...Maria Pavlovski Page 1 Assignment No. 1 Theoretical approaches in the use of counselling skills 1.1 Key characteristics and concepts of: Humanistic theory, The humanistic theory was developed by a group of American psychologists (Maslow, Rogers, Fritz Perls and others) who were disillusioned with the psychoanalytical approach in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Carl Rogers developed the person-centred approach based on the concept that the client was at the centre of the helping process and that they had their own self- healing capacity within themselves. He theorized that by creating a safe, confidential, non-judgemental and un-biased safe environment,and that the counsellor is open and genuine towards the client then the client will use their own wisdom in healing themselves in the way that’s right for them. The Humanistic theory is one of growth and development, it explores creativity, encourages self-awareness and self-development. Maslow theorized that people are always striving towards self-improvement, to grow and develop to their full potential. He called this self-actualization. He also theorized that people are always growing and changing in their life and he called this process actualization. Rogers theorized that people grow up developing behaviour which they feel is expected from them by family and society and that sometimes this behaviour is in conflict...
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...Discuss theoretical approaches to beliefs about health (15 marks) The Health Belief Model (HBM) is used extensively by health professionals to predict the adoption of healthy behaviours, e.g. taking up of vaccinations (and to target health promotion of those at risk). It explains individual differences in health behaviours due to knowledge, age, sex, lifestyle through the ‘demographic variables’ element of the HBM. Also allows for psychological factors which affect adoption of healthy behaviours to be considered, not just the physical elements. It may lead health workers to think they can predict health behaviour, even though they often can’t partly because, it’s almost impossible to measure a lot of the psychological factors which influence behaviour (e.g. the amount of fear or distrust a patient may have) because the model is cognitive. Although small consideration is to other peoles belliefs (Cues to action- advice fromothers or of a family/friend has had the disease) it primarily considers individual beliefs. It doesn’t include the influence of other people who can be very important. When the model is applied, health workers know that if only the individual patient wants to take action and important others are opposed, there is little chance of change. The Locus of Control theory by Rotter only divides people into two distinct categories – surely not all ‘internalisers’ are healthy and all externalisers are unhealthy? It is huglet reductionist and therefore, fails...
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...EVALUATING WORK 1. JOB EVALUATION Job Evaluation is the process of systematically determining the relative worth of jobs to create a job structure for the organization. The evaluation is based on a combination of job content, skills required, value to the organization, organizational culture, and the external market. This potential to blend organizational forces and external market forces is both a strength and a challenge of job evaluation. 2. TYPES OF JOB EVALUATION JOB BASED Job-based employee performance evaluations focus on the duties of the position and the tasks required to perform them successfully. This is a standard type of evaluation you can use for all employees filling the same position. First you must perform a job analysis, separating all duties into large categories, such as essential functions and communication. Under the categories of the position, specify tasks required to fulfill them. Be thorough in your analysis and ask your manager or the human resources department to review it. This will be the performance plan for the position. Each employee will receive the plan, sign it and be reviewed formally at the end of the rating period based on the duties outlined. PERSON BASED A person-based evaluation is specific to each individual employee. It takes into consideration the knowledge, skills and abilities the employee possesses upon hire and learns in the course of the rating period. In this way, an employee is compensated fairly for...
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...Evaluation methods differ from an organization to another depending on the size, industry, power of influence, and complexity of that one. Three of the main evaluation methods that have been widely adopted by business and HR managers, and professionals to evaluate and scale their organizational state of concern. Hay Is ultimately one of the earliest methods of evaluation since it was adopted in The early 1950s. It aids in forming an organizational map that aids in the valuation of jobs and salaries. Its no longer sufficient one because of it generating very low points. Three factors that Hay evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Know how (technical knowledge, breadth, human relations, etc..) Problem solving ( environmental thinking, challenge thinking, etc...) Accountability (freedom, and impact of type and magnitude) Working conditions (human relations, work load, environment, etc..) Mercer Other evaluation approach that was widely used in the 1970s that came up with enhanced factors, one of these was the risk factor that is no longer applied because that nowadays firms are obeying international standards for risk and safety. Three factors that Mercer evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Expertise (knowledge, experience, breadth, interpersonal traits, etc..) Judgement (job environment, reasoning, etc..) Accountability (impact, independence and influence, involvement, etc..) Towers and Watson Another iterative approach of evaluation of...
