...consolidation of royal authority following his victory at Bosworth and up to the end of 1487? Henry VII consolidated his royal authority through a series of Parliamentary acts such as the acts of attainder, allowing him to give power to Lancastrian allies, and predating his reign, to allow him to make any of Richard’s Yorkist troops guilty of treason. Although he also consolidated his power by marrying a Yorkist heir and using his image to portray power. The most important act passed by Parliament at the beginning of Henry VII’s reign was the acts of attainder and the repelling of Richard III’s titulus regius, this is because they allowed Henry to give power back to Lancastrians and legitimise Edward IV’s children. In giving power back to Lancastrians he made sure that his nobles supported him and could be relied upon – he also kept some Yorkists in key roles to avoid alienating their supporters. The legitimisation of Edward’s children allowed Henry to marry a Yorkist heir, Elizabeth, he wouldn’t have been able to do this without Parliamentary acts. Although Henry’s marriage itself was very important in securing royal authority as in marrying someone with a strong claim to the throne he would have greater authority as king and marrying into...
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...Political Absolutism/ Absolute Monarchy – France Constitutional Monarchy – England Steps Toward Political Absolutism in France: King Henry IV – 1) elected the Duke of Sully (Maximillian de Bethune) to reduce French debt that accumulated during fighting between Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots) during the Age of Religious Wars. 2) Brought religious fighting to an end by granting the Huguenots religious toleration via the Edict of Nantes, and 3) Strengthened political power of the French Monarch by limiting the power of the nobility over the regional parliaments. Louis XIII – was assigned Cardinal Richelieu, by his mother Marie de Medici, as his personal advisor, when he was too young to rule at 9. Because of her inept capabilities to rule, Louis XIII, at 23, helped Richelieu send his mother into exile after which the king gave full support to Cardinal Richelieu to run the French Government. Richelieu succeeded in further strengthening the power of the monarch by 1) destroying the castles of the nobility and 2) crushing the political power of the Huguenots, who surrendered their fortified cities, military and territorial rights for religious toleration via the Peace of Alais (1629). 3) Finally, Richelieu transferred power from the nobility to royal elected officials through his creation of the intendant System. Louis IX – was assigned Cardinal Mazarin at the age of 3 as his personal and financial advisor and Prime Minister at the request of Louis’ mother...
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...During the Wars of Roses, a European royal house of Welsh origins rose to power, a dynasty, which rules England for the next one-hundred and eighteen years. The powerful and most well known dynasty is the House of Tudor. Henry VII became king in 1485 and took Elizabeth of York as his wife.They had four children Prince Arthur of Wales, Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII, and Mary Tudor. Henry VIII was born June 28, 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich. Being the second born son Henry was raised and educated to take a secular role in life, most likely as the Archbishop of Canterbury. His grandmother Margaret Beaufort supervised his early childhood education. Henry was reported to excel at book learning as well as athletics required by those apart of the aristocratic society. But even as well educated, handsome, and athletic as Henry was his father continued to favor the elder Prince Arthur. When Henry had reach the age of 10 he took part in his brothers arranged wedding to the daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. His job was to escort the bride; the bride was Catherine of Aragon who was later to be Henry VIII first wife. Shortly after the marriage, Arthur died on April 2, 1502 from night-sweats. This left Henry the rightful heir to the English throne right before his 11th birthday. Fourteen months after Arthur’s death, Catherine of Aragon was betrothal to Henry VIII, and then he was too young to marry. As Henry VIII grew up his father became less willing to...
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...The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN...
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...What immediate problems did Henry VII after he had defeated Richard III (at Bosworth) and how did he solve them? His claim to the throne was weak; in fact it was the weakest claim since William the Conqueror. His claim was through an illegitimate line (somewhere in his family history two of his ancestors had not been married) and he was technically barred from the throne. Other claimants (people who thought they had a right to be King) included: 1. Edward, Earl of Warwick – Nephew of Richard III and Edward IV. 2. John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln – Nephew of Richard III and Edward IV. He had been nominated by Richard III as his heir. 3. Edmund de la Pole – Nephew of Edward IV and Richard III. 4. The Princes in the Tower - Edward V and his brother Richard. Sons of Edward IV. The Yorkists still had support in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard III's sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. This made it inevitable that other claimants would crop up and challenge Henry for the throne. Many of the barons/nobles still possessed armies (retainers) that were a constant threat to Henry and peace in the country. (Overmighty subjects) The crown's treasury was nearly empty after the 100 Years War and the subsequent War of the Roses. England did not enjoy good relations with many countries of Europe. There was a constant threat of invasion from Europe on behalf of the Yorkists. All the powers of Europe doubted Henry's ability to survive, and most were...
