...BOSE INTRODUTION Subhash Chandra Bose is one of the most dynamic leaders of India's struggle of independence, He is popularly known as Netaji. Bose is a legendary figure in Indian history. His contribution to the freedom struggle made him a brave hero of India. He left his home and comfort with the determination to liberate his motherland. Subhash Chandra Bose believed that an armed rebellion was necessary to get independence from the British rule. He was born in Cuttack, in Orissa on January 23, 1897 to Janaki Nath Bose and Prabhavati Devi. His father was a famous lawyer and mother a religious lady. Among the fourteen siblings, he was the ninth child. Right from his childhood he was a bright student and was a topper in the matriculation examination from the whole of Calcutta province. He graduated from the Scottish Church College in Calcutta with a First Class degree in Philosophy. Influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda, he was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. He went to England to accomplish his parents' desire to appear in the Indian Civil Services. In 1920 he appeared for the competitive examination and stood fourth in the order of merit. Deeply moved by the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre in Punjab, Subhash Chandra Bose left his Civil Services apprenticeship midway and returned to India. FAVOR OF COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE After he returned to India, Subhash Chandra Bose was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's views. He then joined the Indian...
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...engrossing novel that highlights the struggles of ordinary class in an economically progressive India. Summary of The White Tiger Aravind Adiga’s first novel revolves around the protagonist Balram Halwai, a self-made man who rises to success in the backdrop of a rising Indian economy. He faces lot of challenges and readers are kept in wondering whether he shall succumb to demands of bribe-seeking corrupt political set-up in India. The hope of better tomorrow is beautifully etched through the world of Balram. Rising from the position of a driver of an obnoxious feudal landlord to an entrepreneur of car rental business in Bangalore, Aravind Adiga’s Balram has seen fortunes rise and ebb. Sticking true to his philosophy of never being self-righteous, he manages to live a life of deceit and murder. The world according to his eyes resembles a long struggle where ideals give way to dark ambitions. The seemingly roguish touch to Balram’s character is justified under the oft-repeated formula of class struggle. This struggle, he suggests, prevents the poor from receiving their dues from the other class, rich. He uses this rationale to defend the murder of his master as a mark of struggle of a poor against the rich. India of The White Tiger is presented as an increasingly progressive state which sadly stills lives among inequalities. Harbouring on being slightly monotonous, the book presents a sordid mixture of injustice, corruption and class struggle. Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger...
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...Congress in negotiating with the British Government for constitutional reforms, and for chalking out a programme for the national movement. Mahatma Gandhi led the national freedom struggle against the British rule. The most unique thing about this struggle was that it was completely nonviolent. Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. After finishing his early education in India, he sailed to England in 1891 and qualified as Barrister. In 1894, Gandhi went to South Africa in connection with a law suit. The political career of Gandhi started in South Africa where he launched a Civil Disobedience Movement against the maltreatment meted out to Asian settlers. In 1916, he returned to India and took up the leadership of National Freedom Struggle. After the death of freedom fighter and congress leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak on August, 1920, Gandhi became virtually the sole navigator of the ship of the congress. Gandhi had whole heartedly supported the British during the 1st World War (1914-1919). The end of war, however, did not bring the promised freedom for India. So Gandhiji launched many movements to force the British to concede India its Independence. The well known being: Non Co-operation Movement (1920), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) and Quit India Movement (1942). The British passed the Rowlett Act in 1919 to deal with the revolutionaries. Gandhi made the Rowlett Act an issue and appealed to the people to observe peaceful demonstration...
