...Evolution All humans have one thing in common, their ancestry. Evolution is a theory that explains the genetic diversity in all living organisms. For example, it explains how humans evolved from apes (“Academy defends teaching evolution”). The theory of evolution is largely based on the ideas of Charles Darwin and is controversial because it contradicts current theories on creation (“Human Evolution”). Charles Darwin is credited for the beginning of the theory of evolution (look in cites). The reason most scientist agree with the theory is because it is backed by facts (“Human Evolution”). Evolution is the journey that can be proven through genetics, anatomy, and geology. Charles Darwin’s research shown in his book, On the Origins of Species by Natural Selection, gave birth to the theory of evolution (“Human Evolution”). Darwin, during his research noticed the variation through heredity in all living organisms in nature (cite). Explained in his book On the Origins of species by Natural Selection, “these individual differences are highly important for us, as they afford materials for natural selection to accumulate” (Darwin and Levine 47). He also explains that evolution, through natural selection, only helps each organism to become better...
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...Evolution “is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations” (Moran). There are many different definitions for the word “evolution,” such as biological, stellar evolution… The definition that will be discussed is biological evolution. “Biological (or organic) evolution is change in the properties of populations of organisms or groups of such populations, over the course of generations” (Moran). Evolution can be put into two categories: macroevolution and microevolution. “Macroevolution is used to refer to any evolutionary change at or above the level of species” (Wilkins). That is that it occurs over a long period of time, producing major changes in species. “Microevolution refers to any evolutionary change below the level of species, and refers to changes in the frequency within a population or a species of its alleles (alternative genes) and their effects on the form, or phenotype, of organisms that make up that populations or species” (Wilkins). That is that minor changes occur within a small species or group of organisms within a short period of time. There are many mechanisms of evolution such as: genetic variation, drift and selection, natural selection, and speciation. Genetic variation has two processes recombination and mutation. Recombination is when the genes from two parents are mixed to produce offspring by sexual reproduction. Mutation happens when DNA is copied wrong during replication which leads to a difference between...
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...of god as it is backed up by inductive reasoning, meaning that the whole argument is started by something that we can observe, this means that it is difficult to deny that there is order and complexity within our universe. This argument has been backed up by sir Thomas Aquinas in his book ‘summa theologica’ when he talks about qua purpose and qua regularity. Qua purpose can prove the existence of god by looking at things within nature and realizing that everything has a purpose, for example there are species of bird that’s life solely depends on the fruit from a single species of tree, yet the tree depends on the bird so that it can spread its seed and continue the survival of that tree. Qua reality is when you look at the world around you and you are able to see the regularity, such as most ants look the same, most penguins look the same and pretty much all animals within the same species look the same. This suggests that there is a designer as these similarities within species looks as though a...
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...organization at which life first appears Cells 11. Level of biological organization where one has many identical organisms Population 12. Level of biological organizations where one has many different organisms Community 13. Level of biological organization where one includes abiotic factors Ecosystem 14. The first proposed idea of cell theory and Biol. Unity Schwan and Schleidan 15. First persona to observe basic unit of life and coin the term cell Hooke 16. First to observe basic unit of life as a while organism Van Leevenhook 17. Which of the following cell types possess organelles Eukaryote 18. Organisms in the microbial world do not include Dissimilar dependent multi-celled eukaryotes 19. Higher Organisms in the microbial world (plants and animals) include Dissimilar dependent multicelled eukaryotes 20. In microbial, one finds both single and multi-celled organisms True 21. In macrobial, one finds both single and multi-celled organisms False 22. In microbial, one finds both prokaryotic and euk. Celled organisms True 23. In macrobial, one finds both prokaryotic and euk. Celled organisms False 24. The science of naming organisms or...
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...Main article: Evolution of sexual reproduction It is considered that sexual reproduction in eukaryotes first appeared about a billion years ago and evolved within ancestral single-celled eukaryotes.[2] The reason for the initial evolution of sex, and the reason(s) it has survived to the present, are still matters of debate. Some of the many plausible theories include: that sex creates variation among offspring, sex helps in the spread of advantageous traits, that sex helps in the removal of disadvantageous traits, and that sex evolved as an adaptation for repairing damages in DNA (see Evolution of sexual reproduction). While there are a number of theories, there are two main alternative views on the evolutionary origin and adaptive significance of sex. The first view assumes that sexual reproduction is a process specific to eukaryotes, organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria. In addition to sex in animals, plants, and fungi, there are other eukaryotes (e.g. the malaria parasite) that also engage in sexual reproduction. On this first view, the adaptive advantage that maintains sexual reproduction (in competition with asexual modes of reproduction) is the benefit of generating genetic variation among progeny. Furthermore, on this view, sex originated in a eukaryotic lineage. The earliest eukaryotes and the bacterial ancestors from which they arose are assumed to have lacked sex. For instance, some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between cells;...
