...Framework Social Learning Theory Developed by Albert Bandura in 1965 and 1977, Social Learning Theory emphasized on the importance of rewards and punishments. This theory identified that children can learn new behaviours in one or two ways: by direct experience through trial and error or by observing and imitating others in their social environment. Bandura (1994) stated that observational learning eventually is more efficient than trying to discover everything on your own. Children can and do learn from other people in their environment, including parents, siblings, peers, and teachers. Children can also learn from characters and people that appeared in the mass media (Sparks, 2002) Bandura’s studies helped researchers to understand a number of things about television violence, animated programs and children. First, viewing television violence and animated programs could cause children to behave more aggressively, particularly if the violent characters were attractive and received rewards for their actions. Second, in many of these studies, the effects emerged most strongly for boys not girls. The researchers thought that perhaps this aggressive tendency resulted in boys being more sensitive to the impact of media violence. In the 1980s, Bandura (1986) reformulated his theory for the reason that it had been criticised as too behaviouristic, which was focusing mostly on the reinforcements and how people act. The newer perspective, which was called Social Cognitive Theory...
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...Theoretical and Conceptual This study is anchored on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning theory. This theory states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction (Bandura, 1963). Social learning theory holds that behavior is molded by rewards and punishment, or reinforcement. Past and present rewards and punishments for certain actions determine the actions that individuals continue to pursue. Reward and punishment structures are built into specific groups (Akers, 1992). By interacting with members of certain groups or social circles, people learn definitions of behaviors as good or bad. It is in the group setting, differentially for different groups, where reward and punishment take place, and where individuals are exposed to behavioral models and normative definitions of certain behaviors as good or bad . Social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances is caused by the differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded. “These groups provide the social environments in which exposure to definitions, imitations of models, and social reinforcements for use of or abstinence from any particular substance takes place. The definitions are learned through imitation and social reinforcement of them by members of the group with whom one is associated” (Akers et al, 1979). Drug use, including abuse, is determined “by the extent to which a given pattern of behavior...
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...Social Learning Theory (Week 2: Assignment) The Social Learning Theory (Week 2 Assignment) There are several theories that have been developed in order for man to explain social development and the social concepts created by these developments. The many different theories that “explain how people become socialized, including the psychoanalytic theory, the functionalism theory, the conflict theory, and the symbolic interaction theory look at the individual learning process of man” (Vissing, 2011). They dive into the formation of one’s self, and they explain how the influence of society within socialization affects individuals. The social learning theory is one of these theories that attempt to explain the details of socialization and the effects of one’s own development. The social learning theory has been noted and acknowledged within the psychology community for some time now and was greatly shaped by psychologist, Albert Bandura. Overall, the social learning theory has several aspects and elements that make it a formidable and studied theory by many psychologists and it is used by many while attempting to explain how exactly people become socialized. To begin with, the social learning theory takes in to account the formation of one’s identity. The identity is considered to be a learned response to social encounters. The theory “emphasizes the societal context of socialization rather than the individual mind” (Anderson, 2009) and it “postulates that an individual’s identity...
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...Social Learning Theory Bertha Zhagui BUS375: Employee Training Instructor: Marissa Chavez July 8, 2013 The importance of training and cost of training are obvious. The question forcing the executives in organization is that how organization can make these training programs more effective. It means that individual makes the organizational performance better by utilizing their knowledge and skills consequently organization offers training for development of its employee performance to achieve required goals. This study highlights the importance and applications of learning theories and how these theories could prove to be of most effective in trainings. As training are only effective if it promote learning. Several theories relate to how people learn. Each theory relates to different aspects of the learning process. In my following paper I will discuss the Social Learning Theory, and will explain how this theory relates to my current workplace and how it would generate the same results in any other organizations. People are the critical component of the organizational system (Hayes, Wheelwright and Clark, 1998). Superior performance is ultimately based on the people in an organization, the right management principles, systems and procedures play an essential role. The capabilities that create a competitive advantage come from people, their skill, discipline, motivation, ability to solve problems and their capacity for learning (Tilley...
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...What is Social Learning Theory? The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. While the behavioral theories of learning suggested that all learning was the result of associations formed by conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, Bandura's social learning theory proposed that learning can also occur simply by observing the actions of others. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling) this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. People learn through observing others behavior , attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social Learning Theory explains human beahvior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive , behavioral and environmental influences. Necessary conditions for effective modelling are: ATTENTION: various factors increases or decreases the amount of attention paid. In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. RETENTION: remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic...