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...Trans. Nat/. .Acad. Sci. & .Tech. Philippines 29: 251-260 (2007) /SSN 0115-8848 Teaching High School Physics Effectively Christopher C. Bernido and l\faria Victoria Carpio-.Rernido Research Center for Theoretical Physics Central Visayan Institute Foundation Jagna, Bohol 6308, Philippines The Ascending Levels of Learning and Pedagogical ~1axims that could guide effective teaching of physics are presented. As an example of how these may be applied, the Dynamic Learning Prof:,lfam (DLP) of the Central Visayan Institute Foundation is briefly discussed. The DLP, together with 21st century technology, provides a scenario where the perennial lack of high school physics teachers in the Philippines can be bypassed. Introduction The breadth of topics that may be covered in teaching physics can be extremely wide. After all, physics probes the smallest things in the universe (the quarks and leptons), aiJ the way up to the "biggest" subject one can think of-the birth, death, and fate of the universe itself. One definition for physics states that it is the study of matter and energy. Most everything in the universe is either matter or energy, and this can make physics quite interdisciplinary. No wonder, therefore, that sub-areas in physics may be referred to as Biophysics, Geophysics~ Chemical Physics, Mathematical Physics, Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics, Econophysics, etc., and one also has the physics of sports, the physics of art, and so on. Because of its breadth, there is always...
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...a woman and a Jew, she was paid a minimal amount of money and was not given the status of a professor. In 1929, Emmy Noether was welcomed to the University of Moscow as a guest lecturer. She was a member of the Göttingen University mathematics department until 1933. This was when the Nazis took over and she was unable to continue teaching in Germany. In 1933, Noether moved to the United States and continued her teachings at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania as a guest professor. Here, she was paid a full salary and accepted as a proper part of the staff. In the U.S., she also taught at the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton. Noether published many papers while working at the University of Erlangen. She also began her research on theoretical algebra and teamed with Felix Klein and David Hilbert working on Einstein’s theory of relativity. In 1907-1919, Noether concentrated on the field of algebraic invariant theory, the Galois Theory, and Physics. She proved two theorems of particle physics and general relativity. ‘Noether’s Theorem’ is one of the most significant contributions to the development of modern physics. In 1920-1926, she devoted her time to the theory of mathematical rings. She developed an abstract and conceptual way to approach algebra. This resulted in principles that unify topology, logic, geometry, algebra, and liner algebra. Noether’s works were a breakthrough in abstract algebra. Her studies on chain conditions and ideals of commutative rings were honored...
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...[pic] Internal Assessment Resource Physics Level 3 |This resource supports assessment against: | |Achievement Standard 91521 | |Carry out a practical investigation to test a physics theory relating two variables in a non-linear relationship | |Resource title: Baby bouncer | |4 credits | |This resource: | |Clarifies the requirements of the Standard | |Supports good assessment practice | |Should be subjected to the school’s usual assessment quality assurance process | |Should be modified to make the context relevant to students in their school environment and ensure that submitted | |evidence is authentic | |Date version published by Ministry of |December 2012 ...
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...EXPERIMENT 3 GROUP B AIM: To find the overall efficiency of plate column operating under total reflux, for a binary system (iso-propanol & n- propanol). APPARATUS: * Distillation Column with reboiler * Automatic digital refractometer * Two fluids with different volatilities. PROCEDURE: * Distillation column was filled with the two fluids. * Then we switched on the heater and set the temperature to 126.6 ̊C * And then we allow the system to reach the equilibrium. * The equilibrium was tested by taking out the samples (from reboiler & distillate) at the interval of 10min such that the refractive index hence concentration was made constant. THEORY: Distillation is one of the most common separation techniques used in the chemical and petroleum industries. It is defined as “a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat. Distillation provides the basis for separating numerous substances into valuable components. The components of a mixture are separated based on relative volatilities, which depend on the differences in boiling temperatures of the components making up the mixture. The separation becomes easier as the difference between the relative volatilities increases. The component with the lowest boiling point flows to the top of the column as a vapour, condensed and exits the column as the distillate. A percentage...