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...Understand interactions between producers, consumers, decomposers Energy comes from Nutrients and raw material from environment, and photosynthesis . List 3 important functions of DNA. 1. Grow 2. Develop 3.Reproduce Key Terms: emergent properties energy homeostasis mutation adaptive trait nature natural selection evolution Know the 3 Domains of Life for classification | | | 1.bacteria,archaea,eukaryotes | | | Compare prokaryotes versus eukaryotes--Prokaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellularsdsdsdsdsdsdsPrrrsdsProkaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellularProkaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellularProkaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellular | | | List 4 categories of eukaryotes | | | 1.Animals 2.Plants | | 3.protists | 4.fungi | Explain Unity of Life-Information encoded in DNA is the basis of traits an organism shares with others of its species | | | | Explain Diversity of Life-(changes is DNA sequence) are the original source of variation in traits | | | | List 7 steps of common research practices (scientific method) in proper order. |...
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...ENG121 Evolution vs. Creationism The debate between evolutionism and creationism began thousands of years ago and the battle between the two streams of thought continues to this day. While creationists believe in a god who is the absolute creator of heaven and earth less than 10,000 years ago, evolutionists believe that the universe began billions of years ago with life started as just a single cell bacteria evolving slowly into everything we see today. “What’s the difference between creationism and evolution?” Charles Darwin’s work on evolution is the most recognized throughout history and the evidence that he discovered supporting evolution changed how many people viewed the history of our universe. His main research project was on a process called natural selection, the idea that survival of the fittest has been a main determinant is shaping how the earth and all living things appear today. Charles Darwin discuses this idea of Natural Selection in his essay “Natural Selection”, detailing evidence supporting his theory. This paper will discuss Darwin’s essay but will also go into further detail of his discoveries, other evolutionary milestones and finally comparing and contrasting the evolutionary argument to the creationism point of view. The idea of evolution first came about in the 1600’s when European naturalists started to question the current theories about how our universe was created. In 1666 the first evidence of evolution was discovered when a couple of fishermen...
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...Testing a theory David Muñoz Psy 201 March 27, 2011 Patricia Sanker Abstract Testing a theory There comes a time perhaps, within each person’s life when they encounter an inner longing to discover meaning, and purpose for their life. It is a void that must be filled with answers that satiate that inner longing. For me, this point in my life came when I had already served nine years of a seventeen prison term. A term I would eventually discharge on January 20, 2005. My journey began with the passing of my dearest grandmother in February of 1995. Mourning her passing, I was filled with a deep sense of loss, making matters worse, was the fact that I was unable to be at her side in her time of need, nor was I able to attend her funeral services. With the passage of time I began to question the meaning of life, my life. I began to question the purpose for which I was born, was there really any purpose? So many other questions filled my thoughts, within me was a longing, a deep inner desire to know. Quest It had been two years since my Grandmother passed on. I can only describe them as tumultuous years.my emotions ranged in anger, and frustration, and so began my quest for meaning; purpose, and truth. Where did man come from? Why were we here? Was there any purpose to man’s existence? My journey led me to examine the theory of evolution vs. creation. The word "evolution" is often used as a shorthand for the modern theory of evolution of species based upon Charles's...
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...Title of Paper Learning Team E Jose Santiago, Jessica Saunders, Holli Mitchell SCI/151 June 2, 2010 John Judkins Title of Paper The Universe is a topic that has been studied since the existence of man. The unknowns of the Universe have intrigued man for many years. As time has progressed many questions have been answered, but many more have been brought forth. Although we have no confirmation of life beyond earth, the odds of earth having the only sign of life in our Universe is slim. The Universe is too large and ever expanding to know what life can be found beyond Earth if any. For years we have studied our planet Earth, we have tried to understand its climate, atmosphere its lands and oceans. We try to understand how life as we know only exists on earth. This study is now known as Geology. Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun at a distance of about 150 million kilometers It takes 365.2 days for the Earth to travel around the Sun and 23.9 hours for the Earth to rotate a complete revolution. It has a diameter of 12,756 kilometers, only a few hundred kilometers larger than that of Venus. Our atmosphere is composed of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent other constituents. It is believed that life began on earth about 4.6 billion years ago. Scientist believe that comets and meteorites could have contributed to life on earth by depositing carbon based molecules into the atmosphere. Nitrogen and oxygen in another...