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...Describe and evaluate the Social Learning Theory (SLT). Refer to at least one other approach in your answer. Social Learning Theory (SLT) has two assumptions; the first assumes behaviour is a product of environmental influences and is therefore learned as a result of observation and modeling. Whether the behavior is acquired depends upon a person’s perception of reinforcement and rewards. It emphasises the importance of individuals actively seeking out behaviour and attitudes. The process of social learning involves four stages; attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. Firstly, a person pays attention to a behavior which is being modeled or reinforced and the behavior is then memorized. The person then tries to imitate the behavior but only if they have observed that their action will provide desirable consequences i.e. a reward. The second assumption suggests that mediating cognitive factors, such as memory and thinking, occur between the stimulus and response. We do not observe and automatically imitate the behaviour that we observe, but think about several factors before we imitate. For example, we may ask ourselves whether we are physically able to carry out the action we have observed and whether we want to do it or not. An example of another approach is the behaviourist approach which uses the principle of operant conditioning. The principles of operant conditioning are that it deals with the association between a voluntary behaviour and its consequences...
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...Use the Internet to research a social learning theory applicable to the workplace that is not addressed in Chapter 4. Then, determine whether the social learning theory that you researched can be applied your current or past work experience. Support your reasoning. A social learning theory that is related to the workplace is the Goal Setting Theory. The way in which an employee behaves is said to come from the employees conscious goals. There are two types of goal orientations: learning orientation and performance orientation. The learning orientation depicts a learner that is motivated by competency in a specific task. The performance orientation depicts a learner who focuses on how well their performance is compared to others (Nuriddin, 2010). The Goal Setting Theory is something that I use in my current position and have used in my past jobs. I believe it is very important to be a goal-minded person in the workplace. In my current position, I use the Goal Setting Theory to set daily goals of what I want to get completed. I also set weekly and monthly goals for my job at hand. This has always helped me with staying on track with tasks at work as well as feeling good once I have achieved my goals. I set personal goals on a weekly, monthly, and yearly basis. As far as the two goal orientations go, I see a little bit of each in myself. I like to know what I am doing and be a specialist in my position, but I am also very competitive. If there is a way to track...
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...APA Style Social Learning Theory Name of Student Institution affiliation In the society, there are social happening that influence relationships among people as they interact and work together to achieve certain goals. Crime is an issue that affects a society in many ways and many attempts to deduce the root causes and ways to alleviate it have come up. Some theories have come up to try to explain how to deal with crimes in the society. In criminal justice, there are theories that explain crime and factors that influence its occurrence with a certain social context. The social learning theory explains that a person acquires knowledge through observation and interactions which models the behavior. The theory proposes that the behavior of an individual can be shaped through reciprocal interaction between the forces of cognitive, environmental and behavior systems. The understanding of the theory will help in determining its effectiveness in handling events of crimes in the society. Albert Bandura as a way to help in understanding the criminology and give the necessary information in relation to addressing the problems caused by crime advanced the social learning theory. The theory is a combination operant theory of Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess and the theory of differential association by Edwin Southerland. The theory has been discussed by various scholars who needed to test its accuracy in addressing the various causes of crime...
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...Criminal Justice 201 Term Paper – Social Learning Theory (Q#5) Carmina Janine Ibanez December 9, 2013 Learning as found in the dictionary is the act or process of acquiring knowledge or skill (dictionary.com, n.d.). Have you ever heard of the saying that states, “We learn something new everyday?” Now, that “something” can be anything from learning how to walk, learning how to write, learning the 50 states of America or even how to behave or act. Everything we do has been learned and observed. Social learning theory states that crime can also be learned. I believe that delinquency or criminal behavior is learned in early childhood by our environments. Learning criminal behavior can come from anywhere; it can come from your living/social environment, people you associate with or even things you see on television (TV). “Socialization is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires personal Identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position. (Dictionary.com, n.d.)” Socialization is a lifetime process and it influences who we are and who we can be. It begins when we’re born, we learn and conform to the norms of our family and then we move on to school, for some church, and as we get older, work. In school we are heavily influenced by our peers to wear certain clothes and act in various ways. When we begin to work, we have to learn how to act and look in ways that are appropriate to the company where we’re employed...