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...King Henry VIII King of England and Lord of Ireland "We are, by the sufferance of God, King of England; and the Kings of England in times past never had any superior but God." Quote by King Henry VIII made to Cardinal Wolsey in 1515 Henry tutor, who is named after his father Henry VII the first of the Tudor dynasty, Henry was born on, born the 28th of June 1491. His mother Elizabeth of York and father Henry VII. The tutor dynasty is known as royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms; this included the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Henry’s Tutor character according to historical records handsome 6’2 man, great athlete, hunted and played tennis. He was also a great composer of music, including the “greensleves”. Not only for his great looks, Henry being very smart as well, studied theology before the age of 12, to prepare for the clergy.( Henry VIII: The King and His Court [Paperback]) King Henry VIII is viewed as one of the most controversial rulers in history. His desperation to have his name carried on with a male heir, and his need to have ultimate power led him to do what no other ruler dare to attempt. His desperation to have his name carried on with a male heir, and his need to have ultimate power led him to do what none other before him had dared attempt. To fully understand the reasons behind his actions, one needs consider his personal characteristics, the women in his life, as well as...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...The act of consolidating power means bringing together the separate parts of the society for one person to control. Henry VII felt that he had to go to extreme measures in order to consolidate his power - firstly due to the political instability following the Battle of Bosworth, but also because he had an illegitimate claim to the throne, compared to Elizabeth of York and other Yorkists who had a much stronger claim. Throughout this essay I will outline the challenges Henry faced while trying to consolidate power, including the factors that he had to overcome such as creating an heir to the throne, how he treated his opponents and supporters and how he dealt with the nobility. Henry won the throne in the Battle of Bosworth after defeating Richard III. As the usurper, his support and acceptance from the public was always going to be dubious; his throne was very insecure. But after being crowned in Westminster and calling a successful parliament who swore an allegiance to their new king, it was clear that the English public were in support of the Lancastrian. Cunningly, Henry dated his reign one day before the battle occurred, thus protecting him from any later potential accusations of treason. He pardoned many of the Yorkists who fought against him at Bosworth, proving his capability of a compassionate and peaceful leadership. However, he did not hesitate in imprisoning and executing some of his opponents either. Parliament also introduced the Act of Attainder, which declared...
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...not have the perfect fantasy life that you think a princess would have. She, like many, had struggled throughout her childhood. Even though Queen Elizabeth had a very hard childhood, she is now known as one of the greatest, most influential queens of all time. Queen Elizabeth had an extremely traumatic childhood. On September 7, 1533 Queen Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace (Hanson). Queen Elizabeth’s birth was one of the most exciting political events in the sixteenth century European history (Hanson). She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn (Moral and Greenblatt). When Queen Elizabeth was two years old, a tragedy occurred within her family. Her mother, Anne Boleyn, had been charged with adultery and treason. Her father, King Henry VIII, made the very difficult choice of beheading her due to the charges he bestowed upon her. Shortly after her mother's death, her father remarried a woman named Jane Seymour. Jane died not too many days after she gave birth to her son, Edward (Sharnette). When Queen Elizabeth was four years old, her life changed due to the presence of an important person, Katherine Champernowne. Katherine...
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...F961A3: Henry VIII to Mary I, 1509-1558 A: What were Henry VIII's aims as king from 1509-1529? Henry VIII's personality and role in government ▪ Henry VIII was a confident and energetic monarch. He had a much stronger claim to the throne than his father and there were no threats to his throne from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry...
