...usually at around 28 weeks or later many women are diagnosed with gestational diabetes (Pepe, 2004). It is a serious condition with health implications for mother and baby. Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (Sugaya, 2005). Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood glucose (sugar) levels during pregnancy are said to have gestational diabetes. Based on recently announced diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 18% of pregnancies (National Diabetes Data Group, 2009). According to WHO (2011), GDM affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied, and is growing in prevalence. The World Health Organization criteria as a guide to the severity of hyperglycemia, mentioned that there is a significant increases in the incidences of the more severe grades of GDM in parturient born in the Mediterranean region, Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Egypt, and Arabic countries. Babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of problems typically such as being large for gestational age, low blood sugar, and jaundice (Khan, 2004). Women with GDM are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus after pregnancy (Gabbe, 2010). Up to one-third of affected women have diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism at their postpartum screening (Alberti...
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...DIABETES By: Lilianna Avila Osuna SCI/163 THE HISTORY OF DIABETES 1552 BC – This is the earliest known record of Diabetes. 1500 BC – Ants are attracted to the urine of people with a mysterious emaciating disease. 500 BC – First description of sugar in urine and its occurrence in obese individuals. 250 BC – Apollonius of Memphis is credited with coining the term “diabetes”. 1st Century AD – “A melting down of the flesh and limbs into urine.” 164 AD – Galen of Pergamum, diagnoses diabetes as a kidney ailment. Up to 11th Century – Mellitus, the Latin word for honey, is added to the term “diabetes”. 16th Century – Paracelsus identifies diabetes as a serious general disorder. 1776 – This is the first time the distinction between Type 1 & Type 2 has been made. 1797 – Rollo applies the first significant approach to the treatment of diabetes. Early 1800s – First chemical tests developed. 1848 – This is the first linking of diabetes and glycogen metabolism. 1869 – “Islets of Langerhans” 1897 – Average life expectancy of people with diabetes is reported. 1911 – Benedict devises a new method to measure urine sugar (Benedict’s Solution). 1921 – Insulin is “discovered”. A de-pancreatized dog is successfully treated with insulin. 1945 – Average life expectancy increased. WHAT IS DIABETES? a metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels...
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...Abstract Diabetes is a word that is used for a group of metabolic diseases, where a person has high blood glucose (less formally known as blood sugar), either because the body doesn't make enough insulin or the body doesn't act properly around insulin or both. "People that have high blood sugar will usually experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia)" (Medical News Today). There are three different types of diabetes; type-1, type-2, and gestational. Each of the three types of diabetes has different causes, symptoms, and treatments. Gestational Diabetes This type of diabetes only affects females during pregnancy. So needless to say gestational diabetes is only diagnosed...
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...Diabetes and Pregnancy HCS/245 Instructor September 10, 2012 Abstract Being pregnant is a very exciting time in a women’s life. The thoughts of bring a new life into the world can be exciting and scary at the same time. A woman can have diabetes before becoming pregnant and they can also develop diabetes during pregnancy, this called Gestational diabetes. In the past, women who were known to have diabetes were discouraged about becoming pregnant due to all the health problems for the mother and the health problems that a baby could develop before being born (WebMD, page 1). A few of the health problems for the mother would be: miscarriage, premature delivery, low blood glucose at delivery, eye problems, worsening kidney problems, and preeclampsia just to name a few. The health problems for the baby would be birth defects, prolonged jaundice, respiratory distress syndrome, and being born prematurely and all the problems that go along with being premature. Another common problem with babies of pregnant women with diabetes is that they have very large babies. This happens because the babies receive too much sugar from the mother and it turns to fat which in turn increases the size of the baby. This can make the baby to large to be delivered naturally and a cesarean delivery would then be necessary. As stated in WebMD, “once delivered, the baby could develop dangerously low blood sugar right after delivery because of high levels...