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...and India were two independent nations, so similar, but yet also so different. Their imperialists had motives over raw material, resources, and power. Their thoughts of imperialism were fixed more on controlling and taking, then making relations and building up the country. This inequality led for a struggle of freedom and independence. From the struggles, the culture and the people had been impacted greatly from the foreign influences. Industrialism was halted for India and thrived in China. From the coasts China to the riches of India, imperialism changed the countries vastly. Across India and China, imperialistic motives of the Europeans ranged from rare materials to the immense voltage of power, however how they forced upon these motives was different. These nations were both imperialized by great European powers. Furthermore, they both had Britain as a strong imperialist. In China, Britain wanted luxury goods, like silk and porcelain. Britain also looked at India for luxury goods. Gems, gold, indigo, and spices were just several of the lustful items. Different Europeans nations, ruled different parts of these nations. For India, Britain was the only critical imperialized. Unlike India, China had Britain, Germany, France, and Japan. Russia also had taken the chance to imperialize China at their weak point. After China’s Opium War in the 1800’s, western influence was crowded all around. Spheres of Influence began to form in China. India always had the British East India Company...
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...Maoism ideology: Maoism is a form of communism developed by Mao Tse Tung. It is a doctrine to capture State power through a combination of armed insurgency, mass mobilization and strategic alliances. Propaganda and disinformation against State institutions are used as additional tools. Mao called this process, the ‘Protracted Peoples War’. The central theme of Maoist ideology is resorting to violence as a tool to capture State power. ‘Bearing of arms is non-negotiable’ as per the Maoist insurgency doctrine. Maoism has a definite view about how to get to socialism, and about what needs to be done to meet the basic needs of everyone in a poor country. Development is to be on an egalitarian basis—we are all in it together and everyone rises together. Unlike the earlier forms of Marxism-Leninism in which the urban proletariat was seen as the main source of revolution, and the countryside was largely ignored, Mao focused on the peasantry as a revolutionary force which, he said, could be mobilized by a Communist Party with their knowledge and leadership. The model for this was of course the Chinese Communist rural insurgency of the 1920s and 1930s, which eventually brought the Communist Party of China to power. Furthermore, unlike other forms of Marxism-Leninism in which large-scale industrial development were seen as a positive force, Maoism made all-round rural development the priority. Mao felt that this strategy made sense during the early stages of socialism in a country in which...
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...The Reality of Media in India In the by now tedious cliché, India, with a population of 1.22 billion (122 crores) and with an elected parliament, is supposed to be the largest democracy in the world. The relation between democracy and size is problematic. In small communities, voters can be presumed to have some personal knowledge of both candidates and issues arising from their life experience. But democracy in such communities in India is, to put it very mildly, slight. The various Panchayat systems set up to implement the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments are deprived of either significant jurisdiction or even minimal resources, and in most cases both. The sole exception is in West Bengal, where the Panchayat system was created fifteen years before the 73rd Amendment, and developed into real -- if flawed -- organs of local self-government. In consequence panchayat elections in West Bengal alone in all of India are truly serious matters and, as we are at the time of writing painfully aware, reflect a democracy increasingly overshadowed by gangsterism and force. But, for the rest, "democracy" amounts to periodical electoral exercises where the electors choose among candidates and programmes not on the basis of their personal knowledge or life experience but on information received from the media. If such democracy is to be meaningful, the first condition is that reasonably accurate information must be available. But the ground realities show that the ingredients...
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...In the mid-eighteenth century, Europe strived to be a global power. They had a joint-stock company called the East India Company, which allowed for financial success of Europe in the early 1600s, which was used for the spice trade in Asia and India. Furthermore, Europe dealt with Seven Years’ War in the mid-1800s where political and commercial conflict took place with Europe, Prussia, India, and the Caribbean versus Asia, America, France, Austria, and Russia, originally due to Austria’s wanting to take Silesia. This resulted in British involvement in the French and Indian War and higher taxes on British colonies. Also, this war was an influencing factor on the American War of Independence, due to the taxes on British colonies. Therefore, Europe faced many struggles and regional issues for global power in the...
