...IN INDIAN MANUFACTURING: A KALDORIAN APPROACH Michele Alessandrini* November 2009 Abstract Despite the remarkable economic performance in the last twenty-five years, India maintains a high discrepancy between the rate of growth of the economy and the rate of growth of employment. Labour elasticity to output has decreased over time and the capability of the Indian economy to generate employment seems to be limited. As a result, more than 60 percent of Indian workers are still employed in agriculture and 94 percent of total labour force can be found in the unregistered segment of the economy. This paper analyzes the jobless growth problem in India in terms of a Kaldorian framework where the linkages between agriculture and industry enter the labour demand through the changes in the terms of trade between the two sectors. Moreover, we investigate the role of the unorganized sector in influencing the growth of the registered employment. Using a dynamic panel dataset on registered manufacturing from the 15 major Indian states over the period 1980-2004, our System-GMM estimates show that states with a higher growth of demand for industrial goods originating from agriculture also exhibit a higher growth of employment. In addition, in those states where the weight of the unregistered manufacturing has risen over time, the jobless growth problem has worsened. Keywords: India, jobless growth, manufacturing, intersectoral terms of trade, Kaldor JEL classification:...
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...Review Essay Global Political Economy The World Economy and the Logic of Economic (Under-) Development Table of content 1 Table of Content Introduction Summary Critical Discussion Conclusion Reference 3 3 4 5 6 Based on the following three articles: · Immanuel Wallerstein, „The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System“, Comparative Studies in Society and History 16 (1974), pp. 387-415. · Jagdish Bhagwati, „Free Trade: Old and New Challenges‟ The Economic Journal, 104(423) (1994), pp. 231-46. · Alice Amsden, „The State and Taiwan‘s Economic Development,‟ in George Crane & Abla Amawi (eds.) The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 193-207. 2 1. Introduction This paper is a critical discussion of the central aspect: „The World Economy and the Logic of Economic (Under-) Development“ in the Global Political Economy. The foundation of this paper is based on three pieces: Wallerstein (1974), Bhagwati (1994) and Amsden (1997) which all provide different views about the world economy in terms of political and theoretical approaches. The introduction will be followed by a short summary concerning the protectionism that is evident throughout and the resulting ethical issues. The critical discussion will compare and evaluate the assumptions and concepts of each article which will then be concluded with the addition of my point of view. 2. Summary Immanuel Wallerstein‘s: „The Rise and...
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... Education, Training and Youth Unemployment in Kenya Joy Kiiru, Eldah Onsomu and Fredrick Wamalwa 1 Abstract Young people in Kenya constitute 30% of total population while youth unemployment constitutes 78% of total unemployment. In nearly all developing countries the rate of urban unemployment in the 15-24 age group is at least double the rate of all other age groups. These high rates of urban unemployment in this age bracket are also seen in developed countries, although the rates are far lower than those of developing nations (Livingstone, I. and Ord, H.W., 1985). Literature also acknowledges that the unemployment rate understates the extent to which labour is ‘underutilized’ (Bosworth and Westaway (1987), Bregger and Haugen (1995), Mitchell and Carlson (2001). This is because unemployment rate does not capture the underutilization of labour that occurs when employed persons would like...
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...CHAPTER ONE GENERAL BACKGOUND OF STUDY 1. Introduction In all societies, agriculture occupies an important position in the lives of the people. Generally, the economic growth of any nation is anchored on the capacity of its agriculture production. Man indeed strives for survival in any place he finds himself. By so doing, he fined himself in agricultural activities of which groundnut production is significant as a vital aspect of human agricultural activities. It has not only provided food for the teeming population but has indeed offered employment and capital in terms of cash to farmers. It is also a source of foreign exchange to most economics. And it feeds the industrial sector with raw materials. The African continent like any continent in the world is dominated by agricultural activities. In fact, the pre-colonial era were pre-dominated by the production of food crop mainly for subsistence purpose. However, the economy later changed from mere consumption to commercial production, which marks the beginning of cash crop production as a source of raw materials to support metropolitan industries. In Europe immediately after the Second World War, there was a phenomena increase in the export trade of which in turn increase the incomes of both peasant farmers and local traders1. As a result, crop like cocoa, palm oil, rubber, cotton, soybeans and groundnut were introduced into the colonial agricultural crops. By implication, food production was ignored and commercial cash productions...
