The (un)Official
United States History
Cram Packet
This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ……. But it is a powerful tool for review.
1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain
1497: John Cabot lands in North America.
1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain.
1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast.
1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley.
1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States.
1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida.
1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California.
1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony
1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System – land for population – people spread out
1608: French establish colony at Quebec.
1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America.
1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe
1619: First African slaves brought to British America. 15. Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses
1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority • 1624 – New York founded by Dutch
1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill” - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools
1630: The Puritan Migration
1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship
1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony
1635: Connecticut founded
1636: Rhode Island is founded – by Roger Williams 23. Harvard College is founded • 1638 – Delaware founded – 1st church, 1st school • 1649 – Maryland Toleration Act – for Christains – latter repealed
1650-1696: The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament. - limited trade, put tax on items
1660 – Half Way Covenant – get people back into church – erosion of Puritanism
1670: Charles II grants charter for Carolina colonies – Restoration Colony
1672: Blue Laws: Connecticut – death codes for disagreeing with parents or bible
1676: Bacons Rebellion – Virginia – Bacon wants frontier protection from royal Gov. Berkeley – put down - first uprising against British • 1682: Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. – Quaker – 1st library – center of thought

|North |South |
|Set up laws / codes |Dependent on crop – kills land |
|Brought families |Less urbanized |
|Less land = closeness |Poorer communication, transportation |
|Social and economic mobility |Indian problems |
|Puritan work ethic |Slower defense |
|Better relations with Indians | |

• 1686: Dominion of New England – royal Gov. Andros – attempt to unify Northern colonies to curb independence – - Suspended liberties – town meetings - Failed – Andros left • 1689-1713: King William's War (The War of the League of Augsburg).
1692: The Salem Witchcraft Trials.
1696: Parliamentary Act.
1699-1750: Restrictions on colonial manufacturing.
1700’s – Enlightenment – reason, natural rights, diesm (god made universe but doesn’t control it) - John Locke, Adam Smith, Rousseau

|Colony Characteristics |
|Bi-cameral legislature White, male, landowners vote |
|Town meetings No British Troops |
|Mobocracy to oppose authority Legislature – governor is puppet |
|Courts / law Small, Balanced, Elected |
|No standing armies |

1702-1713: Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession).
1720 – 1740: Great Awakening – George Whitefield, Edwards, Gibbens – threatning - salvation for all, extreme piety, Divine Spirit
1733: Georgia Colony is founded. – buffer state 36. Molasses Act – import tax on molasses, sugar, rum – to curb trade with French West Indies – not strictly enforced
1735: Zenger Trial – victory for freedom of the press – truth is not libel
1740-1748: King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession).
1754-1763: The French and Indian War - Over Ohio River Valley – trade / settlement - French build forts – Fort Duquesne – and are friendly with the Indians - English Gov. Dunwittie has stock in Ohio Land Company – sends George Washington to expel the French - British declare war • 1754 – Albany Plan of Union - for defense – fails and shows disunity of colonies

|Colonies Reject |Crown’s Rejection |
|Taxation by colony, crown, and colonial gov. |Colonies make own laws |
|Southern stated don’t want to participate in |Colonies have own protection |
|Northern wars |Colonies have right to declare war |
|Representation based on hom much money each | |
|colony gives | |
|British should be responsible for protection | |
|President not elected | |

1761 – writs of assistance – search warrents to enforce Navigation acts – James Otis opposes
1763: Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War - French loose all territory 42. Paxton Boys Rebellion – dissatisfied about frontier protection in PA 43. Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians • Pontiac’s Rebellion – tribes organize against British movement • SALUTORY NEGLECT ENDS
1764: The Sugar – to raise revenue – England in debt - cut Molasses Act in half - objection – 1st direct tax – “No taxation without representation” 45. Currency Acts – prevents printing of colonial money
1765: The Stamp Act – tax on printed materials to “keep troops in colonies” - colonists don’t want standing army - Sons of Liberty enforce non-importation • Stamp Act Congress – Protests Stamp Act - We buy only from England, and deserve equal privileges • 1766: Quartering Act – colonies must support troops
1767: The Townshend Acts – tax lead, paint, paper, glass, tea - colonies react by non-importation, Samuel Adams Circular letter - Governor of Mass suspends legislature
1770: The Boston Massacre. 49. Golden Hill Massacre in NY
1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence. 51. Gaspee Incident – British ship burned – attempted to collect taxes
1773: The Tea Act - reduces price to tea – gives England a monopoly 53. Boston Tea Party – dump tea into sea
1774: The Intolerable Acts – to punish Boston 55. Boston Port Act – closes ports 56. Massachusetts Government Act – no town meetings, no trial by jury, military rule, Quartering Act 57. Quebec Act – Quebec added to Ohio River Valley - Britain supports people in Quebec Catholic, don’t have trial by jury, no election 58. The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia

|First Continental Congress |
|Moderate – don’t want to split from England |
|Demand rights of Englishmen |
|Joseph Galloway – Plan of Union – council with delegates from colonies, president by Crown – rejected |
|Declaration of Rights and Resolves – reject Intolerable Acts, ultimatum – no trade |
|Establish Continental Association to enforce |

.
1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord 60. The Second Continental Congress convenes.

|Second Continental Congress |
|More radical |
|Issued “Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms” |
|Appoint George Washington as commander |
|Olive Branch Petition – last attempt to reconcile- rejected |

1776: R.H. Lee’s Resolution – “should be independent states”

|For Independence |Against Independence |
|Military advantages |No military |
|Loss of natural rights |Laws were broken – we are being punished |
|trial by jury, taxation without representation, |Democracy hasn’t worked before |
|quartering, charters, no assembly |No certain foreign support |
|Limited currency |Consequences of losing |
|Fighting for home rule |Not unified |
|British government impractical |Taxation for protection |
|Best time to unite | |

