has managed to develop Clark’s ideas into an epic movie that must be seen to be fully appreciated considering the time period in which the film was created.
The Sentinel (Arthur C. Clarke), 1951 “The Sentinel” was a short story created in 1951, before the first landing on the moon. The story begins in the time period of 1996, with a geology expedition on the moon. During the expedition the explorers discover a pyramid-shaped object that was left behind by an advanced civilization many years prior. After many unsuccessful attempts at penetrating the object, they finally find success with an atomic explosion that stops a transmitting signal. The story is left unresolved with the feeling that the unknown race that placed the object there will now be coming for them.
Descriptive Elements “The Sentinel” has been developed using a first person perspective, which gives the reader a sense of what the characters are feeling as they make their discoveries. Clarke expresses his visions with very detailed descriptions. For example, the Mare Crisium is described as “The Sea of Crises - the great walled plain, one of the finest on the moon, three hundred miles in diameter, and almost completely surrounded by a ring of magnificent mountains” (Roberts, G.G., 2003). These specific details give the reader a detailed vision of what it is like on the moon. The description of the first sight of the alien artifact has been described as “a dimensionless point of light, as if a star had been clawed from the sky by one of those cruel peaks, and I imagined that some smooth rock surface was catching the sunlight and heliographing it straight into my eyes” (Roberts, G.G., 2003). Clarke has done an amazing job of giving his readers a clear vision and understanding which helps to secure the main theme of the story.
Theme – First Contact In “The Sentinel”, one of the major themes of the story was about first contact with another life form. While the astronauts were exploring Mare Crisium on the moon, they happened upon a reflecting object high atop of a ridge. They climbed the ridge only to discover a pyramid-shaped object with a force field around it preventing the astronauts from reaching it. After twenty years the force field is finally breached with an atomic blast. The realization then comes that mankind has now developed their intelligence with the use of technology in order to travel to the moon and penetrate the force field of the alien transmitter. This information would be used to alert the superior race who placed the object there so many years before, that humans were now of interest. Mankind has proved that they are capable of harnessing the power of technological developments to their advantage without destroying themselves.
2001: A Space Odyssey by Stanley Kubrick, 1968 “2001: A Space Odyssey” is a film loosely based on the short story “The Sentinel”. It is based on an alien species that has placed monoliths on different planets in order to evaluate the evolution of mankind. After a space exploration to the moon, the explorers discover the second monolith on the moon. When the sunlight hits the monolith for the first time it sends a piecing signal towards the planet Jupiter. The United States then send another spaceship to the distant planet. The spaceship is equipped with an artificial intelligence computer named Hal. On board the spaceship are astronauts David Bowman, Frank Poole, and three others frozen in cryogenic pods. Hal, the super computer who is in control of the ship, informs the crew that there has been a component failure on one of the antennas. Poole is sent out to replace the component when Hal severs his lifeline. Bowman ventures out to rescue Poole but Hal closes the entry doors and then terminates the lives of the three others on board the ship. Bowman is forced to abandon Poole and go in through the emergency hatch to terminate Hal. He manually shuts down the computer’s memory and logic circuits and continues his journey for Jupiter. Bowman then discovers a third monolith and is sent plunging into a new dimension of time and space. He then stops in a green room, aged many years in the future. Bowman then is lying in his deathbed looking up at the giant monolith in front of him. He reaches towards as if to touch it and then is transformed or possibly evolved into a fetus or “star child” looking out at the planet Earth.
Style, Visual and Music Elements The film’s style is used to portray that the destiny of humanity is dependent on the pursuit of infinite knowledge. Kubrick accomplishes this through epic narrative, conventional characters, minimal dialogue and intense visuals. The soundtrack, including the opening sequence to Richard Strauss’ “Thus Spake Zarathusa” and Johann Strauss’s waltz “The Blue Danube” helps to establish the mood and atmosphere of the film. Kubrick’s use of color including black and white film influences the mood and focuses the audience’s attention on aspects of character, mood and themes. Kubrick deliberately made the film appear to be slow paced but this was done to demonstrate a more accurate reality of space travel. The lighting and camera angles help focus the scenes in the direction Kubrick wants the audience to view and interpret them. It is very easy to see that the creation of this film demonstrates a visual art that is way ahead of its time.
Theme – Evolution It can be said that “2001: A Space Odyssey” has many different themes within the film. Evolution is one of the major themes throughout the entire film. Within the first scene of the film, ancestors of human beings, man-like apes are introduced. Evolution begins as they encounter the first monolith. One of the apes touches the monolith and it seems as though the ape has gained intelligence overnight. The ape discovers the use of tools by taking a bone and using it as a weapon. The ape then teaches the others how to use the weapon for consumption of other animals that they previously co-existed with. The film then fast forwards millions of years into the future. Man-kind has discovered space travel and has constructed a scientific research facility on the moon. A second monolith is discovered and again one of the astronauts touches the monolith and the film fast forwards into the future once again. An exploration of the planet Jupiter has set its course in a giant spaceship equipped with an artificial-intelligence computer name Hal commanding the ship. Hal has been developed through technological advancements but things go wrong and Hal becomes too smart. The super computer decides to go rogue and kills off everyone except for one survivor named Bowman. Bowman is able to deactivate Hal and continue alone on his journey to Jupiter. Once again, a monolith appears and makes contact with the ship as Bowman is hurled into a new dimension. When it stops Bowman has been aged and in a room as he progressively gets older. Bowman is lying in his deathbed and another monolith appears at the foot of his bed. As Bowman reaches out to touch it, he is reborn into the next stage of human evolution, the “star child”.
Conclusion
In conclusion, both “The Sentinel” and “2001: A Space Odyssey” are remarkable in each their own way. The short story helps the readers to visualize the settings, characters and feelings but hails in comparison to the elaborated film that uses stunning visuals in combination with sensational music creating an epic dramatic effect. Clarke has stated that “The Sentinel” and “2001: A Space Odyssey” is “like comparing an acorn to the resulting oak-tree” (IMDb.com, Inc., 2013). There are very few similarities but it is easy to see where the ideas of the epic film were derived from.

Reference
Bizony, Piers. (September, 2013). An Odyssey into the Future. Vol. 8 Issue 8, p.48-51. Retrieved September 27, 2013 from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.devry.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=64c61798-8d1b-4b94-b599-79fd6ad857a7%40sessionmgr14&vid=5&hid=1
David. N., (December 24, 2009). Helium. Short Story Reviews: The Sentinel, by Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved on September 27, 2013 from http://www.helium.com/items/1691529-short-story-review-the-sentinel-by-arthur-c-clarke
Ebert, Roger. (March 27, 1997). 2001: A Space Odyssey. Reviews. Retrieved September 27, 2013 from http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-2001-a-space-odyssey-1968
IMDb.com, Inc. (May 4, 2013). Reviews and Ratings for 2001: A Space Odyssey. Retrieved September 28, 2013 from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062622/reviews-1769
Nashawaty, Chris. (November 25, 2011). Entertainment Weekly. J.J. Abrams’ 5 Favorite Sci-Fi Movies. Issue 1182, p. 58-59. Retrieved September 27, 2013 from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.devry.edu/ehost/detail?sid=64c61798-8d1b-4b94-b599-79fd6ad857a7%40sessionmgr14&vid=5&hid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=67345653
Roberts, G.G. (2003). The Prentice Hall Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy. The Sentinel. P. 745-750.
Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. (2013). 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). Retrieved on September 28, 2013 from http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/628/2001-A-Space-Odyssey/

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