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...is when Planck first got an interest in physics and learned the principle of conservation of energy. He began the studies in 1874 at the University of Munich and studied theoretical physics. After he graduated, he taught math and physics briefly. Planck completed his habilitation thesis and began lecturing in Munich without getting paid becuase he was waiting to be offered a new postion. He also furthered his work on the field of heat theory. Planck then became a professor at Berlin University and joined the Physical Society. As far as Plancks home life goes, he married and had four children. He was friends with theologian Adolf con Harnack and his home soon because a social center. Famous scientists like Albert Einstein and Otto Hahn all frequently visited. His wife died and he remaired and had his third son. Planck's two sons and two daughters all died. By the end of the 1920s, Bohr, Heisenberg, and Pauli had worked out the interpretation of quantum mechanics, but Planck rejected it. He expected that wave mechanics would render the quantum theory, even though this can not be the case. Further work only cemented quantum theory, even against Einstein's revulsions. He originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Max Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, and is very famous for being the originator of quantum theory. He ended his life at Göttingen on October 4, 1947, but he has contributed so much for the...
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...Chemical Product and Process Modeling Volume 2, Issue 3 2007 Article 12 Nonlinear Modelling Application in Distillation Column Zalizawati Abdullah, Universiti Sains Malaysia Norashid Aziz, Universiti Sains Malaysia Zainal Ahmad, Universiti Sains Malaysia Recommended Citation: Abdullah, Zalizawati; Aziz, Norashid; and Ahmad, Zainal (2007) "Nonlinear Modelling Application in Distillation Column," Chemical Product and Process Modeling: Vol. 2 : Iss. 3, Article 12. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol2/iss3/12 DOI: 10.2202/1934-2659.1082 ©2007 Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. Nonlinear Modelling Application in Distillation Column Zalizawati Abdullah, Norashid Aziz, and Zainal Ahmad Abstract Distillation columns are widely used in chemical processes and exhibit nonlinear dynamic behavior. In order to gain optimum performance of the distillation column, an effective control strategy is needed. In recent years, model based control strategies such as internal model control (IMC) and model predictive control (MPC) have been revealed as better control systems compared to the conventional method. But one of the major challenges in developing this effective control strategy is to construct a model which is utilized to describe the process under consideration. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the models that have been implemented in continuous distillation columns. These models are categorized under three major groups: fundamental...
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...APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATA THEORY IN INFORMATION AGE 1. DEFINITION Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science, under discrete mathematics (a section of Mathematics and also of Computer Science). Automaton comes from the Greek word αὐτόματα meaning "self-acting". So, Automata Theory is the study of self-operating virtual machines to help in logical understanding of input and output process, without or with intermediate stage(s) of computation (or any function / process). 2. APPLICATIONS 2.1 Vending Machines Figure 1 presents a DFA that describes the behavior of a vending machine which accepts dollars and quarters, and charges $1.25 per soda. Once the machine receives at least $1.25, corresponding to the blue-colored states in the diagram, it will allow the user to select a soda. Self-loops represent ignored input: the machine will not dispense a soda until at least $1.25 has been deposited, and it will not accept more money once it has already received greater than or equal to $1.25. To express the DFA as a 5-tuple, the components are defined as follows: 1. Q = {$0:00; $0:25; $0:50; $0:75; $1:00; $1:25; $1:50; $1:75; $2:00} are the states 2. ∑= {$0:25; $1:00; select} is the alphabet 3. ∂, the transition function, is described by the state diagram. 4. qₒ = $0:00 is the start state 5. F = ᵠ; is the set of accept states [pic] 2...