1776: American Declaration of Independence 63. Thomas Paine's Common Sense 64. Battles of Long Island and Trenton
1777: Battle of Saratoga – turning point in Revolution 66. Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation - Dickinson

|Articles of Confederation |
|Independent, free, sovereign states Union for defense |
|Have same duties and restrictions Delegates appointed annually |
|Each state one vote Freedom of speech and debate |
|Individual states can’t enter into alliances Can’t wage war without consent |
|with foreign states Money in treasury depends on value of land |
|Can’t enter alliance or hold treaties without Can’t control trade |
|consent of congress |

67. Vermont ends slavery.
1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France – sends navy and army
1779: Spain declares war on England.
1781: British surrender at Yorktown - Cornwallis looses
1783: Treaty of Peace is signed – violated – Articles of Confederation weak - Independence recognized - Granted fishing rights - Loyalist restitution of property - Britain withdraws from forts (Not really) - Free Navigation of Mississippi
1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. – government responsible over territory 73. Treaty of Hopewell - ends hostilities with Cherokee
1786: Shay's Rebellion – depression, no market, no hard currency, farmers poor - want Mass. Government to print more money - rebellion put down by donations – Articles of Confederation fails- no army 75. Annapolis Convention – agreement between states - fails
1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. – to revise Articles .

|Constitution |
|I. House of Representatives – sole power to impeach, bill for revenue |
|Senate – try impeachments |
|Congress – tax, excese, duties, commerce regulation, declare war, raise army |
|II. Executive – commander, make treaties with consent, appoint judges |
|III. Supreme Court – original jurisdication |
|IV. Protection against invasion, domestic and foreign |
|V. 2/3 of both houses to amend constitution |

77. Great Compromise – bi-cameral legislature (equality in Senate, popular in House) 78. 3/5 Compromise 79. No importation of slaves after 1808 80. James Madison develops principles for the US Constitution 81. Northwest Ordinance – prohibits slavery in west, provides for states to be admitted on equal status
1789: George Washington is inaugurated first President. 83. Judiciary Act – establish courts beneath Supreme Court 84. French Revolution – don’t help France
1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified

|Bill of Rights |
|Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly |
|Right to keep and bear arms |
|No quartering without consent |
|Against search and seizure |
|Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of life, liberty, or property |
|Right to speedy trial |
|Guaranteed trial by jury |
|No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment |
|Rights not confined to what is written |
|Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states |

• First Bank of the United States is established • Hamilton’s Program – debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain

|Hamilton |Jefferson |
|People checked by elite |Government run by people |
|Strong central government |Central government too oppressive and expensive |
|National debt |British government corrupt |
|British government is model |Executive not perpetual |
|Executive in for life |Against standing army |
|Weak state government | |

• 1793: Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin. • 1794: The Whiskey Rebellion – poor farmers don’t want to pay excise tax – Wash. uses troops to put down • 1795: Jay Treaty - with Britain – US will not trade with ports opened during war time that were closed . during peace time – Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia • Pinckney’s Treaty – with Spain – free navigation of Mississippi River, right of deposit in New Orleans.
1796: Washington's Farewell Address – strong central government and foreign neutrality
1796: John Adams (Federalist) elected ; Jefferson (Rep) VP 88. XYZ Affair: France attacks Am. Ships and makes unreasonable demands – no money, no war
1798: Alien and Sedition Acts – illegal to publish anything against government or president 90. 1798-1799: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – gave states right to nullify if unconstitutional – anti-Alien and Sedition Acts • 1799: Fries Uprising – oppose federal tax on property – put down • Logan Act – citizen can’t represent government - George Logan attempts to negotiate with France
1800: Convention of 1800 – Hamilton negotiate with France, we pay to Am. attacked by France 92. Thomas Jefferson elected – government changes to Democratic-Republican
1803: Louisiana Purchase – Federalists oppose – establish loose construction of the Constitution 94. Marbury vs. Madison - Supreme Court declares parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Court could declare law unconstitutional and powers of Court only given in Constitution
1804: New Jersey ends slavery. 96. 12th Amendment – separate ballots for President and Vice President 97. Essex Junto – Federalist organization in New England attempts to seceed
1804-1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition.
1805: Tipoli war ends – defeat of Barbary pirates
1807: Robert Fulton builds his first steamboat. 101. US ship Leopard sunk by Br. for refusal to be searched 102. Embargo Act – stop exports – no war, no impressment – Federalist object to cut off trade
1808: African Slave Trade ends.
1809: Nonintercourse Act – resumes trade with all but France and Britain
1810: Fletcher vs. Pack - action of state can be declared unconstitutional
1811: Charter for Bank of U.S. rejected 107. Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison defeats Indian Tecumseh who made alliance with Indians for defense
1812-1814: The War of 1812 – to protest trade, stop impressment, protect mercantilism - War Hawks – want Canada to join - Federalist against war
1814: Treaty of Ghent – ends war with a status-quo 110. Era of Good Feelings begins 111. Hartford Convention – Federalists against War of 1812 and mercantile practices of Madison
1816: 2nd Bank of U.S. created 113. 1st protective tariff 114. American Colonization Society founded – to relocate free blacks to Liberia 115. Election of Madison (Rep) vs. King (Fed) 116. Henry Clay’s American System – federally founded domestic improvements and protective tariff
1817 – Veto of Bonus Bill by Madison – Bonus bill for domestic improvements 118. Rush- Bagot Disarmament – between US and Br. – to get fishing rights
1818: Convention of 1818 – enforcement of fishing rights – N. Louisiana boundary at 49 parallel
1819: Transcontinental Treaty - Get Florida from Spain – Jackson invades, remove Spanish threat 121. Panic of 1817 – land speculation, banks can’t pay loans of Bank of US = bank runs 122. McCulloch vs. Maryland – Enforced constitutionality of 2nd Bank of US and “the power to tax is the power to destroy” 123. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- Broad interpretation of contract
1820: Missouri Compromise – Main admitted as free state and Missouri a slave state but no slavery north Missouri 125. Land Act – reduce price of land – encourage development
1822: Cumberland Road Bill – to build road – Monroe vetoes
1823: Monroe Doctrine declared – No future colonization of this hemisphere 128. Treaty with Russia – get everything under 54 parallel
1824: Election John Quincy Adams (Rep) defeats Andrew Jackson (Rep), Clay (Rep) - Jacksons “Corrupt Bargain” 130. Gibbons vs. Ogden – interstate trade controlled by fed. courts
1825: The Erie Canal is opened.
1826: Panama Conference (PAN American) - Congress doesn’t send ambassador to avoid slavery issue
1828: Tariff of Abominations – protective – South opposes 134. South Carolina Exposition and Protest – by Calhoun – reaffirms right of state to nullify 135. Election of 1828: Jackson promises to limit executive power, internal improvements, lower debt
1828: Removes appointies – trusts friends – “kitchen cabinet”
1829: Maysville Road Bill Veto – only within Kentucky 138. Webster (nationalist) – Hayne (states rights) Debates – began over Tariff of Abominations
1830s: The Second Great Awakening.
1830: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins operation.
1831: The Liberator begins publication. – abolitionist become vocal 142. Nat Turner Rebellion 143. Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper.
1831-1838: The Trail of Tears--Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma.
1832 – Tariff of 1832 – raises tariffs again – Calhoun resigns 146. Force Bill – allows president to do what is necessary to enforce tariff 147. Ordinance of Nullification – South Carolina nullifies tariff – Clay negociates and reduces tariff 148. Veto of Bank of U.S. re-charter 149. Department of Indian affairs established 150. Seminole War with Indians begins 151. Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia – Federal government has control, not Georgia 152. Agreement with Britain to open West Indies ports
1833: Roger Taney removes federal funds from Bank of U.S. by order – thinks bank is unconstitutional
1835-1836: Texas War for Independence – “Lone Star Republic”
1836: The Gag Rule 156. Specie Circular – western land must be paid by hard currency 157. Election of 1836 – Harrison (Whig) defeated by Van Buren (Democrat)
1837: US recognizes the Republic of Texas. 159. Oberlin College enrolls its first women students. 160. Charles Bridge vs. Warren Bridge- only strict interpretation of contract 161. Panic of 1837 – in part due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from Bank of U.S. - Van Buren does nothing
1938 – 1839: Aroostook “War” – bloodless – boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick
1840: Independent Treasury System – constructs vaults to hold federal money 164. Election of 1840 – Harrison (Whig) defeats Van Buren - Harrison catches pneumonia and dies, VP John Tyler becomes president

