...accumulated at the atmosphere will prevent most of the outgoing infrared radiation at the atmosphere from escaping into outer space. The main source of carbon dioxide emission is the burning of fossil fuels to generate energy in order to meet our daily requirements. Although the dependable energy supply by fossil fuel is essential in our every day life, because of its adverse effect is why the government should implement policies to encourage the use of renewable energy resources to conserve the environment. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, uranium, natural gases are non-renewable energy sources, which mean these resources cannot be re-made or regenerated. In contrast to that, renewable energy resources like hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy do not deplete, or it will take a substantially long time to deplete them as it can be replenished by nature. Statistics has shown that there is an increase in the investment of renewable energy over the pass few years, in 2007 more than $100 billion was invested in renewable energy (Renewables 2007 Global Status Report 2007, p. 16). Even China which has overtaken the United States as the world’s leading producer of greenhouse gases (cited in Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley 2007 p.1). is switching to renewable energy resources(Renewables 2007 Global Status Report 2007, p. 8). The main reason for the switch to renewable...
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...Radiation D) Electrical Which of the following is not a unit of energy? A) Joules B) Meters C) BTU D) Calories What is the energy stored in the bonds that hold molecules together called? A) Chemical B) Kinetic C) Nuclear D) Thermal Which of the following is the process of breaking a large nuclei into two intermediate size nuclei? A) Chemical reaction B) Nuclear fusion C) Nuclear fission D) All of the above A woman moves a box through a distance of 10 m. What is the work done if the force applied is 10N? A) 100 J B) 50 J C) 0 J D) None of the above How many calories is 1 food calorie equivalent to? A) 1,000,000 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10,000 What property of a small meteor falling from the sky causes a lot of damage when it hits the earth? A) High Kinetic energy B) High heat energy C) High Potential energy D) Explosive Chemical energy What happens to its temperature when a gas is compressed? A) can either increase or decrease B) decreases C) remains the same D) increases Energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called A) Thermal B) Kinetic C) Potential D) Chemical Energy can be created or destroyed. A) True B) False Correct answer(s): False In what direction does thermal energy flow? A) independent of the temperature difference B) From low temperature to high temperature C) From high temperature to low temperature D) in both directions What is the form of energy in a flying airplane? A) Radiant B) Chemical C) Mechanical D) Electrical What is the type of energy that a body possesses...
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...available from a given quantity of an energy resource is its net energy yield: the total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource minus the energy needed to make it available to consumers. • We can express net energy as the ratio of energy produced to the energy used to produce it. As the ratio increases, the net energy also rises. When the ratio is less than 1, there is a net energy loss. Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely Fig. 13-2a, p. 301 Fig. 13-2b, p. 301 Fig. 13-2c, p. 301 Fig. 13-2d, p. 301 Energy resources with low or negative net energy need help to compete in the marketplace • Any energy resource with a low or negative net energy ratio cannot compete in the open marketplace with other energy alternatives with higher net energy ratios unless it receives financial support from the government (taxpayers) or other outside sources of funding. – For example, the low net energy yield for the nuclear power fuel cycle is one reason why many governments throughout the world must heavily support nuclear power financially to make it available to consumers at an affordable price. Section 13-2 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS? Fossil fuels supply most of our commercial energy • The direct input of solar energy produces several other forms of renewable energy resources that: wind, flowing water, and biomass. • Most commercial energy comes from extracting...