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...Theory of Computation [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institute] Theory of Computation It is a set of rational, systematic, and functional knowledge, focusing on the study of the abstraction of the processes occurring in reality in order to play using formal systems, i.e. through character codes and Instructions logical, recognizable by humans, capable of being modelled on the limitations of devices that process information and perform calculations, such as the computer. For this it relies on the theory of automata to simulate and standardize these processes, as well as to formalize the problems and solve them (Manna, 2012). Automata Theory This theory provides mathematical models that formalize the concept of computer or simplified algorithm and broadly enough so that they can analyse their capabilities and limitations. Some of these models play a central role in several applications of computer science, including word processing, compilers, hardware design and artificial intelligence. There are many other types of robots such as random access machines, cellular automata, abacus machines and abstract state machines; but in all cases it has been shown that these models are not more general than the Turing machine, and then the Turing machine has the ability to simulate each of these automata. This leads to think that the Turing machine as the universal computer model (Manna, 2012). Computational Complexity Theory Even when a problem is computable, it may not be...
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...Family Therapy: A Systemic Integration, 8th Edition PART 1 THE SYSTEMIC FRAMEWORK Chapter 1: Two Different Worldviews The Framework of Individual Psychology The Framework of Systemic Family Therapy Basic Concepts of Systems Theory and Cybernetics Family Therapy or Relationship Therapy? Summary Chapter 2: The Historical Perspective Planting the Seeds: The 1940s Cybernetics Development of Interdisciplinary Approaches Gregory Bateson Putting Down Roots: The 1950s Bateson (Continued) The Double-Bind Hypothesis Nathan Ackerman Murray Bowen Carl Whitaker Theodore Lidz Lyman Wynne Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy John Elderkin Bell Christian F. Midelfort Overview of the 1950s The Plant Begins to Bud: The 1960s Paradigm Shift The MRI Salvador Minuchin Other Developments Blossom Time: The 1970s Psychodynamic Approaches Natural Systems Theory Experiential Approaches Structural Approaches Strategic Approaches Communication Approaches Behavioral Approaches Gregory Bateson Connecting and Integrating: The 1980s Other Voices The Limits of History Controversy, Conflict, and Beyond: The 1990s The Feminist Critique Family Therapy and Family Medicine Integration and Metaframeworks Managed Care The Twenty-First Century: Continuing Concerns and Emerging Trends Summary Chapter 3: The Paradigmatic Shift of Systems Theory A Cybernetic Epistemology Recursion ...
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...developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current issues such as social and environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research focus in that the work of researchers in accounting will be discussed. Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current issues such as social and environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research focus in that the work of researchers in accounting will be discussed. Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current...
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...THEORY: PURPOSE AND APPROACHES A TERM PAPER (2) ON ADVANCED ACCOUNTING THEORY (ACC 821) PRESENTED BY EKERIA, Victor IKYUME, Chiahemba James OGBOLE, Philip Osemudiamen SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR A.E. OKOYE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMEN SUDIES IGBINEDION UNIVERSITY, OKADA MARCH, 2015 Abstract As tasks of accounting became more difficult and focus shifted to users’ needs, a theory became necessary. Existence of a need for information for decision making (decision usefulness) in face of information asymmetry led to development of means, tools and techniques for satisfying decision making needs (formulation of accounting theories) This paper briefly discusses the purpose/importance for accounting theory and various approaches to the formulation of an accounting theory under two headings, namely: (1) traditional approaches, and (2) new approaches. The paper finally highlights the critiques of the accounting theory approaches Table of Content 1.0.0. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 1 2.0.0. Meaning of Accounting Theory………………………………………………………… 2 2.1.0. Needs and Purpose for Accounting Theory…………………………………………….. 3 3.0.0. Early Attempts at Accounting Theory……………………………………………………...3 4.0.0. Approaches to the for Formulation of Accounting Theory……………………………….5 4.1.0. 4.1.0. The Traditional Approaches………………………………………………………..5 4.1.1. Non – Theoretical, Practical, or Pragmatic (Informal) Approaches……....................
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