|Democrats |Whigs |
|Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren, Benton |Clay, Webster, John Quincy Adams, Harrison |
|“Republicans” |“Federalists” |
|Against monopolies and privilege |For national power; Bank of US |
|Decrease tariff |Increase in tariffs |
|For state rights |Internal Improvements |

1841: Independent Treasury Act Repealed 166. Tyler vetoes re-charter of Bank of U.S. 167. Preemption Bill – to distribute money from sale of western lands to states – bill defeated
1842: Tariff Bill – raised tariffs back to 1832 status 169. Dorr Rebellion: Rhode Island – rebellion against land qualifications for voting – Tyler puts down 170. 1839: Webster – Ashburton Treaty – ends boundary dispute • 1843: Oregon Trail - migration • 1844: Election of 1844 –Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty – anti-slavery) • 1845: Taxes annexation Bill – by Tyler – permits admission of Texas and Florida 171. Annexation of Texas
1846: Elias Howe invents the sewing machine.
1846-1848: Mexican-American War- Gen. Taylor provokes Mexicans by moving into disputed Rio-Grande / Neuces River - Three part plan to take over Mexico – decide against 174. Slidell Mission –Slidell sent to negotiate – rejected by Mexico 175. 1846,1847: Wilmont Provisto – no slavery in new states formed from Mexican land – rejected 176. 54” 40’ or Fight – Get Oregon below 49th parallel 177. Reestablish Independent Treasury System – vaults 178. Walker Tariff Bill – lowered tariff
1847 – Polk Doctrine – resurrection of Monroe Doctrine concerning admitting new states into union 180. Obtain Oregon below 49 parallel
1848: Trist Mission – Trists negotiates Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo - Get territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming 182. Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California. • Women's Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY – headed by Mott and Stanton • Election of 1848 – Taylor (Whig) defeats Cass (Dem. – father of pop. sovereignty) and Van Buren(Free-Soil – abolitionists) – Taylor dies (1850) – Milard Fillmore VP
1850: Clay’s Compromise of 1850 – passes as separate acts during Fillmore – but violated - California free state - Other areas – popular sovereignty - US takes Texas debts - Slave trade banned in Washington - Fugitive Slave Law strengthened 184. Clayton – Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality of a canal in Central America
1852: Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to US trade. 186. Election of 1852: Pierce (Dem) defeats Scott (Whig)
1853: Gadsden Purchase – buy land from Mexico to build RR 188. Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Stowe
1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed to create two states for a RR to go to west – slavery in states determined by popular sovereignty – North fears overturn of Missouri Compromise • New England Emigrant Aid Society – into Kensas / Nebraska territory 190. 1854-1859 – Bleeding Kansas – Topeka (Free Soilers) government vs. LeCompton (slavery) gov. 191. Ostend Manifesto – by Buchanan to take Cuba – rejected 192. Walker expedition – Walker raises army, takes Nicaragua, Pierce recognizes new government
1856: Lawrence Mob Violency: abolitionist materials burned 194. Pottawatomie Massacre: John Brown kills four pro-slavery people 195. Election of 1856: Buchanan (Dem) defeats Fremont (Rep –Free Soil) and Fillmore (Know Nothings)
1857: The Dred Scott decision. - slaves are property to be taken anywhere – allows for slavery in North - Missouri Compromise unconstitutional 197. LeCompton Constitution rejected 198. Panic of 1857 – depression – Buchanan does nothing
1858 – Lincoln – Douglas Debates – on extension of slavery into new territories 200. Free Port Doctrine – Dred Scott decision has to be enforced – if not popular sovereignty rules 201. “A House Divided” against itself can’t stand – Lincoln’s speech
1859 – John Brown’s Raid – Harpers Ferry to free slaves
1860: Crittenden Compromise – last attempt at amendment against barring slavery below 36’ 30 line - fails
1860: Election of 1850 – Lincoln (Rep) defeats Douglas (Dem) - Lincoln not abolitionst

|For Seccession |Against Seccession |
|North violates rights – doesn’t enforce fugitive laws |Not truly free and independent state |
|History – right to abolish a destructive government |Agreed to follow majority |
|Money from treasury goes for Northern interests |Gave up rights to join union |
|Government for the north |“form a more perfect union” |
|Gov. taking away property |Contract among people not states |
|No majority – rights taken away | |