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...or know of someone currently diagnosed with diabetes?”)There are an estimated 15 million people with some form of diabetes in the United States.” According to the National Diabetes Fact Sheet, “1.9 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed in people aged 20 years and older in 2010.” Diabetes ranks seventh among the leading causes of death in the United States and causes more deaths than breast cancer and AIDS combined. . Preview: Diabetes is a chronic disease in which there are high levels of sugar in the blood. There are three main types of diabetes, Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin Dependent, and Gestational Diabetes. . Body . Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus also known as Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Type I diabetes is also known as juvenile onset diabetes. 1. “Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease.” 2. People with this type have little or no ability to produce insulin. a. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. 3. The pancreas undergoes a change and cells that usually produce insulin are destroyed by the body’s own immune system, believing the pancreas to be a foreign organ. a. As a result, the body may then try to eliminate the pancreas. 4. The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown; this kind of disorder can be passed down through families. 5. If you have been diagnosed with Type I diabetes, you should have a check-up each week until...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Christa Hackett SOC 313 Sabrina Geoffrion June 17, 2013 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic, incurable condition of carbohydrate metabolism that involves an imbalance of the supply and demand for insulin; it is the most common of all endocrine conditions (Laffel & Wood, 2007; Olefsky, 2001). Diabetes is a common health condition that affects millions throughout the universe. Diabetes affects millions of people in different and diverse ethnic groups. In the United States diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death. Diabetes is a growing problem in the US and it is becoming an epidemic. There are 3 types of diabetes mellitus, Type-1, Type-2, and Gestational Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent and accounts for at least 10% of diagnosed cases. In Type 1 diabetes the immune system makes it hard for the body to produce insulin. With no insulin the body cannot transform sugar from food into nutrients for cells. When excess sugar collects in the blood stream, it may eventually cause premature death and heavy damage to organs. Type-1 diabetes can affect adults and children suddenly and require supplemental insulin, a carefully planned diet and exercise regimen. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in young adults, teenagers, and children. Type 1 diabetes happens when the body’s immune system strike and destroys cells in the pancreas, the organ which is located behind the lower part of the stomach. These beta cells commonly produce insulin, the hormone...
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...Case study – Gestational Diabetes and the effects it has on mothers and neonates As midwifery becomes more complicated and the numbers of women becoming pregnant, who present with or develop medical conditions which can impact on the health of themselves and their babies increases; it is important midwives are knowledgeable in order to recognise and help manage the risks and complications that may arise as a result of these conditions. Furthermore able to discuss these risks with expectant mothers and their families, to ensure women are able to make informed decisions about care which they receive, even if choices available to them are restricted as a result of the condition which they are suffering from. For this case study I have decided to explore diabetes and the affects it has on care mothers and their babies require antenatally, during the intrapartum period and postnatally. As 87.5% of pregnancies affected by diabetes are due to the development of gestational diabetes (NICE,2008) and therefore the most common type, I have decided to focus on gestational diabetes, although many of the guidelines put in place are similar when caring for women who have diabetes prior to becoming pregnant. With no previous medical experience prior to embarking on my midwifery degree, I had limited knowledge of gestational diabetes and the impact it can have on women physically and emotionally; especially if left undiagnosed or the care they receive is lacking. I wanted to gain a better...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Machelle Van N140 Instructor’s Name November 5, 2012 Diabetes Mellitus According to the Australian Institute of Health and Wellness, “Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body makes too little of the hormone insulin or cannot use it properly” (pg. 1, para 1). The pancreas produces insulin which helps glucose to enter cells through the bloodstream; the sugar is then converted into energy. Diabetes is uncontrollable when there is a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream, and there is not enough glucose entering the cells. If left untreated, diabetes can cause damage to the brain, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, and complications to other parts of the body. Diabetes often appears in childhood or adolescence. Etiology The disease affects more than 20 million Americans and more than 40 million Americans have pre-diabetes that can lead to type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the cells become resistant to the action of insulin, and the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to overcome the resistance. Three Major Types of Diabetes Type I Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | Gestational Diabetes | Diagnosed in childhood or adolescence; the disease can occur in adults. | Common than type 1 diabetes; makes up many of the disease. | Develops at any time during pregnancy. | The body cannot produce insulin. | Occurs frequently in young people, and adulthood. | Women are at a higher risk of developing type...
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...Questions on that clinical are not in bold, answers are in bold and additional info are italics so we can dertermie what to plug in and make part of our presentations. 1. What test should be done to evalulate the patients glucose tolerance?...A glucose challenge screening will determine if a glucose tolerance test is needed. A glucose challenge is a test to evaluate how your body processes sugar. A high level in your blood may indicate that your body is not processing sugar effectively (positive test). If the results of this screen are positive, the woman may have the Glucose Tolerance Test performed. It is important to note that not all women who test positive for the Glucose Challenge Screening test are found to have diabetes upon further diagnosis. No preparation is required prior to the test. During the test, the mother is asked to drink a sweet liquid (glucose) and then will have blood drawn one hour from having the drink, as blood glucose levels normally peak within one hour. No fasting is required prior to this test. Prior to the test the glucose tolerance test, your doctor will ask you to make sure that you are eating at least 150mg of carbohydrates for three days prior to the time you will be asked to fast (about what you will get from a slice or two of bread). You will not be permitted to eat or drink anything but sips of water for 14 hours prior to the test, so it is best to schedule the test for first thing in the morning. Additionally, you should...