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...Agriculture, growth and poverty reduction This paper was produced by the Agriculture and Natural Resources Team of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in collaboration with Anne Thomson of Oxford Policy Management, Oxford. The authors are grateful to the UK Food Group for their additional contributions and comments. The paper reflects work in progress towards the development of new thinking on agricultural policy in DFID. It does not necessarily reflect the views and policy of DFID. This (working/supporting) paper is intended to stimulate public discussion. It is not necessarily DFID or UK Government policy. October 2004 Contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................... 3 1. What is the issue? .................................................................................................... 4 2. Agriculture, growth and poverty – what we know of the relationship ............................ 5 2.1 The context – the state of world poverty............................................................... 5 2.2 Agriculture’s recent performance – a picture of mixed progress............................... 7 2.3 Agricultural growth and poverty reduction – the evidence....................................... 9 2.4 Understanding how increased agricultural productivity reduces poverty ................. 10 3. Emerging issues and questions................................................
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...KYALO……………………….. SIGNATURE:…………………. DATE:…………………………. NAME:…DR. DIMO……………………… SIGNATURE:…………………… DATE:……………………………. DEDICATION. It is my pleasure to dedicate this work to my family whose efforts have made me proud, with all the stresses through the course work and writing of this proposal they have been on my side. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to determine the challenges facing university trained structural engineers in the construction industry. Participants are to be drawn from the selected institutions of higher learning in the western region of Kenya. The building construction industry is one of the labour intensive industries that require well- trained personnel. Universities and colleges offer training opportunities for most members of the building team. The complex nature of the construction...
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...different factors as to why and how human capital is important to Mauritius. We will then have a concluding remark. We will end by some possible recommendations. What is human capital? Adam Smith defined human capital as follows: “Fourthly, of Justin Slay’s types of capital which is of the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the education, study, or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were, in his person. Those talents, as they make a part of his fortune, so do they likewise that of the society to which he belongs. The improved dexterity of a workman may be considered in the same light as a machine or instrument of trade which facilitates and abridges labour, and which, though it costs a certain expense which certainly repays afterwards. The use of the term in the modern neoclassical economic literature dates back to Jacob Mincer's article "Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution" in the Journal of Political Economy in 1958. Theorists also found that, human capital is a means of production, into which additional investment yields additional output. Human capital is substitutable, but not transferable like land, labor, or fixed capital. In some way, the idea of "human capital" is similar to Karl Marx's concept of labor power: he thought in capitalism workers sold their labor power in order to receive income (wages and salaries)....
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...welfare. Apart from representing a colossal waste of a country’s manpower resources, it generates welfare loss in terms of lower output, thereby leading to lower income and wellbeing. The need to avert the negative effects of unemployment has made the tackling of unemployment problem to feature very prominently in the development objectives of many developing countries. One of the steps taken by the Nigerian government to reduce the problem of unemployment in Nigeria was the establishment of National Directorate of Employment (NDE). Unemployment has been defined as the absence of a job by an able bodied person. It is a term often denoting the percentage of people in the labour force who are not working. The concept of unemployment is not an entirely new one in Nigeria. Patrick Koshoni, (2005), a former Labour Minister has this to say “The problem of mass unemployment is not new, it has been with us with various degree for the past decades. Increasing population explosion of the last few years raised the situation to a critical dimension which cannot be ignored without disastrous consequences. The number of unemployed persons keeps increasing with each passing day. Thousands of Nigerian graduates who have completed the compulsory National Youth...
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...Academic year 2014-2015 Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet”: “Determinants of Turkish Migration to EU-15” Master dissertation Student Kristýna Jedličková Home institution Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze Supervisor prof. Claire Naiditch Submission date September 2015 Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincerest thanks to prof. Claire Naiditch for her guidance, support, patience and valuable recommendations. Declaration of authorship I, Kristýna Jedličková hereby declare that the thesis Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet” was written by myself and that all presented results are my own, unless stated otherwise. The literature sources are listed in the Literature Review section. Prague, September 30th, 2015 ........................................................ Signature Key words Migration, welfare magnet, public social spending, inflows of migrants, EU’s migratory policy, European welfare system, Turkish welfare system, Turkey, EU-15, gravity model, fixed effect, random effect, Hausman test, country specific fixed effect, time specific fixed effect. Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to analyse which factors drive migration from Turkey towards Europe and whether the welfare benefits play a major role in the decision making process. The analysis is based on a gravitation model of migration in log-log form. The FE and RE methods were employed as estimation techniques and the Hausman test enabled to distinguish them. The present...