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...6 technologies for the main sources of energy consumption were discussed. In Papers 7 and 8 the attention is focussed on technologies that impact on emissions from energy production. Table 1 provides data on the main sources of GHG emissions in the advanced economies for the year 2000. Table 1. Sources of GHG Emissions in the Advanced Economies, 2000 Source of emissions Electricity and heat production Petroleum refining Other energy production (coal and gas transformation) Fugitive emissions (coal, oil and gas) Total energy production All sources of emissions Note: (a) energy production as % of all sources of emissions. Source: CSES (2004). Tg CO2 -e 3831.2 420.7 324.6 441.5 5018.1 13175.3 % of total 76.3 8.4 6.5 8.8 38.1 (a) Papers 7 and 8 focus on emissions from the production of electricity and heat, which represent 76.3% of all emissions related to energy production. The other sources of emissions are not discussed in detail in this report. Coverage of the issues relating to these sources of emissions is given in CSES (2004). Incremental technological change is giving rise to modest improvements in energy efficiency in petroleum refining and the transformation of gas and coal. There are no apparent dramatic changes in technology in sight. Fugitive emissions are associated with the mining/drilling for fossil fuels and their distribution. These emissions are in the form of methane and nitrous oxides. The rate of improvement in mining...
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...Nate Johnson Professor Alvarez ENG 300 15 July 2014 Rough Draft: In the United States, a topic for debate is the energy crisis. The issue is that the United States’ current, most widely used energy sources, fossil fuels, is harmful to the environment. So as to not harm the environment, many people have made the switch to solar or wind energy, thinking that as long as they don’t use fossil fuels they are doing the environment a favor. However, no matter the energy source for use on a large scale, it is going to have its own unique issues. There are a number of energy alternatives within the United States. The two sides to the argument are renewables, such as wind and solar energy (the two most popular) versus fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas. Wind turbines can kill birds, cause health problems, and destroy forests and other wildlife. Solar energy is extremely costly (not only in money, but in energy as well) and it needs to be in the right climate to effectively capture the sun's energy. Fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide and other environment-harming pollutants. Despite coal's negatives, it is still critical for energy infrastructure in the United States because it is inexpensive, it is available, and the future of coal is becoming cleaner and more efficient all the time. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy are very attractive because the wind will always be blowing and the sun will always be shining. It theoretically is a great way...
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...warmer. We seem to ignore what is going on and just continue with our everyday life. There is evidence that our climate has been getting warmer ever year. Some scientist believe it is because of green house gases. Green house gases include the carbon dioxide from gases that our industry produces, methane gases that cows put off, and some believe it has nothing to do with things living on Earth. The scientist that believe we have nothing to do with global warming believe that the sun’s temperatures has something to do with it. There are some people who think that global warming is not a major crisis. The fact is that the planet is getting warmer. No scientist dines that fact, but reason why varies. We the people of the United States can also do things to help stop global warming. Global warming is define as “an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect.”(www.dictionary.reference.com) Over the last century the average temperature on Earth has increased by one degrees Celsius. One degree Celsius may not seem like much, but it is. Earth’s temperature depends on that giant glowing ball in the sky known as the sun. Most energy from the sun is reflected back into space, but some is trapped in by our atmosphere because of greenhouse gases which cause our temperature to rise. The temperature change caused warmer seas, which caused bigger hurricanes. For example the most recently disastrous...
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...ACID RAIN Acid rain is a mixture of deposited material, both wet and dry, coming from the atmosphere containing excessive amount of nitric acid and sulfuric acids. The rain is acidic in nature because of the presence of pollutants coming from the smoke from the cars and industries. Acid rain can occur in form of rain, snow, fog or dry material that settle to earth. The level of Acidity is determined by calculating the pH level in the water drops. Normal rainwater is slightly acidic. The pH level of normal rainwater ranges between 5.3 and 6.0. The normal rainwater is acidic because the carbon dioxide and water react with each other and form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a very weak acid. When the pH level of rainwater falls below this range, it becomes acid rain (conserveegergyfuture.com, 2013). Acid rain affects plants directly and decreases the quality of soil and reduced fertility of the soil. The adverse effects of acid rain are severe where there is more concentration of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide (science.opposingviews, 2015). Acid rain has many negative effects, on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments. The primary reason for acid rains is air pollution. Acid rain is caused by large amount of pollutants it can be minimized by conserving energy and reducing pollution. I believe if we do not take preventive measures for acid rains future generation may face severe consequences (environment.nationalgeographic, 2015). Sulfur and Nitrogen are...
