...Who was John Wyclif? John Wyclif, was an English priest and professor at Oxford, who spoke against the church and had many unorthodox ideas during the fourteenth century. Wyclif undermined many institutions of hierarchy in the church teaching that any Christian could talk to God without the need for a priest and even that oral confession to a priest was illegitimate. Indulgences, Wyclif believed, were a waste of time, because he thought that there was nothing you could do to change or reduce God's judgment. State supremacy was brought forth by Wyclif. He believed that the church should not be able to own any land and if it did, it should be taken away by the state. So we have the state held above the church. John Wyclif was crucial to the later, sixteenth century protestant reformation....
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...How successful was Mussolini's foreign policy in the years to 1939? During the years 1922-39 Mussolini committed to many different foreign policies. Mussolini’s foreign policy aims for Italy were to build national prestige, increase domestic support for the regime, gain dominance over the Mediterranean, and spread fascism abroad to establish his empire. He had to consider factors whilst formulating his foreign policy plans such as trading, alliances (military back-up/defence), resources within the empire and war to ensure that his regime would be a success. In many ways, Mussolini’s foreign policy was a success in the short term. His foreign policies can be judged whether or not to be successful by looking at his aims, as previously stated, and if these aims were achieved. Mussolini entered the Spanish Civil War in 1936 as part of an anti-Bolshevik campaign and to help spread fascism abroad, one of the clear aims of Mussolini. Italy sent planes and troops to help nationalist General Franco’s revolt against Spain’s socialist government and despite Mussolini expecting a short war it lasted 3 years. Mussolini’s intervention of this war was to achieve dominance over the Mediterranean, to spread fascism abroad, stop French left-wing influence in Spain and to gain an ally in a strategic area. In the battle of Guadalajara, in March 1937, Italian troops were defeated and 400 soldiers were killed and 1,800 wounded, 500 were taken prisoner and 25 artillery pieces, 10 mortars,...
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...Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake 400 years ago. He was tied up, as they gathered wood at his feet. Some report that he was wearing a shawl with daemons emblazed on it, and others say that he was stripped. The reason he was burned was his heresy and his refusal to conform to the Vatican's will. A Pantheist, he believed that nature was god, and all other theology was fundamentally flawed. Giordano Bruno was burned alive 400 years ago by cruel, mindless men, and upon hearing what his fate would be, he said, "Perhaps you deliver my punishment with more fear than I receive it." Oh, what bravery, courage, and stamina of life! This may have been the test of humanity. The spirits of charity and courage watched -- they saw the lighting of his body, the soft glow of embers, they saw what we all now know: that humanity failed; that kindness and justice were overthrown, treated as vestiges and given no value. Giordano Bruno was burned 400 years ago, the flames engulfing his torso, blistering his skin, turning his insides molten. And as I read and learn of the glorious martyr, with his death being a sign forever of the extent of cruelty, I come to uneasy questions about myself. Would I do the same? What would the flame taste like? How long would it last? Asking questions to myself, I seem more and more like a strange. Sometimes I wish I could meet this hero of every Humanitarian. And I wish I could ask what was so precious to him, how he had lived, how he died, the loves...
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...limited) to the legislative body of the Reichstag and Bundesrat which satisfies the basic expectations of a parliamentary democracy. However, although the constitution of the day had democratic elements, Bismarck was cautious in preserving the power of the elite. As a result, the constitutional powers of the Kaiser meant that he maintained sovereignty and in fact, Germany could arguably have been an entrenched autocracy during the years of 1900-1914. Without doubt, the system of universal suffrage is significant support for parliamentary democracy in Germany during these years. The access to voting for all men over 25 regardless of their social class was a big development and certainly democratic when compared to the limited suffrage of other nations at the time. Evidently, political parties were encouraged to appeal to wider groups in society rather than just the wealthy; The Social Democratic Party, who represented the working class, was able to win majority seats in the Reichstag in the 1912 election. This shows that democracy and representation of the people was present to some extent. Additionally, one could contradict the theory of Germany being an autocracy by outlining the influence of others, besides Kaiser, on German policy. Von Tirpitz, a military figure, was able to push Navy Laws through the Reichstag on 3 separate occasions, and Junkers, who were among the elite, led a number of...