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...The English Reformation has a history of its own; a series of numerous events that brought about a reshaping of the Church, a paradigm shift in peoples understanding of ministry, as well as some other critical theological beliefs. And so it is also widely considered as the turning point for Christianity in England because it brought along reformed ideas, thoughts and ways of doing things, not only in the church, but also in England. A new dawn had come. The English Reformation is also remembered for the political ambitions and struggles which juxtaposed side by side with the theological and spiritual issues of the time. There were hot debate, burnings at the stake, organized coups, charges of treason and heresy and divorces which polluted the air. The history of the English Reformation certainly does not make for bedtime stories, nevertheless it is what it is and Christianity in England consequently took a dramatic turn of events. When we think of the Anglican Communion we think of the Book of Common Prayer and when turn the pages we can do nothing else but think of the scholar, priest and revolutionist who created it, Thomas Cranmer. Out of the smoke of the reformation arose the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556). Cranmer, amongst many is one of the iconic figures who helped influence Christian church history, and is often referred to as the ‘Architect of Church of England.’ In particular, Cranmer’s most noted contribution came to the surface during the...
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...1. Introduction "I am called the Virgin Queen. Unmarried, I have no master. Childless, I am mother to my people. I am the queen, I am myself." This quote from the movie “Elizabeth: The Golden Age“ describes the fascination about Elizabeth I of England in few sentences. A woman, who could prevail in a male-dominated society. A woman, who waived her own fortune for the sake of her subjects. A woman, who influences the national pride of the English even today. So it is not surprising that there is plenty of literature, opera and movies about Elizabeth I. The following term paper examines three movies, where Elizabeth I is the protagonist. “Elizabeth“, with Cate Blanchett in the leading role, is about the days of her youth. The 1998 movie shows the development of a young princess, who was crowned after the death of her half sister Maria. The first years of her reign are very turbulent, because the creation of a Protestant Church by her father Henry VIII and the return to Catholicism under Maria split the nation. The inexperienced Elizabeth has to determine which religion should be the official one in order to prevent a civil war. Meanwhile her consultants give her advice to keep the line of succession by marriage. But to whom shall she entrust her heart and kingdom? At the end of the movie all problems are solved and Elizabeth creates the icon of the “virgin queen“. Nine years later, the sequel of the movie from 1998, “Elizabeth: The Golden Age“ was released. She is in her 26th...
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...Roger Wert Early English History – Dr. Reiter Elizabeth1 in English history? As a figure in English and international history, the iconic Elizabeth 1 was a skilled politician and a force to be reckoned with throughout her lifetime in English royal politics. When she ascended to the throne of the nation she oversaw the development of a second tier country into a first tier nation on the forefront of political and economic world geopolitics and economics. She restored a floundering sense of national pride to the people of England and employed such an effective communication style throughout her endeavors that her influence is still studied as a core of MBA curriculum in the universities of today.[1] To properly respect the veneration surrounding the story of Elizabeth in English history, it is important to understand the tumultuous turn of events that eventually brought her to the throne. Recognized today as one of England's most effective, respected, and long-seated monarchs, her path to the throne was never assured, and certainly was not without conflict. It is partly because of her compelling leadership and partly because of her unlikely rise to power that her time on the throne is so impressive today. Elizabeth was born in 1533 to King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn. A particularly unique and tumultuous time in the religious landscape of England, Anne was two months pregnant with Elizabeth when Henry split England from the Catholic Church...
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...GCE History |Contents |Page | | | | |Unit A2 1: Option 1, Anglo–Spanish Relations 1509–1609 |5 | |Unit A2 1: Option 2, Crown and Parliament in England 1600–1702 The Changing Role and |17 | |Status of Parliament | | | |37 | |Unit A2 1: Option 3, Liberalism and Nationalism 1815–1914 | | |Unit A2 1: Option 4, Nationalism and Unionism in Ireland 1800–1900 |51 | |Unit A2 1: Option 5, The Clash of Ideologies in Europe 1900–2000 |67 | Introduction CCEA has developed new GCE specifications for first teaching from September 2008. This scheme of work has been designed to support...
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...No desire to involve herself in the details of government in the same way as Henry VII • She took an informed interest in decision-making processes • She was determined to preserve the prerogative powers of the Crown → she wanted to make the most important decisions • She had to overcome the prejudice against female rulers and the inferior woman stereotype The Role of Key Personalities • Most important person: Sir William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, who served for almost the whole of her reign • Robert Dudley: important as a military figure and as a promoter of the Puritan cause Relationships between Elizabeth and her ministers • John Guy: ‘she controlled her own policy more than any other Tudor’ o ‘she knew her mind; her instinct to power was infallible’ • Alan Smith:...
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