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...Chapter 8: Renewable Energy Sources The Sustainability Revolution John C. Ayers "In a sense, the fossil fuels are a one-time gift that lifted us up from subsistence agriculture and should eventually lead us to a future based on renewable resources." Kenneth Deffeyes (2001) "I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that." — Thomas Edison, 1931 We cannot create or destroy energy. We can only capture it. The sun provides either directly or indirectly nearly all of the energy available to us. Plants capture solar energy directly through photosynthesis. Fossil fuels contain the energy of sunlight captured hundreds of millions of years ago. Photovoltaic (PV) cells also capture sunlight energy directly. Other energy sources capture the energy of sunlight indirectly. Heat from the sun powers the flowing air and water. We usually capture the kinetic energy of wind and water by using turbines that transfer the energy to an alternator, an electrical generator that produces alternating current. Geothermal energy is different in that it captures flowing heat energy produced by radioactive decay in the earth’s interior. In this chapter we will see that Wind, Water, and Sun (WWS) energy sources are sustainable because they are renewable, clean, safe, and nearly carbon-free. Although they have low energy densities, meaning that they require large areas of land or water to produce energy...
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...| | |NAME : RAUNAK ZATAKIA | | | |COURSE : ( BBA / TP / ) | | | |SUPERVISOR : Prof. Tapobrata Ray | | | |TITLE : Telecom Industry Marketing | |DATE : 06.12.2013 | Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment Of the requirements of the Graduate Degree BACHELOR IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION J.D.BIRLA INSTITUE At the JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY KOLKATA The Controller of Examination, Jadavpur University, Kolkata Respected sir, This research work has been conducted by me and is an...
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...A PROJECT TO DESIGN A BASIC START UP PLAN TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING A REPORT BY, CE1050 SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES 25 OCTOBER 2012 A REPORT ON A PROJECT TO DESIGN A BASIC START UP TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING Prepared for MS1001 (Professional communication course, National Institute of Technology, Calicut) as a part of curriculum Approved By: Jemshina.M.T Faculty, Professional communication Course, School of management studies, National Institute Of Technology, Calicut. 25 OCTOBER 2012 FORWARDING LETTER CE1050 H BATCH DEPT OF CE NITC 11 OCTOBER 2012 JEMSHINA.M.T. FACULTY PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION COURSE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES NITC Madam, SUB: SUBMISSION OF THE PROJECT REPORT We are submitting the project report on “DESIGNING A BASIC START UP PLAN TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING” due on 25 October 2012 as a part of our professional communication course. The purpose of the project is to introduce to the present generation about the various technologies available to limit the impact of global warming at an early stage. Through this project we intend to create awareness among people to demonstrate against the practices that badly affect the future of our planet. The highlights of the project are the promotion of green technology and it seeks to find solutions...
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...SCOPE OF COMPETITION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR IN INDIA ___________________________ INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED BY: PRIYANKA VARMA BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: MR. VIJAY KUMAR SINGH DEPUTY DIRECTOR (LAW) ____________________________ COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA NEW DELHI JANUARY 2012 i DISCLAIMER This project report has been prepared by the author as an intern under the Internship Programme of the Competition Commission of India for a period of one month from January 2, 2012 to January 30, 2012. This report is for academic purposes only. The views expressed in the report are personal to the intern and do not reflect the views of the Commission or any of its staff or personnel and do not bind the Commission in any manner. This report is the intellectual property of the Competition Commission of India and the same or any part thereof may not be used in any manner whatsoever, without express permission of the Competition Commission of India in writing. Priyanka Varma M.A. (Final) Economics Banaras Hindu University ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere thanks and regards to Mr. Vijay Kumar Singh, Deputy Director (Law), Competition Commission of India, Government of India, for giving me the opportunity to work on this sector and for guiding me every step of the way. I would also like to acknowledge the Library and Support Staff of CCI for their unconditional help and cooperation during the entire duration of my internship...