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...How Successful was Wolsey’s Foreign Policy in the Years 1515-1525? (30 marks) Wolsey became Henry VIII’s Lord Chancellor in 1515, he was extremely able and determined; his foreign policy was mainly directed at preserving peace and trying to make England a negotiator between other countries. During the years 1515-1525 Wolsey’s power was undisputed, this was due to the fact that Henry VIII delegated more and more state business to Wolsey including near-complete control of England’s foreign policy. The extent of Wolsey’s success can be measured in several ways; these include the financial stability of the country, loyalty from England’s allies and respect for Wolsey (and Henry VIII) from English subjects and foreigners. Wolsey’s greatest achievement in creating a successful foreign policy was the Treaty of London, in 1518, which was known as a ‘universal’ treaty of peace, it united all of Christendom under Henry VIII’s sponsorship with a mutual non-aggressive pact that provided collective support and aid in the case of conflict. While doing this Wolsey also saw the opportunity to re-unite France and England by betrothing Henry VIII’s first daughter, Mary, to the dauphin (first son of the King), by doing this Wolsey also achieved Tournai for England again for 600,000 crowns. Bishop Fox described Wolsey’s maneuver with France as “The best deed that was ever done for England; and, next to the King, the praise is due to Wolsey”. Many people have questioned whether Wolsey’s foreign...
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...Child Behavior is worse today than it was ten years ago Author: Takisha Wiggins Takisha Wiggins Eng 315-Fall 2011 Professor Ed Buchanan November 11, 2011 Is child behavior worse today than it was ten years ago? It’s interesting to see how children act these days. When I was growing up, we had things so easy and you could always see the good in people. Nowadays, you have children committing acts of violence at home, in the schools and on the street. I am interested in doing more research on this subject to find out why today’s kids have such bad behavior problems. It seems that the influences today have shaped our children into believing things that just simply aren’t true. The videos they watch, the television shows, as well as the music they listen to may contribute to the bad behavior. In this plan, I will identify the recipient, topic and purpose of this report. I will also list potential resources needed for support and methods used to gather information. I will also consider certain factors that I will make a recommendation for. Let’s examine this plan. 1. Identify the recipient of the report. (To what organization will the recommendation be directed?) 2. Identify the topic of the report. (What product, service, or program will you recommend?) 3. Identify the purpose of the report. (What need or problem will the product, service, or program resolve...
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...I personally have chosen the topic asking the question if child behavior is worse today that it was 10 years ago. A child’s behavior has unquestionably transformed over the last decade. Parenting, parent-child relationships, parental intellects, parental adjustment, overall family relationships, and adaptive child functioning actions in the interior of the family, all play a role in the adolescent’s behavior. (Cunningham, 2006) In today’s society, when a child behaves badly in class and upsets other students from learning their education and the instructors from effectually teaching their students on a everyday basis, Educators, Parents, and Child Psychologists would like to from time to time brand the child as partaking of the Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Numerous challenging exchanges between children with ADHD and their relatives transpire in the framework of functionally important day-to-day tasks.17 Although temperate relationships suggest extensive overlap between methods of ADHD symptoms and measures of child functioning, these remain somewhat dependent constructs.18, A decrease in indicator counts, therefore, may not result in a equivalent increase in adaptive functioning. Kids with ADHD present supplementary deficiencies in adaptive functioning than reins without ADHD. Moreover, adaptive functioning gives the impression to be an important forecaster of longer-term outcome. Children meeting the complete DSM-IV impairment...
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...SUBJECT: NUMERICAL METHODS CODE: BUM2313 FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY INSTRUCTION: Use MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE such as EXCEL/ MATLAB/ MAPLE/ C to facilitate the computation. SUBMIT the solution in HARDCOPY & SOFTCOPY. Please save the solution in CD for softcopy. Do the assignment in group and each group consists of five members. QUESTION 1 The nonlinear resistive circuit shown below is described by the nonlinear equation TOPIC: CHAPTER 1, 2,3 & 4 DUE/DURATION: ASSESSMENT: ASSIGNMENT 2nd May 2014 (before 5 P.M) WEEK 11 MARKS: 100 f ( x) g ( x) ( E x) 0 R The function g ( x) gives the current through the nonlinear resistor as a function of the voltage x cross its terminals as shown in the following Figure 1. Figure 1 Assuming that g ( x) 9sin( x 5) 10 and consider the three following cases: Case 1: E 5, R 1, Case 2: E 15, R 3, Case 3: E 4, R 0.5. (a) (b) (c) By using an appropriate method that you have learned in this course, find all the solutions of the nonlinear resistive circuit equation for the all cases. Select suitable starting points for xl and xu by plotting f over the interval [0,4] for the all cases, and visually selecting a good starting point. Find the lowest root over the the interval [0,4] by using (i) Bisection method and (ii) False position method. Use the starting points xl and xu in (b) and terminate the computation if a 104. (For (a) and (b) use two decimal places, for (c) use eight decimal places)...