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...Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela Non-violence is a concept that people participate in social and political change without violence. It is a form of social and political change between passive acceptances and armed struggle. Non-violence way to participate in the social and political change is including nonviolent civil disobedience against, acts of civil disobedience or other powerful influence uncooperative antagonistic form; it is similar with pacifism, but it is not pacifism. Since the mid-20th century, nonviolence and civil disobedience become the main form of social change, and it also is respected political and social philosophy. As the practice of social and political change, non-violent has the essence difference with pacifism, it is contrary to the wishes of the oppressed, and it struggle with any injustice and power political. In my final paper, I will instruction three famous Non-violence movement leader: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela; and also I will compare the similar and difference between them. Mahatma Gandhi was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in Britishruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world. A very important turning point in Gandhi’s life is he arrived in South Africa to work as a legal representative for the Muslim Indian traders based in the city of Pretoria...
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...BOOKS FOR GENERAL STUDIES I. INDIAN ECONOMY: 1. Economic Development of India NCERT XI standard 2. Indian Economy – Mishra and Puri or Dutt and Sundaram 3. Indian Economy – PK Dhar 4. Economics – Samuel Son 5. India Year Book & Economic Survey (Government Pub.) 6. For the current aspects of Indian economy students have to depend on news papers and periodicals. II. INDIAN POLITY: 1. Our Constitution – Subhash Kashyap 2. Our Parliament - Subhash Kashyap 3. An Introduction to Indian Constitution – DD Basu 4. Perspectives on Indian Constitution – Subash Kashyap III INDIAN HISTORY: 1. NCERT History books for Classes XI & XII 2. Freedom Struggle – Bipan Chandra (NBT Publication) 3. India’s Struggle for Independence – Bipan Chandra and Others 4. The Gazetteer of India, Volume 2: History and Culture 5. Indian History for General Studies – K Krishna Reddy (Wizard Pub.) IV. GENERAL SCIENCE: 1. NCERT Books on Biology, Physics and Chemistry, Standard IX & X 2. Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses Courses – Evelyn Pearce 3. Know Your Body – Reader's Digest 4. For current S & T issues, latest Magazines and News Papers can be referred. V. INDIAN GEOGRAPHY: 1. NCERT Geography books for Classes XI & XII 2. Indian Geography 3. Principles of Geography 4. World Geography 5. Atlas of World and India. VI. MENTAL ABILITY: 1. Objective Arithmetic – R.S.Agarwal 2. Numerical...
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...Chapter-II KISAN STRUGGLES IN INDIA 38 Cultivation has been in existence in India from ancient times – since Indus valley civilisation, it is the belief of the people that it is a part of their cultural pride. At present, they adopt agriculture not because it is profitable but because they have no other alternative and they can feed themselves at least for a few months from the yield they are getting.1 Economic experts (pandits) also agree that the kisan goes for cultivation knowing fully well that he has to suffer losses. This fact is also stated and agreed upon in the “Statutory Report on Agricultural Credit” by the Reserve Bank of India. If anybody wants profit in his business, the cost of the manufacturing material (goods) should be cheaper. The system of exploiting their labour also is an extra burden for the farmers.2 The process of proletarianisation of agricultural labourers has increased during the last few decades and they are more dependent on wage labour while losing the extraeconomic relations with their employers which govern the conditions of their work and life. Barrington Moore Jr. in his celebrated work Social Origins Dictatorship and Democracy; Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world questions the revolutionary potential of the Indian peasantry. He observes that the landed upper classes and the peasants played an important role in the bourgeois revolutions leading to capitalist societies in England and France, the abortive bourgeois revolutions...
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...rights for Indiana immigrants in South Africa. In South Africa is where he learned his passive resistance against injustice. When he returned to India, after being in South Africa, it was not long before he was in the forefront of the struggle for independence from Britain. He protested many of the injustices in British ruled India. His protest of the tax on salt landed him in jail, in 1930. Gandhi also protested the railroads, built by the British. He said they contributed to the greed and poverty of India. Making a select few rich and paying the large amount of laborers next to nothing. In 1906, Gandhi started his peaceful, non-violent revolution. Gandhi declared he would go to jail, or even die, before submitting to the British, ridiculous laws. Many times his peaceful demonstrations were met with violent resistance. Which reiterated the fact the British was oppressing the people of India. These demonstrations resulted in mass arrests of the protestors. Still, that did deter Gandhi and his followers from peacefully protesting British rule. Gandhi and his followers ended British rule over India. They did so without delivering a single blow. Their peaceful protests proved effective in the independence of India and liberating its people from oppression. Through Gandhi’s gentleness and determination, the people of India were freed. Many people considered him a saint, while others considered him a master politician. He was neither. He was just a man who stood...
