...What are some examples of ways in which observational learning has benefited you in your life? Are there instances in which observational learning has worked to your disadvantage? While I was a teenager about the age of 13 years old I visited my cousins in the country area where they had a coconut farm. While on the farm I observed my cousin climbed a tall coconut palm tree using his hand and feet in a well coordinated movement of hand and feet. I was then able to climb the tree in the same manner. Another occasion where I used observational learning to my benefit was in the military where I observed a demonstration of how to negotiate obstacles I then applied what I saw done and successfully did the same. (Bandura, 1986) However, I have no example where observational learning was used to my disadvantage but rather I have on occasions observed others mistakes and learnt how not to do something; that is: learning form others mistakes. As an eyewitness to a crime, how could you use information in this chapter to improve your memory for specific details? If you were a juror, what would you say to the other jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony? Being an eye witness to a crime I can help improve my memory by Maintenance rehearsal of the information stored in my Short Term Memory I can extend the duration of your Short Term Memory (STM). Because the capacity and duration...
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...Intelligence Testing Article Analysis PSY/450, 2014 Intelligence Testing Article Analysis Mapping out the definition of intelligence is not a simple task, it is an ambiguous term that has a variety of definitions. When defining intelligence there appears to be common ground in phrases such as one’s ability to acquire knowledge, ‘he ability to solve problems, or the ability to understand and follow instructions. There are many more phrases and terms that one associates with intelligence, and this may be in part because, the differences of defining intelligence may lie in the fact that questions for evaluating intelligence may not have the same connotation in differing cultures. Shiraev and Levy state that intelligence is the necessary factor that allows an organism to adapt to its surroundings, a way of understanding one’s world (Shiraev, 2010). Along with understanding one’s world, intelligence allows one to make and complete goals, and overcome obstacles that may come into one’s life. This understanding of intelligence sets a good basis for understanding and defining intelligence, however, a do develop a greater understanding it is necessary to study the different theoretical testing of intelligence. This review will also examine the effectiveness of these various theories. Multiple Intelligence Theory In the late 1980’s Howard Gardner introduces a different viewpoint to the traditional theories of intelligence. He did this by including, language, logical-math, spatial...
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...Intelligence Testing Article Analysis PSY 450 Instructor: Iman Turner July 18, 2011 Intelligence Testing Article Analysis When the word intelligence is used, the idea of IQ testing most likely comes to mind. Intelligence regularly defines the intellectual prospective that an individual is born with, but can be measured and dimensions that is problematic to modification. The meaning of intelligence is unpretentious; it is an individual's ability to learn, reason, and solve problems. What makes intelligence complex is the way an individual ration that ability and the dimension it us used. During the early 1900s intelligence testing of separating or segregating individuals that reflected low intelligence was one the first methods used. Calculating an individual’s intelligence is devised as the ultimate goal for an excessive number of professors and psychologists. Multi Intelligence Humans are multi intelligent beings. Consequently, intelligence testing simply cannot deliver a truthful illustration of an individual’s intelligence level, rather the testing only measure two forms intelligence that are linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences according to Howard Gardner (Smith, 2008). Yet, Howard Gardner believes that human being contain other intelligence other than linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences. The human being intelligence is made up of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, social...
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...Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence Introduction to Psychology Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence Intelligence cannot be seen, it has no mass, and it occupies no space. Nevertheless, we feel certain that it exists (Introduction to Psychology, 2007). Psychologist Alfred Binet, who was busy creating tests to rate child intelligence, was passionate about testing and measuring human capabilities. His understanding of intelligence evolved through intense trial-and-error testing with local students. Working with groups of average students as well as mentally handicapped students, Binet discovered certain tasks that average students could handle but that handicapped students could not. He calculated the normal abilities for students at each age, and could pinpoint how many years a student's mental age was above or below the norm. Binet equated intelligence with common sense. He called intelligence "judgment…good sense…the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances." He also believed that intelligence is a combination of many skills - skills that are shaped heavily by the environment (Intelligence and Achievement Testing: Is the Half Full Glass Getting Fuller). In 1983, Howard Gardner argued that "reason, intelligence, logic and knowledge are not synonymous...", setting forth a theory of multiple intelligences. The concept of multiple intelligences helped broaden the idea of "intelligence" from a mathematical and verbal understanding, which had become...
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...Multiple Intelligences University of Phoenix Parisha Hinton November 14, 2010 The study of human intelligence is the most controversial area in psychology. Even though many theories of intelligence have been achieved scientist still disagree on this complex phenomenon. Since individuals diverge in their ability to understand, to learn from past experiences, to overcome impediments, and to adapt to their environment it is difficult to grasp the true understanding of the human intelligence. With the complexity of the human brain scientist continue to debate on its intelligence. When the word intelligence is discussed, the idea of IQ testing usually follows close behind. Intelligence is frequently identified as a person’s intellectual abilities. Plainly put, intelligence is the capability to understand, learn, and interact with the surroundings and environment. Scientist use standardized test to establish a level of intelligence rating by measuring a person’s ability to shape concepts, resolve problems, obtain information, reason, and achieve additional intellectual functions. Many scientists have disputed for years that people have numerous levels of intelligences. An individual may have a higher comprehension level when it comes to learning languages, but difficulties when learning music. In this case a single IQ test cannot sufficiently represent the intricate and diverse potential of a human being. One of the more recent theories of intelligence that emerged was...