1860-1865: The Civil War 206. 1860: South Carolina secedes. 207. Beginning of Industrial Revolution – “Guilded Age” • 1861: The Civil War begins at Fort Sumter – Beauregard (S) fires first shot • “Necessity Knows no Law” – Lincoln increases army, navy, 1st income tax, green backs, no freedom of press or speech, Villandigham (Copperhead – Peace Dem) jailed • Confederacy established – Davis – President; Stephens - VP

|Confederate Constitution |
|No protective tariffs No federal funded improvements |
|States could impeach federal officers States supreme |
|Slavery protected 2/3 of house to appropriate money (Problem) |

1861 – Kansas admitted as a free state 209. Ex Parte Marryman – Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and passes martial law in Maryland – Taney says only Congress can Suspend habeas corpus • Bull Run – South wins – Civil War becomes long • 1862: Pacific RR Act – partially fed. funded – gave land for RR • Homestead Act – 1862 – gov. land grants for agricultural college • 1863: Battle at Antietam • Banking Acts (1863, 1864) – establish federally charted banks • Draft Riot - NY • The Emancipation Proclamation. • Battle of Gettysburg – turning point • Lincoln announces "10 Percent Plan." – lenient plan – must plan allegiance to US • 1864: Election of 1864 – Lincoln (Rep) defeats McClellan (Dem) • Wade – Davis Bill: South divided into military units until majority pledges allegiance and bans slavery • Wade - Davis Manifesto: Congress controls Reconstruction • Pullman Car and Refrigerated Car invented • Sand Creek Massacre – Chivington attacks defenseless Indian village • 1865: Civil War Ends – Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, VA • 1865: Freedman's Bureau is established – education and food 210. Lincoln is assassinated – Andrew Johnson becomes president 211. Johnson’s amnesty plan – pardons almost all Confederates 212. Thirteenth Amendment – abolishes slavery • 1866: Ex Parte Milligan – Military courts can’t try civilians when civil courts are open • Civil Rights Act is passed over Johnson's veto – gave blacks equal rights • National Labor Union formed – short lived – attempted political involvement (womens rights, temperance, 8hr day, cooperatives) • Fetterman Massacre – troops killed • 1867: Alaska Purchased. 213. Grange – organization formed by Kelly for social and educational reform for the farmer – Farmers face deflation, debt, drought, depression 214. Reconstruction Acts – divide South into 5 military units, protect black voting, est. new constitutions • 1868: Tenure of Office Act – Pres. Can’t remove any appointed official without Senate consent - declared unconstitutional – Congress can’t take away powers of Pres. • 14th Amendment – All persons born/ naturalized within US are citizens – equal protection 215. Ku Klux Klan begins. • Washita River – Custer destroys Cheyenne village 216. Carnegie Steel Company is formed. 217. Election of 1868: Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem) • 1869: Transcontinental RR completed from Union Pacific and Central Pacific • Knights of Labor formed - secret • 1870: Fifteenth Ammendment is ratified – right to vote can’t be determined by race, color, etc. • Force Acts - to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments • Standard Oil Company is formed. • 1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal – stock holders of RR construction company overcharge gov. for job • Election 1872: Grant re-elected • 1873: Slaughterhouse Cases – 14th Am doesn’t place fed gov’t under obligation to protect basic rights concerning monopolies • 1874: Red River Wars – last attempt to resist reservationis • Farmers Alliances – anti-RR pools, rebates, pass Granger laws • 1875: Civil Rights Act – gave blacks equal rights • Pearl Harbor acquired. • 1876: Battle of Little Bighorn. – Custer killed • U.S. vs. Reese- allows voting qualifications – literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause • Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. • Election 1876: Hayes (Rep) defeats Tilden (Dem) • 1877: Munn vs. Illinois – If in interest of public good, than states can regulate prices reasonably • Compromise of 1877 – Hays becomes president, troops withdraw from South • 1878: Hall vs. DeCuir – allowed segregation • Bland – Allison Act – coined a limited number of silver • Treaty of 1878 – get rights to Pago- Pago, Samoa • 1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric light. • Knights of Labor go public – Pres. Powderly – no strike stand – both skilled and unskilled –too diverse • 1880’s Dust Bowl begins • 1880: Election of 1880: Garfield (Rep) defeats Hancock (Dem); Garfield dies – V.P. Chester Arthur • 1881: Tuskeegee Institute is founded. • Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor • 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act • European Restriction Act • 1883: Brooklyn Bridge is completed. • Civil Rights Cases: allowed individual discrimination • More Jim Crow laws passed • 1884: Election of 1884: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Blaine (Rep) • 1886: The American Federation of Labor is founded by Gompers – for skilled only (no women/ blacks) – dealt only with labor – used strikes 218. Interstate Commerce Act – regulate RR and private businesses 219. Haymarket Incident – 1886 – peaceful turned violent – people think unions are radical • 1887: Interstate Commerce Commission - forbid long haul / short haul practices • American Protective Association – Anti-Catholic • Dawes Severalty Act – government break up land individually – break up farms - failed • 1888: Election of 1888- Harrison (Rep) defeats Cleveland (Dem) • 1889: Jane Addams founds Hull House • Berlin Conference – US, Britain and Germany agree to joint protection of Samoa – doesn’t work • 1st Pan American Conference – trade agreement • Bering Sea Controversy – over seals • 1890: North American Women's Suffrage Association is founded. • The Sherman Antitrust Act. – “Trusts in restraint of trade are illegal” • 1890-1900: Blacks are deprived of the vote in the South. • Wounded Knee – Indians revolt to outlawing the sacred ghost dance – Last Indian war • Sherman Silver Purchase Act – gov’t buys silver but doesn’t coin – curb inflation • McKinley Tariff Act – raises tariffs • 1892: The Homestead Strike –at Carnegie Steel – Pinkerton guards and troops put down strike • Miners strike - Idaho 220. General Electric Company formed. 