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...Effects on the Social and Cognitive Development of the Alaga. Social Development. The process in which children acquire the behaviours, habits, expectations, skills, and standards that their social group has is called socialization. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, which states that “human learning occurs either deliberately or inadvertently by observing the actual behavior of others and the consequences of them” (Bandura, 1999, page 5). The Social Learning Theory states that people learn through watching other people, such as their parents and/or teachers, and copying the behavior that they have seen. In other words, they learn through observing and imitating others. This process is called Observational Learning or, simply, Modeling....
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...been exposed every theory known to man. So this was a tough choice from my point of view. After a lot of searching the one chosen by me is the Social Learning Theory. This was developed by Albert Banduara it basically means what one sees they end up doing. This theory had three main points, which will be further explained in detail. The first point is that people learn from watching other people do things. He proved this point by doing his doll experiment with some children. He had someone do something negative with a doll and when he put the kids in a room they did the same thing. He used three models for this theory the first model was a live one. The second model was a verbal example, the person said a phrase and the...
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...Classical Theory The term “classical” and “positivist” refer to certain ideas and certain people who have been very important in the long history of trying to understand, and trying to do something about, crime. “Classical” criminology is most often associated with the name of the Italian Cesare Bonesana, Marchese de Beccaria. Classical criminology emerged at a time when the naturalistic approach of the social contract thinkers was challenging the spiritualistic approach that had dominated European thinking for over a thousand years. Classical criminology was a protest against those criminal justice policies and against the spiritual explanations of crime on which they were based. Aquinas argued that there was a God-given “natural law” that was revealed by observing, through the eyes of faith, people’s natural tendency to do good rather than evil. While Aquinas argued that people naturally do good rather than evil, Hobbes argued that people naturally pursue their own interests without caring about whether they hurt anyone else. Becarria’s theory changed criminal justice policies, especially in France and led to the expectation that crime would soon decrease. Today, we take such regularity in crime statistics for granted, but at that time, those who held a “free will” theory of crime expected random changes in the number of crimes, especially in the number of unpremeditated crimes such as passion murders. The development of national crime statistics in France reflected...
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...White Collar Crime and Accounting Standards in the Nigerian Public Sector Nenyiaba, Ile Charles Faculty of Management Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria E-mail: nenyiabaic@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This survey examined the spate of white collar crime in the Nigerian public sector and the extent to which existing accounting standards are helping to stem the occurrence of the crime. Two null hypotheses were formulated and the primary data used to test the hypotheses were obtained using structured questionnaire while secondary data were obtained from annual accounts of State Governments and reports from similar studies. The study used averages, percentages, chisquare and Spearman’s ranked correlation coefficient tested at 5% level of significance for analyses of the data obtained during the study. It also made use of averages and simple percentage. The study revealed that noncompliance with accounting standards is responsible for the increasing spate of white collar crime in the Nigerian public sector and that absence of forensic accounting courses in the training programme of practicing accountants are responsible for inability of auditors to detect, early enough, white collar crime in the public sector thereby aggravating the scam. The study also revealed that flexibility of principle based on standard is a serious threat to enforcement of compliance with the standards especially in a developing economy such as Nigeria. Hence, forensic accounting courses...
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...Social Cognitive Theory of Learning Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationship and suggests that learning involves a behavior change whereas according to social cognitive theory learning is an internal process that may or may not lead to a behavior change. According to social cognitive theory, people and their environments mutually influence each other (Ormrod, 2011). People learn from the environment they are in, people they interact with, and behaviors they watch. People can learn by observing others and as they become older they can set their goals based on the accomplishments and the results of that learning. People learn by observation is the basic assumption of the social cognitive theory. The person who demonstrates a behavior for someone else is the model for the learner (Ormrod, 2011). According to instrumental conditioning, learning is a process of trial and error (Ormrod, 2011, p.324). Learners observe different behaviors and try to adopt those behaviors, if any of the learned behaviors bring desirable results; those behaviors stay with...
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...Secondly, the focus moves to social learning theory. Learning theory is “deviant behavior is learned through one’s interaction with others” (Thio and et al, 2012. p.23). Also, Edwin Sutherland, an American sociologist, “developed the theory of different association to explain how the learning of deviance comes about” ((Thio and et al, 2012. p.23). The theory of different association explains that people who are related to others holding deviant ideas have higher likelihood of committing deviant behavior than people who do not have interaction with those with deviant ideas. People learn deviant ideas and/or different ideas from one’s own from different group. There are more other explains and corrections. For example, Glaser insists the deviant...
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