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...Intelligence Testing Margarita Alvarez, PSY/450 December 3, 2012 Professor Amanda Kettinger Tom was a physicist with remarkable education and expert skills. When you spoke with him about physics and radiation therapy he would impress you with his knowledge. On the other hand, we had to fire Tom shortly before three months from employment due to his lack of ability to get along with the department team members. Tom had no tolerance for others mistakes, did not communicate instructions clearly and was not willing to listen to counseling. His IQ was genius in mathematics but very low in interpersonal and social intelligence. In this paper we will review two theories of intelligence. The first one is Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory and the second one is Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. We will also consider with the reader aspects of intelligence testing with a broader perspective. Howard Gardner believes that there are at least eight basic intelligences. They are: “linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, social-understanding, and selv-understanding” (Berger, 2005, p. 528). Even though everyone may have a minimal level of intelligence on each one we tend to be more skilled in some. Depending on the experiences, upbringing, cultural environment, family, and community the person develops more in one type of intelligence than others. “Asians may emphasize interpersonal intelligence”...
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...Psychological Testing PSY/435 February 25, 2012 Psychological Testing Psychological testing is a recognized way to measure an individual’s knowledge, skill, abilities, characteristics, traits, and behavior. This type of testing is a way to introduce an individual’s personality, and a tool to help organizations select the appropriate employee. The ability test, personality test, and emotional intelligence test are just a few of the many tests available. A good test is one that is reliable and valid. A reliable test will work the same each time it is administered, and a valid test measures what it intends to measure. Although ethical issues exist, many psychological testing is both valid and reliable, and is a benefit for the employee and organization when used appropriately (Spector, 2008). Psychological Testing in the Workplace “A psychological test is a standardized series of problems or questions that assess a particular individual characteristic” (Spector, 2008, p. 110). These tests are often used to evaluate an individual’s knowledge, skills, and abilities, and include items that specify his or her characteristics of interest. Multiple items on the test provide better reliability and validity compared to single-item tests (Spector, 2008). Psychological tests are typically easy and quick to apply and can assess several characteristics in one test (Spector, 2008). Ability Test An ability test is similar to the aptitude test, in which it tests an individual’s capacity...
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...PSY- 102 04/22/2012 Stephanie Pero There are multiple types of intelligence described by Howard Gardner. The following nine are how he broke them down and descriptions of each. 1. Linguistic Intelligence. Linguistic intelligence means that a person is very good at expressing themselves in words. Language is easy for them and they can convey what they are feeling, seeing or thinking into words easily. 2. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence. This type of intelligence uses the brain to think of and solve equations or to come up with a hypothesis and come to the logical conclusion through reasonable deduction. 3. Musical Rhythmic Intelligence. This type of intelligence can identify music by patterns or can even help people play by ear without any real instruction in music. 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence. This type of intelligence can make you into a gifted dancer who performs intricate moves or it can make you a great sports star. Either way you use your body in ways that for most isn’t easy. 5. Spatial Intelligence. Using spatial intelligence means seeing the big picture in your mind and also seeing the steps to get to your end goal before you even start. An example of this would be an artist painting a picture or a chess player seeing all his moves from the moment his opponent moves his first piece. He plans out the path he is going to take and then does it. 6. Naturalist Intelligence. This type of intelligence means that you are sensitive to your natural surroundings...
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...What are some examples of ways in which observational learning has benefited you in your life? Are there instances in which observational learning has worked to your disadvantage? I used to work at a grocery store when I was younger. Observational learning was a major aspect of getting trained in such an environment. I remember having to shadow another staff member for the first week at work. I consider myself a visual learner. Having said that, most of the information I tend to grasp is usually through what I see. In this case I was able to pick up everything with careful attention to detail just by watching someone repeatedly do the same tasks. Another instance would be how I used to watch my elder sister create lists for almost everything she did, which I believe to be a good habit to have acquired from her. Today my life revolves around task lists each and every day of my life, which in turn plays a significant role in my daily performance. On the other hand observational learning has sometimes worked to my disadvantage in terms of watching someone do something in an improper way. Again I am referring to working at the grocery store. There have been instances where a supervisor would show me a ‘shortcut’ to a particular task, which I would then learn as I am shown. In the long run this has proved ineffective in the work environment as shortcuts do not necessarily solve issues all the time. Retraining with certain minor tasks was needed as a result of this. Another aspect...