221. Populist Omaha Platform – 8hr work day, nationalization of RR, inflation, coinage of silver, anti-rich capitalist, decrease tariff 222. Election of 1892: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Harrison (Rep) and Weaver (Populist) • 1893: Depression • Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed – devalued gold • 1894: The Pullman strike – Pullman Co. controls prices but fires workers – Am Railway Union strikes • Coxey’s Army marches on Wash. for unemployment relief • 1895: U.S. vs. E. C. Kight Company. – difference between manufacturing and commerce – manufacturing doesn’t fall under anti – Trust Act • Pollack vs. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. – income tax is unconstitutional • In reDebs – strikes are a restraint of trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech – both races must accept and help each other – blacks have to earn rights • 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal” • Election of 1896: McKinley (Rep) defeats Bryan (Dem) • Cross of Gold Speech by Bryan • 1897: Dingley Tariff – raises tax on duties • 1898: Spanish American War – because of election year and yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst) • Maine explodes – “Remember the Maine” • DeLome Letter – criticizes McKinley • Williams vs. Miss. Upheld literacy test • Get Hawaii • Peace of Paris: Gives Cuba Independence and US gets Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam • 1899: Samoa divided between US and Germany • Teller Amendment – gave Cuba freedom • Open Door Notes – Hay – agree to territorial integrity of China • 1900: National Negro Business League founded by Booker T. Washington • Gold Standard Act – gold standard unit of value • Progressive Era – cure corruption, anti-monopolies, temperance, help immigrants and labor, building codes, public utilities • Boxer Rebellion – Chinese nationalist rebel – foreign nations unite to put down rebellion • 1901: US Steel Corporation formed. • Platt Amendment – gave US a base in Cuba and permission for troops to intervene and consent to treaties • Insular Cases – Constitution does not follow the flag • 1902 – Coal Strike • 1903: Department of Commerce and Labor created • Hay-Herran Treaty – for Panama canal – rejected by Columbia • Hay – Buena Varilla Treaty – gives US land in Panama • Elkins Act – dealt with RR rebates – part of “Square Deal” • 1904: Panama Canal Zone acquired. 223. The National Child Labor Committee is formed. 224. Roosevelt Corollary: addition to Monroe Doctrine – made US a police force - Take over Dominican customs duty - Arbitrates in Venezuela dispute with Germany • 1905: Industrial Workers of the World is formed. • 1906: Upton Sinclair writes The Jungle – meat packing reform – resulted in Meat Inspection Act • Gentleman’s Agreement – Japanese can return to school – if Japan limits immigration • T. Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth of Russo-Japanese War – receives Nobel Peace Prize • Hepburn Act - strengthened the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission • Pure Food and Drug Act - Established Food and Drug Administration • 1907: Drago Doctrine – Invest in Latin America at own risk • Bank Panic • 1908: Muller vs. Oregon – limited number of hours for women • Root-Takahira Agreement – Japan will honor Open Door Notes • 1909: NAACP is founded. • Taft begins implementation of Dollar Diplomacy (Haiti, Nicaragua) • Payne-Aldrich Tariff – lowered tariffs • Ballinger - Pinchot Controversy – Ballinger, Sec. of Interior, dismissed – charged with not following nation;s conservation policy • 1911: Standard Oil Co. vs. US – court determines what’s a reasonable trust – Standard Oil Co. broken up • 1913: The Sixteenth Amendment – authorized income taxes 225. The Seventeenth Amendment – direct popular election of Senate 226. Underwood Tariff – lowered duties 227. Federal Reserve Act – created federal reserve system • 1914: The Federal Trade Commission is established. 228. The Clayton Antitrust Act – amendment to Sherman Anti-Trust Act – strengthed anti-monopolistic reform 229. Federal Trade Bill. 230. United States invades Veracruz in Mexico – US soldiers arrested • 1915: The USS Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine • troops sent to Haiti • 1916: Adamson Act – allowed government to take over RR - administered by McAdoo • troops sent to Dominican Republic • War Industries Board – coordinate production and mobilize – headed by Beruch • Food Administration – headed by Hoover - Leiver Act – set prices for agricultural products • Fuel Administration – headed by Garfield – control fuel prices
1917: US enters WWI 232. Great Migration – blacks move from South to North – causes race riots – Harlem Renaissance – Garvey back to Africa movement 233. Creel Committee: Public Info. – spread propaganda – formed Liberty Leagues