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...Evolution, a well debated topic, a theory that’s been around for centuries. A theory, evolution as an example, is an idea that is there to explain or prove something. Evolution is a process where different species and types of organisms have developed, slowly breaking away from one another over time, changing, growing, gradually changing overtime, developing into the organisms we have today. Any theory needs evidence to support it, evolution happens to have lots of evidence to support it, such as embryology, homology, cladograms, and fossil records. Each piece of evidence supports the theory of evolution, giving us a better grasp of the theory overall. One of these pieces of evidence to support the theory of evolution would be embryology, the study of embryos and how they develop. You’re probably wondering how something such as an embryo, an...
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...displays and recreated sea and terrestrial landscapes help the compelling story of evolution- the single process that connects everything that has ever lived on earth. Evolution of life on Earth occurred 4.5 billion years ago, the Precambrian Eon. This Eon makes up ninety percent of Earth’s history. Organic compounds were the building blocks on Earth; two theories exist of how these forms came to be; they may have formed on Earth, through underwater thermal vents, or carried to Earth through meteorites. What followed, were prokaryotes, single celled organisms, and eukaryotes, multi-cellular organisms. The development of prokaryotes caused transformations to Earth, through the process of photosynthesis, which allowed for the development of oxygen in our atmosphere. Through Eukaryotes, natural selection was possible, due to genetic variation. During the Paleozoic era, which occurred 543 million years ago, there was an explosion of life, which led to the wide variation of life that we see today. Throughout this period there was a significant outburst in marine life. As time evolved, skeletons had evolved structurally, which allowed for larger bodied organisms to grow. Their chemical composition includes the minerals calcium and phosphate. Although evolution allowed for new adaptations, they weren’t significant enough to withstand the first extinction on Earth, which wiped out 70% of species, known as the ice age. After the ice age, plants, from green algae, developed on land...
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...Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life This introductory chapter explores the basic themes and concepts of biology, with emphasis on the core theme of evolution. It also introduces students to the thinking of scientists. Questions are therefore general; however, an effort has been made to include some from each skill level. As in the rest of this test bank, questions that feature art or those for which several questions follow upon some data or a scenario are placed together at the end of the chapter. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into A) the energy of motion. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) the potential energy of chemical bonds. D) oxygen. E) kinetic energy. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) kinetic energy. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) ATP. Answer: A Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...is correct (i.e., true). Test that tentative explanation [pic] Make some observations of the image above. Ideas: -What motivates this behavior? -Is the bird feeding? -Does the bird choose this flower because of its color? -Does the flower benefit from the bird’s behavior? Observations made and the questions they raise allow us to propose tentative explanations, or hypotheses. By making these observations, you can propose tentative explanations (hypotheses). A good hypothesis makes predictions about observations not yet made or experiments not yet run, i.e., Testable Predictions. Once a hypothesis has been supported by experiments and observations, it can become a theory. Note that, in general conversation, the term theory is often synonymous with...
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...Evolution Abstract One paragraph… The discussion on the origin and fate of the universe continues to revolve around creationists and evolutionary ideas, though creationism positions arise mainly of religion and philosophy, while the evolution is postulated mainly from science. One wonders if possible convergence in these fields in the discussion, that is, if you can address both creationism and evolutionism from science, philosophy and religion. Theory of Evolution In science the theory of evolution explains the huge variety of life arising by postulating a process of transformation through changes in genes that lead to new adaptations to the environment. By studying the genetic structure of living beings is a verifiable fact that they are related to each other and, therefore, aims to have a common origin as the emergence of new species due to the accumulation of changes that do diverge and take different paths to adaptation to the environment. In the scientific world, biological evolution represents the interpretative key of the living world. Life began about 3500 makes 4000 million years in the form of single-celled organisms without nuclei and took about two billion years to produce the first eukaryotes (unicellular organisms with nuclei), so the start was given very slowly. However, in evolutionary history there are times with a high evolutionary rate as the Cambrian period (540 to 520 million years, they were many forms of multicellular life). They also appeared...
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