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...Unit 4 Historical Enquiry “In the context of the years of 1847- 1947, how far was the Partition of India in 1947 inevitable? “ Pawanpreet Dhaliwal Candidate Number-3049 In the context of the years of 1847- 1947, to what extent was the Partition of India in 1947 inevitable? ------------------------------------------------- The countries India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were once united as a whole Sub-Continent mixed with Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs ruled under the British raj in 1857. Where these countries are now, what they have become and their relationships with each other have very much been forged by the events of 1947 with Independence from Britain and the subsequent partition of India. When assessing the extent to which partition was inevitable, it can be difficult as the action itself justifies the inevitability, “Partition happened therefore it was inevitable Khaswant Singh **historian**. This tends to suggest that all history is a predetermined narrative that cannot be changed and altered. This would very much be consistent with Indian philosophy that ‘it has happened because it was written’ this suggests the inevitability of partition is considered to be seen inevitable even before looking at the contributing factors. However from a Western and particularly British perspective, 1947 heralded not only the beginning of the end of the British Empire; but as Lawrence describes, “The end of period of history which from 1492 had seen the domination of the globe by...
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...There were two major periods where Italian revolutionaries attempted to achieve unification through uprisings. The first was in 1820-32 and then 1848-49, however they were unsuccessful both times due a few key reasons. The first reason is the military strength of Austria, as in both periods of revolt, the revolutionaries had no chance of sustaining provisional governments as the Austrian power meant that they were easily defeated and suppressed. Also, another major reason is the revolutionary groups themselves, the lack of unity between the revolutionary groups, the differing aims between the liberals and the radicals and their inability to gain mass support. The final reason, is the role of international countries, in the 1820-32 revolutions, one of the major reasons of failure was the lack of outsider help, particularly the French, additionally in the 1848-9 revolutions, the actual role of the French against them proved to be devastating. Austria’s power is responsible for the failure of the Italian revolutions, this is expressed in the 1820-32 revolutions, as in the Papal States, the liberals set up provisional governments known as “The Government of the Italian Provinces”. However, this didn't last long as Metternich moved his Austrian troops and although there were minor uprisings, the revolutionaries were defeated by the dominant Austrian army. In addition, reactionary governments such as Piedmont and Naples were protected with the help of the Austrian military, as highlighted...
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...To what extent was Gustav Stresemann responsible for the increased stability in Germany in the years 1924-1929? Between the years of 1924 and 1929, Gustav Stresemann had a huge influence over Germany and helped it regain stability after World War One and hyperinflation. Before he took charge and became chancellor in 1923 Germany’s economy was extremely unstable, Stresemann came to power to resolve many of Germany’s issues. There were many reasons why Stresemann was responsible for the stability, some of these included the end of passive resistance, the Dawes plan and the change in currency, all of these were good factors however some did hold some negative effects, He focused on improving the economy, relations with other countries and improving the social aspects of living. Although Stresemann’s actions and policies had both good and bad sides, overall it was because of these that Stresemann is responsible for the regained stability of Germany. Stresemann changed the currency when he became chancellor after 1923 from the deutch mark to the Rentenmark, this put an end to hyperinflation. Hyperinflation meant that the German currency became almost completely worthless with price rising by thousands from one day to the next. By making this change, Stresemann gave the Rentenmark a better value and allowed Germany to get out of the, what seemed endless, hyperinflation. However this had a negative effect too as the money the middle and working class lost during hyperinflation, they...