|For War |Against War |
|Submarine warfare |“He Kept Us Out of War” |
|Destroying trade |Only benefit the wealthy |
|Violating rights |British violated our rights too |
|Espionage and sabotage |Germany tried to avoid Lousitania |
|Zimmerman Note |Propaganda |
|Keep balance of power | |
|Make world safe for democracy | |

• 1918: National War Labor Board – Under Taft – prevented strikes • Armistice Day • Treaty of Versailles – Germany accepts full blame, demilitarize Rhineland, Ger. Looses all colonies
1918: Wilson's Fourteen Points.

|Important Points |
|Open covenants Freedom of seas and trade |
|Disarmament Rebuilding of Belgium |
|Form Poland *League of Nations |

235. Espionage and Sedition Act.- suppress criticism, can’t interfere with draft • 1919: The Palmer Raids. • Shenck vs. US – “clear and present danger” – open opposition to war will undermine war effort • Abrahms vs.US – upheld Sedition Act • American Protective League – pro-war activists, prosecuted and censored 236. Senate rejects Versailles Treaty and League of Nations - Ireconcilables – Borah – disagree with Article X = involvement in foreign affairs - Reservationist – Lodge – accept treaty if Article X is clarified – only Congress can commit troops 237. Eighteenth Amendment is ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages. 238. Race riots - Chicago 239. Volstead Act – enforced 18th Amendment
1920: Nineteenth Amendment grants Womens Sufferage. 241. Women vote 1st time 242. KDKA – 1st radio station 243. Sinclair Lewis writes Main Street 244. First Commercial radio broadcast.
1921: Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League. 246. Revenue Act – decreases taxes 247. Washington Disarmament Conference – limit naval arms 248. Post War Depression 249. Immigration Act – restricts immigration
1922: Sinclair Lewis writes Babbit 251. Fordney McCumber Tariff – high increase in duties
1923: Teapot Dome Scandal – Sec. of Interior Fall sells oil reserves to private industry 253. Harding dies
1924: McNary – Haugen Bill – vetoed – help farmers by buying surplus 255. Dawes Plan – helped Germany with reparation – provided loan 256. Peak of KKK
1925: The Scopes "Monkey" Trial. 258. Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald 259. The New Negro by Locke
1926: Weary Blues by Hughes
1927: Charles Lindbergh flies from New York to Paris solo. 262. Immigration Law 263. Sacoo and Vanzitte executed 264. “The Jazz Singer” – 1st talkie
1929: Kellog – Briand Pact: Peace alliance 266. The Great Stock Market crash

| Causes of Crash |
|Durable goods Profits increase; wages stay same |
|Easy credit Federal Reserve does nothing |
|Overproduction Speculation and margin buying |
|Debt |

267. Agricultural Market Act – establish Federal Farm Board – assistance to farmers 268. Tax Cut 269. Young Plan – reduced reparation payments, no longer involved in German economy
1930: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff – high protective tariff 271. London Naval Treaty – decrease number of ships
1931: Japan invades Manchuria
1932: Stimpson Doctrine 274. Federal Home Loan Bank Act – assist with morgages 275. Public Works Project 276. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation – part of trickle down economics – lent money to banks 277. Bonus Army – marches on DC to receive veterans bonus – Hoover sends in troops 278. Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President.
1933: New Deal begins 280. WPA – Works Progress Administration – employed artists, writers, photographers 281. CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps 282. NIRA- National Industrial Recovery Act – sets up NRA – business men make codes for min wages, hr. 283. Glass Stegall Banking Act – kept us on gold standard – and created FDIC – against bank runs 284. SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission – watched market prices 285. AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Association – paid farmers not to overproduce 286. TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority – bring electricity – competes with private industry 287. CWA – Civil Works Administration 288. NYA – National Youth Administration 289. HOLC – Home Owners Loan Corp. 290. “Good Neighbor” Policy – Repudiated Roosevelt Corollary 291. Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations 292. 20th Amendment –Presidential term starts on Jan. 20
1934: NYE Investigation: determines cause of WWI 294. Indian Reorganization Act - restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. 295. Share the Wealth society founded by Huey Long – called for distribution of wealth
1935: Schechter Poultry Corporation vs. US – NRA unconstitutional – put legislative power under executive administration 297. Wagner Act: set up National Labor Relations Board 298. Fair Labor Standard Act – set min. wage and hours 299. CIO – Congress of Industrial Organization – labor union for skilled and semi-skilled 300. Social Security Acts – provided benefits to old and unemployed 301. Revenue Act – 1935 – tax the wealthy 302. 1st Neutrality Act – stop selling munitions to belligerents – Am. can’t travel on belligerent ships
1936: Butler vs. US - AAA unconstitutional – put taxes on processing 304. 2nd London Conference on disarmament 305. 2nd Neutrality Act – no lending money to belligerent nations
1937: 3rd Neutrality Act: Cash n’ Carry (pay for it and transport it yourself) – doesn’t apply to Latin America and China 307. Quarantine Speech – isolate belligerent nations 308. Panay Incident- Japanese bomb Am. ship – U.S demands only apologies and reparations 309. Japan moves into East China – US does nothing
1938: End of New Deal Reforms.

|For New Deal |Anti - New Deal |
|Regulation of federal institutions |Socialistic program |
|Benefits to labor |Unconstitutional |
|Help unemployed |Deficit spending |
|Restored confidance |Gov’t competes with Private industry |
| |Monopolistic |
| |Worthless – creates dependency |