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...the legacies of cultural syncretism in Africa and the Americas with the resistance to cultural change Westerners encountered in China and India. What cultural factors caused the differences in outcomes? What legacies have the differences in types of encounters and degrees of cultural change left today? Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, how might modern culture be different? If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China or India, how might they be different today? The quest for wealth and power brought Europeans to Indian shores in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese voyager, arrived in Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala) on the west coast. In their search for spices and Christian converts, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean, and, with their galleons fitted with powerful cannons, set up a network of strategic trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1510 the Portuguese took over the enclave of Goa, which became the center of their commercial and political power in India and which they controlled for nearly four and a half centuries. Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia. Although the Dutch...
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...non-violent protest. Gandhi rallied thousands to disobey the oppressive and racist British government as an Indian nationalist movement to free India. Under his leadership, the Indian Congress launched a series of mass movements: the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Non Cooperation Movement in 1920s and 1930s. The former was triggered by the historic Salt March, when Gandhi led a group of followers from his ashram on a 200 mile march to Dandi on the west coast in order to prepare salt in a violation of British law. Gandhi soon earned the title “Mahatma,” or Great Soul. In August 1942, the Quit India movement was launched. The British resorted to brutal repression against non-violent protesters. It was evident that the British could only maintain the empire at enormous cost to themselves. At the end of World War II, the British began to transfer power to the now sovereign State of India. Throughout the major events of his life, the concept of Satyagraha, or non-violent, peaceful resistance remained a foundational basis for all of his major movements. Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha encompassed his most central core value and belief of the truthful pursuit of non-violence. This idea is displayed through the formation of his ideas on civil disobedience, his implementation of the historic Salt March, and his reaction to the Quit India movement. Satyagraha provides a structural foundation for Gandhi’s ideas on the subject of non-violence and truth and the theory allows him to...
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...Women Gandhiji once said that “the difference in sex and physical form denotes no difference in status. Women are complement of man and not inferior.” Man and woman are both equal and both play vital roles in the creation and development of their families in particular and the society in general. Indeed the struggle for legal equality has been one of the major concerns of the women’s movement all over the world. In India since long back, women were considered as the oppressed section of the society and they were neglected for centuries. Thus, the first task in post- independent India was to provide a constitution to the people which would not make any distinction on the basis of sex. Article 14 of the Indian Constitution declares that equality before law and equal protection of law shall be available to all. Similarly, Article 15 of the Indian Constitution says that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex. Further, Article 15(1) guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment. Article 15(3) provides that the state can make special provision for women and children. In Union of India v. K.P.Prabhakaran,1997,11SCC 638, where Supreme Court held reservation of certain posts exclusively for women is valid under article 15(3), article covers every sphere of state action. Besides, Directive Principles of State Policy which concern women directly and have a special bearing on their status include Article 39(a)...
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...While all struggles for political independence may involve both violent and non-violent techniques there is no genuine decolonization that has occurred without any form of violence. Decolonization refers to the indigenous people rising up against their colonial power and acquiring political independence. Frantz Fanon and Mahatma Gandhi were each thinkers who have influenced national freedom movements (decolonization) with their views on the ethics of violence and non-violence. As a psychiatrist, philosopher and ambassador in the Caribbean, Fanon became concerned with the cultural consequences of decolonization. In many ways Fanon’s thoughts followed a Marxist mentality in contrast, however; Fanon argued that struggle does not occur between...
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