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...between the years 1949 and 1962 was a threat to world peace. The main threat to world peace was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 but there were many other occurrences that made people truly believe that the Cold War could be the end of the world. 1949 is the year that the Soviets tested their first Atomic Bomb on August 29th. This shocked the US Government as they believed that the Soviet nuclear technology was much further behind than it actually was. Unbeknownst to them, the Soviets had spies in America who were giving information about the US’s nuclear technology back to the Soviet scientists. This sped up their Nuclear weapon program. The West were already suspicious of the Soviets; this suspicion played a huge part in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation in April 1949. This was a step towards maintaining world peace. So although there were threats towards World Peace throughout 1949, the formation of NATO encouraged the general public that the Western governments were making sure that Communism wasn’t spreading and World Peace would be maintained. The development of delivery systems also unnerved both sides and threatened World Peace. When Sputnik was launched by the USSR in 1957, the US became nervous. If the Soviets could send a satellite into space, then they should be able to get a nuclear weapon to mainland America. The American public could turn on a radio and hear the beeping noise that Sputnik was transmitting. This scared them and was what they...
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...Why was Israel so successful in dealing with threats to its survival in the years 1948-73? (30) Israel was very successful in dealing with threats to its survival during the years 1948-73 mainly because of their military strength, US support and the lack of Arab leadership and unity. Israel were militarily strong as they were well trained and developed, US support came from the huge number of American Jews applying pressure on the government while the lack of Arab leadership and unity was a mess caused by all states. Having been continuously faced with the threat of war from fellow Arab states as they refused to recognise Israel as a separate country, Israel built a very strong army over the years. The 1948 war was the first test and opportunity to build up their army. In this case, the Arabs were the ones to start war so in theory; their army should’ve been stronger especially as they were several nations who were supposed to be fighting together. However the ceasefire that the UN had called gave Israel an opportunity to build up, strengthen and organise their army as well as the chance to receive weapons from Eastern Europe. Some of their army had gained experience during WWII so that helped them out greatly as well. Although the UN had called for an end on fighting, Israel ignored this and broke ceasefire anyway, and focused on defeating Egypt. This showed that they were a very organised military country and quite clever seeing as their army developed so well in so little...
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...Was the Spartacist uprising the most important problem faced by the Weimar Republic in the years 1919-1923? Explain your answer. The most important problem that the Weimar Republic faced was the Kapp Putsch. This was because in this uprising the Freikorps units managed to get the Weimar government to flee showing that they had a lot of power and were undermining the Weimar Republic. However, even though this was the most important reason there were other factors that caused problems for the Weimar Republic from the years 1919-1923 including the Spartacist uprising, the French occupation of the Ruhr and the weaknesses of the Constitution. To determine which factor is the most important I will look at how successful each factor and how many problems each of them caused the Weimar Republic in regards to money and power. Although, all these factors caused problems for the Weimar Republic it was the Kapp Putsch that put pressure on the Weimar Republic and was important problem they had to face. The Kapp Putsch was the most significant problem that the Weimar Republic faced from 1919-1923. This was due to them having a strong army subsequently putting a lot of pressure on the Weimar Republic. This was the biggest threat to the Weimar Republic as Dr. Wolfgang who was in charge of the rebellion managed to get the Weimar Republic to flee therefore putting him in power and making this rebellion a success. One of the reasons why this was such an important problem that the Weimar...
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...Explain why Manchuria was the main battleground of the Chinese civil war in the years 1946–1948. The long-term factor that made Manchuria the main battleground in the beginning of the Civil War was its economic importance. Not only was Manchuria the industrial centre of China at the time, it was a strategic trade zone because of its infrastructure. Manchuria had some of the key railway lines connecting the region with a number of areas in China. Its economic importance was highlighted by the Japanese invasion in 1931, when they had chosen the region seeking for natural resources such as coal. Thus the region had proven to be economically beneficial for both sides, which one of the main reasons it was chosen to be the main battleground at the early stages of the war between the GMD and CPC. The fundamental reason for Manchuria being the key battleground between 1946 and 1948 however was the power vacuum created by Japanese surrender in August 1945. After a sudden retreat of Japanese troops, both the Nationalists and the Communists were determined to seize the abandoned territory, which is why both sent their troops to Manchuria as soon as Japanese had surrendered. The reason why it had been so essential for either side to take control of Manchuria was that seizing Manchuria would considerably strengthened the chances of either GMD or CPC to take over China. Therefore it was crucial to get control over Manchuria in order to have greater control over the whole of China. ...
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