John Steinback’s Grapes of Wrath
1940: Selective Service – peace time draft 313. Destroyers for Bases Deal 314. Smith Act – finger printing of aliens
1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor 316. Lend Lease - lend materials for war 317. US enters WWII. 318. Relocation Camps for Japanese
1942: Congress of Racial Equality – prevent segregation and discrimination 320. Revenue Act of 1942 - effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII
1943: Office of Price Administration – seals prices, rations food 322. Detroit race riots - government does nothing 323. Casablanca Conference - FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies 324. Cairo Conference - conference of the Allied leaders to seek Japan's unconditional surrender. 325. Tehran Conference - FDR, Stalin, Churchill to discuss strategy against Germany
1944: GI Bill - benefits for veterans – money for education, mortgage – creates middle class 327. D-Day – July 6, 1944
1945: Yalta Conference – Allies meet to decide on final war plans 329. Battle of Bulge – Last German offensive 330. Okinawa - deadly military campaign on Pacific island 331. US joins the United Nations 332. Nationwide strikes due to inflation – OPA disbanded 333. A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 334. Germany and Japan surrender ending World War II 335. Roosevelt dies – Truman VP 336. Potsdam Conference - Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Germany to set up zones
1946: Kennan containment – prevent spread of communism 338. Employment Act – goal to have full employment 339. Atomic Energy Act – establish Atomic Energy Commission – develop better bombs 340. President’s commission on Civil Rights – advocate rights 341. Philippines get independence 342. Churchill's "Iron Curton" speech in response to Russian aggression.
1947: The Marshall Plan – economic aid to Europe after WWII 344. Taft –Hartley Act – 80 cooling period not to strike – labor leaders must sign Non-Communist oath 345. Truman Doctrine – financial commitment to nations fighting Communism 346. Federal Employee Loyalty Program – anti-communistic oaths 347. National Security Act – created CIA 348. Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier • 1948: Election of 1848- Truman defeats Dewey and Thurman(DixiCrat) • Truman desegregates armed forces • Berlin Blockade - Berlin Airlift • OAS – Alliance of North America and South America • Alger Hiss Case – convicted of purgery • Nuremberg trials • 1949:NATO formed • Communistic Victory in China • Russia’s 1st A-Bomb • Department of Defense created • West and East Germany created • Fair Deal: most don’t pass; Housing Act (construction increases); minimum wage increases • Orwell, Ninteen Eighty-Four • 1950: Korean War begins – enter because of containment • McCarren Internal Security Act – illegal to contribute to Communism • McCarthyism – fear of communism wide spread • National Security Council Memo 68 – beginning of massive defense spending • 1951: 22nd Amendment – President can only serve 2 terms or 10 years • Denis vs. United States- upheld Smith Act under “clear and present danger clause” • Catcher in the Rye – Salinger • US – Japanese Treaty – bases in Japan • ANZUS – Australia, New Zealand, and US ally • MacArthur fired by Truman – invades China • 1952: Election of 1952: Eisenhower (Will end war) vs. Stevenson • 1953: Rosenbergs executed • terminate reservations for N.A. • Armistice in Korea – 38th parallel • Shah of Iran returns to power in coup – to keep Iran from going Communistic • Krushchev in control of Russia • 1954: Army – McCarthy hearings – brought down Joseph McCarthy • Brown vs. Board of Education – overturns Plessy vs. Furguson decision • SEATO – alliance Turkey, US, Iraq, and Iran • Fall of Dien Bien Phu – French loose in Vietnam • Geneva Conference – reduction of nuclear weapons, divide Vietnam along 17th parallel – elections in a year • Mao bombs Taiwan – Eisenhower threatens to send troops in and the A-bomb - brinkmanship • China bombs Taiwan – Eisenhower sends in troops – China backs off • 1955: Montgomery bus boycott begins – Rosa Parks • AFL and the CIO merge • Warsaw Pact: USSR and Eastern European allies unite to counter NATO • 1956: Election of 1956: Eisenhower re-elected: ended Korean “War” and balanced budget • Suez Crisis – Egyptian President nationalizes canal • Howl – by Allen Ginsberg – bohemianism – Beat Generation • Interstate Highway Act - building federal roads; movement into rural area; creation of suburbs • Hungarian Revolution – rebel against Communism – US doesn’t support • US puts Diem in power in South Vietnam • Election 1956: Eisenhower defeats Stevenson again • 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine – extends to Truman Doctrine to Middle East – help fight Commies • Domino Theory - if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another that one would fall, producing a domino effect. • Baby Boom peaks • Civil Rights Act- create permanent civil rights commission – supervise voting • Little Rock school desegregation • Russians launch Sputnik – space race • 1st nuclear power plant • On the Road – Jack Kerouac • 1958: National Defense Education Act- funding to math, science, and language programs • NASA formed • 1959: Cuban Revolution –Castro invades • Labor Reform Act – protect employees • Alaska and Hawaii admitted as states • 1960: U-2 incident – US spy plane goes down in USSR – convert operation discovered • Greensboro sit -in • Civil Rights Act – federal government registers black voters • Election 1960: Kennedy (Dem) defeats Nixon (Rep) – 1st TV debate • National Lieration Front – Viet Cong formed • 1961: Bay of Pigs: attempt to overthrow Castro – fails • Trade Embargo on Cuba • Alliance for Progress - to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs. • Berlin wall built to stop crossing • Peace Corps – encouraged US citizens to help third world countries • Coup regime in Vietnam – Diem assassinated • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - an Arab majority - oil trade - joined together to protect themselves. • 1962:Cuban Missle Crisis – USSR sends missiles to Cuba – US removes missiles from Turkey and USSR from Cuba. • Baker vs. Carr – end of gerrymandering – manipulating voting districts • Engel v. Vitale - prayer in public schools were banned on violation the First Amendment. • Silent Spring Rachel Carson – on pollution • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty • 1963: Kennedy assassinated by Oswald – Johnson becomes President • Test Ban Treaty – no testing in atmosphere or ocean – US, USSR, Br • March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. I have a Dream Speech • The Feminine Mystique , Betty Ferdan • 1964: 24th Amendment – outlaws poll tax • US enters Vietnam War - Tonkin Gulf – 1 bullet fired at US ship causes war: • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Johnson can police Vietnam • War Powers Act – restrained president’s ability to commit troops overseas • Economic Opportunity Act: Job Core for youth training; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA); Office of Economic Opportunity – establish Equal Opportunity Laws • Civil Rights Act: public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race. • Tax reduction • Great Society- Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress. • 1965: Medicare and Medicaid – aid to elderly • Higher Education Act – Federal Scholarships • Ralph Nadar's Unsafe at any Speed -criticized poor construction and design of automobiles • Watts, Detroit race riots - army sent in • Voting Rights Act - it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. • 1966: Department of Housing and Urban Development established • Department of Transportation created • National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act – promote car safety requirements • Miranda vs. Arizona –the accused must be read his/her rights • National Organization for Women (NOW) - advocate equal rights • 1967:25th Amendment – Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP • 1968: Election of 1968 – RFK shot; Nixon elected • Nixon's "New Federalism" - returning power to the states • Vietnamization begins – war extends • TET – Viet Cong attacks during Vietnamese holiday • War extended to Laos and Cambodia • Civil Rights Act - attempted to provide Blacks with equal-opportunity housing. • 1969: Vietnamization begins – slow withdrawal of troops from Vietnam • Nixon Doctrine – reducing number of troops abroad by helping nations economically and militarily • Armstrong walks on the moon • Warren E. Burger appointed - a conservative to fill Earl Warren's liberal spot.] • U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral • 1970: Kent State – Protest war – troops sent in – 4 die • 1971: Reed vs. Reed – outlawed sexual discrimination • Desegregation – kids bused into black/white schools • New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation • 1972: Election of 1972: Nixon re-elected defeating McGovern in largest landslide victory • Nixon visits Red China and Russia: eases tensions • SALT1: Nuclear arms limitation agreement • Watergate Scandal begins: burglarizing and wiretapping the national headquarters of the Democratic Party - investigation headed by Baker • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes • 1973: VP Agnue resigns: Ford replaces him • Treaty of Paris: Ends Vietnam – troops withdrawn – Vietnam temp. divided again • Gideon vs. Wainwright - court decided that state and local courts must provide counsel for defendants in felony cases • Roe vs. Wade - restricting abortion is unconstitutional. • 1974: Nixon resigns • Ford pardons Nixon • Vietnam becomes Communistic • Kaher roge – ruthless regime established in Cambodia • 1975: US ship Mayaquez attacked by Cambodia - crew rescued • South Vietnam becomes Communist • 1976: Election of 1975: Carter defeats Ford • 1977:US gives up rights to Panama Canal in 1999 • 1978: China and US agree to establish diplomatic relations • 1979: Create Department of Energy and Department of Education • Fuel shortage • Camp David Accords: Peace between Israel and Egypt • Shah expelled from Iran: American embassy taken hostage: Carter’s rescue mission fails • SALT II - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with Russia - removed after Russia attacked Afghanistan • Three Mile Island - power plant failure emits radiation in Pennsylvania • 1980: Election of 1980: Reagan wins with his “Reaganomics” program of reducing taxes and spending - "supply-side" and "trickle-down" economics • Iran hostages released • Olympic Boycott - The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • 1981: Air Traffic Controllers Stike • Assassination attempt on Reagan • Economic Recovery Tax Bill: • Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman Supreme Court justice • 1983: Military invasion of Grenada (Caribbean island) to stop Communism • American peacekeeping force in Lebanon attacked by terrorists - 241 dead • 1984: Taxes increase • 1986: US bombs terrorist targets in Libya • 1988: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) limiting intermediate-range nuclear missiles with Russia