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...Diabetes DIABETES More than 3% of the world population has diabetes; diabetes is caused by lack of a hormone called Insulin, which is produced by the organ pancreas to control blood sugar (Miller, 2010). Diabetes has been regarded as one of the biggest killers in the world. There exists three types of diabetes, type one, type two and type three. The most common is diabetes mellitus (Derek LeRoith, 2004). Therefore, Diabetes can be caused by little insulin, resistance to the protein insulin or even both. This paper aims to see to research on what causes diabetes, types of diabetes, the incidence and the risk factors associated with the disease. Problems Diabetes is a condition when there is a sharp rise of sugar levels in the blood. The body finds it difficult to deal with the high concentration of the sugar in the blood. Foods, which contain starch or carbohydrates such as, rice, bread etc and foods that taste sweet are digested in the body into glucose. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which allows glucose to move into cells to be used by our bodies for energy. When glucose levels increase above normal levels it leads to the complications of diabetes. Men and women are equally likely to suffer from diabetes, also being Asian or Afro-Caribbean, overweight, aged between 40 and 75 or having diabetes in the family can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. To understand...
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...The non communicable disease I am choosing to write about is Diabetes. I am writing on this because it is what interested me the most in this lesson. Also, I know people who have diabetes so it is easily relatable for me. Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body's inability to produce any, or enough insulin, and causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. When you have diabetes the body does not properly process food for use as energy. The most common types of diabetes are Type 2 diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Prediabetes, and Gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Prediabetes is where the sugar is high, but not high enough to be Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar but really only affects pregnant women. Preventing diabetes is actually pretty simple if you follow a short set of guidelines. If you...
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...“Living with diabetes is like living with a tiger. If you feed it, groom it, never turn your back on it; you can live with a tiger. If you abuse it; it'll pounce on you and rip you into shreds.” Diabetes, also known as Diabetes mellitus, is characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose (Sugar) in the blood. This is a complex group of diseases caused by a number of different reasons. When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar to decrease to normal levels. In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain...
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...Health Promotion: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels Health promotion is composed of three levels. Primary is the initial level of health promotion and prevention of diseases. The next level is secondary which involves early detection of a disease and prompt intervention to prevent the progression of the disease. Tertiary, the final level, is when a disease is permanent and the goal is to return the individual to the best possible level of functioning (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). According to American Diabetes Association website, the 2011 diabetes statistics in America is 25.8 million of the population has diabetes. This paper focuses on the health promotion in primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of patients diagnosed with diabetes. Health promotion can affect many factors of a patient’s life from progression of a disease to loss of school or work days therefore loss of education and income to increase in healthcare. O’Donnell (2009) defines health promotion as: “the art and science of helping people discover the synergies between their core passions and optimal health, enhancing their motivation to strive for optimal health, and supporting them in changing their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. Optimal health is a dynamic balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health. Lifestyle change can be facilitated through a combination of learning experiences that enhance awareness, increase motivation, and build skills and...
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...Diabetes, a disease associated with serious complications and premature death, is known as a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production and/or insulin action. Type 1 diabetes, which is usually known for striking children and young adults, develops when the body’s immune system destroys Pancreatic Beta cells. Pancreatic Beta cells are the only cells that regulate blood glucose. Patients with this type of diabetes usually need several insulin injections a day or and insulin pump to maintain or survive. Family history, Autoimmune disease, where the body mistakenly attacks the insulin producing cells, and environmental factors are risks factors of type 1 diabetes. Next, Type 2, which is the most common, accounts for 90-95% of all diagnosed cases. It begins with resistance to insulin. This is when cell do not use insulin properly. Risks of type 2 is anyone age 45 or older, obesity, family history of diabetes, diabetes during pregnancy, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and being of the Native American, Hispanic/ Latino American, Asian, or Pacific Islander race. Last, Gestational diabetes, which is a form of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed with some women at pregnancy. It requires treatment to help normalize maternal blood glucose levels. These treatments are given to avoid complications in the infant during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is most common in African American...
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...lead to multiple life threatening diseases, such as diabetes. When people hear the news that they have been diagnosed with diabetes, it makes them feel frightened. In 2011, statistics show that in United States 25.8 million of children and adults has diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). American Indians and Alaska natives have a higher percentage of adults with diabetes than other ethnicities (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). Diabetes is a serious life-long illness caused by high level of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin that is located in the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that moderates the blood level. Diabetes affects the process of how the body uses blood sugar (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). Glucose is significant since it is “the main source of fuel” (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). There is no cure for diabetes but there are ways to lower the risks. Although diabetes is a disorder, it can also lead to other factors such as heart attack, kidney failure, or death. A person with diabetes has to maintain a healthy lifestyle including eating the right food, exercising, controlling their blood sugar level, and be optimistic. Diabetes occurs in several forms but the major ones are Type I and II diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type I diabetes is also known as “Juvenile Diabetes” because it typically occurs in children and young adults. The symptoms for Type I diabetes are frequent urination, extreme thirst and hunger, unusual...
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