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...Psychological Testing in the Workplace Tamara Walker PSY 435 October 17, 2011 Christopher Reid Psychological Testing in the Workplace With companies faced with an increasingly competitive business environment, employers are turning to I/O psychologists for employment testing as a way to improve his or her work environment. In a survey recently taken, 40% of Fortune 100 companies stated that his or her employment selection systems included some form of psychological testing by an I/O psychologist (Shaffer & Schmidt, 1999). A similar survey that was taken by the American Management Association showed 44% of its responding applicants used testing to select his or her potential employees (Shaffer & Schmidt, 1999). While the most commonly used form of psychological testing in the workplace is the cognitive ability tests, personality tests are also being used more and more frequently. Psychological Tests A psychological test is a series of standardized problems or questions that assess a certain individual characteristic. Tests are commonly used to assess many KSAOs, including knowledge, skill, ability, attitudes, interests, and personality (Spector, 2008). There are three types of psychological tests used in the workplace to help differentiate between those used for pre-employment or retention. Essentially pre-employment is called the "recruiting radar." These tests are ability tests, personality tests, and emotional intelligence tests (Spector, 2008). Ability...
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...Intelligence testing article analysis Ada N. Bren PSY450 July 23, 2013 Professor Daryl Farrow Intelligence testing article analysis Human intelligence is the mental value composed of the abilities to learn from experiences throughout one’s life and adapts to new circumstances, comprehends, and accepts intellectual theories, and utilizes that knowledge to manipulate one’s own environment. Societal expectations have emotional influence on a person’s perception of human intelligence. For example, when someone can think quickly, it is connected to fluid intelligence, which is similar to critical thinking, a person has the capacity to form concepts, think abstractly, and utilize knowledge to new circumstances. This paper is will discuss two different theories of intelligence from two different psychologists so that there can be an understanding of the different views in society. Gardner’s theory of intelligence The first Theory comes from Howard Gardner. His theory of multiple intelligences is quite popular and is widely utilized. Gardner, who was inspired by the writings of Jean Piaget has suggested a theory of multiple intelligences. He initially recognized seven elements of intelligence (Gardner, 1983). He discusses that these intelligences are somewhat distinct from each other and that each person has a certain level of each of these seven intelligences. When a student enters University of Phoenix, there is a class that is required and in this class, they issue an assignment...
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...abilities and habits of thirty-five hundred German students from the fifth to tenth grade. Students’ mathematical abilities were evaluated each year using standardized testing. In addition to this students were given an IQ test and surveys that questioned about their attitudes toward math. As the title of this report suggests they found that IQ was not the main determining factor in how well the student’s math abilities grew. Instead IQ was found to be a predictor of initial math skill and studying and motivation where found to be predictors of growth in mathematical abilities. These findings came as a surprise to the researchers who predicted that intelligence measured by IQ would be a strong predictor of mathematical abilities. This article encompasses the main findings of the researchers into a summarization of their findings. This research in this study is credible and believable but the article leaves out some essential information about the findings that could strengthen or weaken the researcher’s argument and allow the reader to develop their own opinion. In this study the independent variable is the student’s IQ and the dependent variable is the student’s mathematical scores/abilities. IQ tests have long been used as a system to measure the intelligence of the testee. Standardized mathematical testing is an accurate method of measuring mathematical abilities because it objectively scores each student’s mathematical knowledge in the same way. Due to the standardized...
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...Intelligence. The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. For generations it is believed to be the key factor that determines how well one does in school. We take SATs, NWEAs, ACTs--what do they really show? Do these tests accurately measure the brain power of each individual that takes them? No, they don't. The Council of Great Schools conducted a study two years ago to see how much time students spend on standardized tests. They concluded that about 112 standardized tests will be taken between pre-K and senior year of high school. This is between 20-25 hours of testing every year. This study did not take into account the time students take preparing for them or the time they spend taking regular classroom assessments. We, as humans,...
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...Psychological Testing in the Workplace Jennifer Lindquist PSY 435 December 9, 2013 Francis Uzonwanne Psychological Testing in the Workplace Psychological testing is being used in the workplace to improve the workforce. Validity and reliability issues surround psychological testing. There are some ethical issues that surround psychological testing. With high competitive business environment most employers are starting to do employment testing to improve their workforces. Public and private sector companies frequently conduct psychological test for full-time employment. Different types of psychological testing One type of psychological testing is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality testing system that private companies and federal government agencies use. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator arranges personality data by a four scales of opposing characteristics (Basu, 2013). The first scale decides if an employee’s drive ascends form the environment or the individual’s own ideas and emotions. The second scale decides if an employee pays attention to sensory information or to his or her own intuition (Basu, 2013). The third scale calculates if decisions are made based on reasoning and logic or personal values. The fourth scale decides if the employee is spontaneous or organized towards his or her daily activities. Companies use Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test to try to correspond employees to the job that fits his or her personality...
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...has been numerous research into the development of intelligence and the role on which genetic and environmental factors (Nature & Nurture) play on the shaping of intelligence. Intelligence has many definitions and meanings, throughout the context of this paper and commonly defined among neuroscientists, intelligence will be understood as one’s overall cognitive capabilities (Toga and Thomson 2005). Many studies show the weight of impact that genetics play on shaping intelligence however this human intelligence is also highly modified by the environment in which the human being resides. This paper will discuss the theories and studies on how intelligence is shaped by factors which include Genetic and Environmental. It will...
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