-----------------------

Historiography

Bonomi – awakening was a contest between Enlightenment and Pietism
Butler – Awakening didn’t occur – not united, different congregations, no structure

Side Note:
Admiralty Courts – royal courts that were paid for convictions. - Colonists oppose

Historiography
Bancroft – quest for liberty
Beer, Andrews, Gipson – constitutional issues
Charles Beard – economic – conflict of classes
Boorestine – preserve traditional rights
Bailyn – Intillectual Revolution
Nash – social revolution – break barriers

W
A
S
H
I
N
G
T
O
N

1789
1796

A
D
A
M
S
1796
1800

J
E
F
F
E
R
S
O
N

1800
1808

M
A
D
I
S
O
N

1808
1816

M
O
N
R
O
E

1816
1824

A
D
A
M
S
1824
1828

J
A
C
K
S
O
N

1828
1836

Historiography

Parton – Jackson wanted to dominate
Turner – Jackson triumph of democracy and representation of people – universal manhood suffrage and two party system
Hammond – Jackson contributes to panic 0f37 by dismanteling bank
Temin – panic and depression inevitable – caused by bank

V
A
N

B
U
R
E
N
1836
1840

T
Y
L
E
R

1840
1844

P
O
L
K

1844
1848

T F
A I
Y L
L L
O M
R O R E
1848
1852

P
I
E
R
C
E

1852
1856

B
U
C
H
A
N
A
N

1856
1860

L
I
N
C
O
L
N

1860
1865

Historiography

Sibly – slavery overemphasized as cause for Civil War – more sectional differences
Holt – slavery cause political struggle

Historiography

Woodward – South unique, different, agric.
Goven – sectional differences exaggerated
Beringer – Confederacy defeated because of loss of will – poor leadership, defeat
McPherson – defeat inevitable, internal divisions, Northern superiority
Morison – War fought for moral issues
Schlesinger – slavery couldn’t be peacefully abolished

Historiography

Stamp – Reconstruction successful – economic consolidation, democracy, Amendments ratified
Foner – failed to secure rights for blacks, corruption and fractionalism

J
O
H
N
S
O
N

1865
1868

G
R
A
N
T

1868
1876

Historiography

Tipple – Robber Barons – threatened traditional beliefs, destruction of competition
Chandler – entrepreneurs were hard working and innovative
Arnold – anti-trust acts preserved competition
McGraw – regulation inefficient

H
A
Y
E
S
1876
1880

A
R
T
H
U
R
1881
1884

C
L
E
V
E
L
A
N
D
1884
1888

Historiography

Laurie – labor radical – want gov’t regulation, public ownership
Degler – labor reactionary – preserving against capitalism, had anti-socialistic ideals

H
A
R
R
I
S
O
N

1888
1892

Historiography

Goodwyn – populist are democratic Activists - reactionary
Hicks – populists are rational people reacting to harsh laissez-faire
Hofstadter – anti-intillectuals fighting for lost cause – class vs. class – radical
Turner – West has been a major impact on American policies since beginning

C
L
E
V
L
A
N
D

1892
1896

M
C
K
I
N
L
E
Y

1896
1900

Historiography

Beards – Imperialism due to economic reason – trade threatened
Bemis – US land hungry
Pratt – white man’s burden

R
O
O
S
E
V
E
L
T

1900
1908

T
A
F
T
1908
1912

W
I
L
S
O
N

1912
1920

W
I
L
S
O
N

1912
1920

Historiography

Kennan – Wilson an impractical idealist
Trask – Wilson had realistic war goals that coordinated with larger diplomatic aims

Historiography

Barnham – prohibition works – aimed at saloons, gambling, corruption, and prostition.

H
A
R
D
I
N
G
1920
1923

C
O
O
L
I
D
G
E
1923
1928

H
O
O
V
E
R

1928
1932

R
O
O
S
E
V
E
L
T

1932
1945

R
O
O
S
E
V
E
L
T

1932
1945

T
R
U
M
A
N

1945
1952

Historiography

Kelly – conflict between USSR and US inevitable – different values, structure
Paterson – US more powerful – attempt to dominate makes conflict inevitable

E
I
S
E
N
H
O
W
E
R

1952
1960

K
E
N
N
E
D
Y

1960
1963

J
O
H
N
S
O
N
1963
1968

N
I
X
O
N

1968
1974

F
O
R
D
1974
1976

C
A
R
T
E
R
1976
1980

R
E
A
G
A
N
1980
1988