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...Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction: A storage device may be used to store energy from renewable energy source in DC form which can be converted to AC power by using power inverter. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) technique may be used to control output rms voltage of the inverter. As the load is variable, the power consumed by the load (PL) may be smaller than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR). Therefore a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller may be used to supply the additional power (PR – PL) from the renewable energy source to the grid. On the other hand if the power consumed by the load (PL) is greater than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR) therefore the same FACTS controller may be used to absorb the additional power (PR – PL) from the grid to the load. In this case the FACTS controller must allow bi-directional power flow. If all the active houses are connected to the grid in the same way (proposed way), the active houses that generate more power than the load can be supplied to the active houses that generate less power than the load. Therefore a suitable FACTS controller should be designed in such a way that it can control the power flow in both directions. The idea is illustrated in the following figure. 1.2 Objectives: • Study on different FACTS controllers • Study on different renewable energy sources • Study on different...
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...INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE Second Year NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES For the Course of Rural Engineering Technician State Institute of Vocational Education Directorate of Intermediate Education Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 2005 Author Sri Shali Habibulla M.Tech (Ref & A/c), Hons. C.H.E. M.I.S.T.E. Department of Rural Engineering Technician Govt. Junior College (Boys) New, Town, ANANTAPUR - 515 001. Editor Sri K. Jagadish Junior Lecturer in R.E.T. Govt. Junior College Vmedugula - 531027. Vizag (Dist.) PREFACE The main objective of vocational education is to train the students at +2 level for meeting the demands for the skilled manpower in both organised and unorganised sectors and also to provide an alternative channel for those who aimlessly persue higher education and to prepare them for self reliance. The State Institute of Vocational Education (SIVE) in collaboration with the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh has developed curriculum for 43 vocational courses in the field of Engineering & Technology Agriculture Health & Paramedical Business & Commerce Home Science and Humanities Accordingly the text books have been developed by SIVE as per the restructured curriculum by utilizing the services of various professional teachers in the respective fields. I am sure that this book will be immensely useful to the vocational students and teachers in understanding the concepts. I wish to place my sincere thanks on record...
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...Waste Waste is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea, sweat or feces. Litter is waste which has been disposed of improperly. Feces contain large quantities of fresh and soft texturized waste products. Waste is directly linked to human development, both technologically and socially. The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials. An example of this includes plastics and nuclear technology. Some components of waste have economical value and can be recycled once correctly recovered. Zero Waste America defines waste as "a resource that is not safely recycled back into the environment or the marketplace." This definition takes into account the value of waste as a resource, as well as the threat unsafe recycling can present to the environment and public health. The word 'waste' and the act of 'wasting' are human inventions. Waste doesn't exist in nature. In nature, everything has a purpose. Waste was created by humans for short-term convenience and short-term profit. Wasting results in long-term harmful consequences for both humans, nature, and the economy. Where does your waste go? Landfill As you can see from the chart most rubbish in Britain goes to landfill. We used to call landfills dumps or pits. We try to use old sandpits, gravel pits...
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...GLOBAL WARMING: Energy, Fall 2005 v30 i4 p36(2) It could get a lot warmer. (GLOBAL WARMING) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Business Communications Company, Inc. If humans continue to use fossil fuels in a business as usual manner for the next few centuries, the polar ice caps will be depleted, ocean sea levels will rise by seven meters and median air temperatures will soar to 14.5 degrees warmer than current day. These are the stunning results of climate and carbon cycle model simulations conducted by scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By using a coupled climate and carbon cycle model to look at global climate and carbon cycle changes, the scientists found that the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.5 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300. The jump in temperature would have alarming consequences for the polar ice caps and the ocean, said lead author Govindasamy Bala of the Laboratory's Energy and Environment Directorate. In the polar regions alone, the temperature would spike more than 20 degrees Celsius, forcing the land in the region to change from ice and tundra to boreal forests. "The temperature estimate is actually conservative because the model didn't take into consideration changing land use such as deforestation and build-out of cities into outlying wilderness areas," Bala said. Today's level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 380 parts per million (ppm). By the year 2300, the model...
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