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...Information and Communication Technologies in the Nigerian Economy Peter Agada University of Ilorin Most developing nations have embarked on various reforms that foster the use of ICTs in their economies. These reforms tend to yield little or minimal benefits to economic growth and development, especially when compared with the developed countries of the world. Technological advancement is known to impact fast rate of economic development. In Nigeria, policy on adoption of Information and Communication Technologies was initiated in 1999, when the civilian regime came into power of government. The operations of the licensed telecommunication service providers in the country has created some well-felt macroeconomic effects in terms of job creation, faster delivery services, reduced transport costs, greater security and higher national output. This study intends to investigate the emerging roles of ICTs on Nigerian economy, and to evaluate the factors that influence the decisions of investors in the Nigerian telecommunications sector. Ordinary Least Square Method of Regression for the period 1999 – 2004, shall be employed. This period is considered appropriate in that, it was the time that policy on ICTs was adopted. The paucity of data prior to this time also poses restriction on meaningful econometric analysis. Significant and positive relationship between ICTs and economic growth is expected as...
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...UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES,GHANA CENTER FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (CCEIR), NAVRONGO A PROPOSAL BY MUMUNI ELIASU For A MASTER OF ART DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD CHANGE INTRODUCTION 1.2 Background Since the beginning of civilization of mankind, man found the use of minerals as indispensable material in sustaining life with the “lion cave” being the oldest known mine from Swaziland which proved to be about 43,000 years old. Hungary and the Ancient Egypt also mined flint and malachite respectively for weaponry tools and ornaments. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining) Mining generally is the extraction of valuable mineral deposits or other geological materials from the ground or earth. These deposits could be gold, bauxite, manganese, precious metals, diamond, oil, coal, limestone and many others. Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes created artificially in a laboratory or factory is normally mined. Mining normally involves prospecting for the mineral and final exploration if found, in the form of surface (strip) or underground mining. Surface mining is when the soil and rocks overlying the mineral deposits are removed. It is used when deposits of commercially useful minerals or rocks are found near the surface; that is, where the overburden(surface material covering the valuable deposit) is relatively thin or the material of interest is structurally unsuitable...
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...18 percent of the global population, 25 percent of the total the working age population, about 90 percent of the young people from developing countries where around half of the total population living in rural areas. Holden (2013) noted that young people aged between 18-25 years represent more than 60 percent of the continent’s total population account due to high fertility rate estimated about 133 million young people in Africa. Wobst (2013) noted that 25 percent the highest average annual population over the last ten years was registered in sub- Saharan Africa amongst the youth in rural areas. Ezewu and Ibukum (2012) noted that unemployment amongst the youth in Africa was caused mainly by illiteracy, inadequate skilled man powering the labour market thus exclusion from production, economic, social development in the continent. Holden (2013) also noted that Senegal, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Liberia are amongst the African countries most affected by youth unemployment. In East Africa, the youth in the region are also becoming better educated but less productivity is benefited their countries. Estimates according to the Work4Youth project (2013), show that the proportion of 20-to-24-year-olds who complete secondary education will increase from 42 percent to 59 percent over the next 20 years. Consequently, as East Africa's workforce becomes larger and better educated, there is an overwhelming potential for economic growth and development....
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...affairs. With that said, new advancements and improvements would need to keep pace with a constantly changing world. Furthermore, he encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition to social structure and the evolution of societies, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism, which stresses the interdependence of the institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most famous work is The Division of Labour in Society, which described how social order was to be maintained in a society and how primitive societies might make the transition to more economically advanced industrial societies. Durkheim suggested that in a capitalist society, with a complex division of labour, economic regulation would be needed to maintain order. He stressed that the major transition from a primitive social order to a more advanced industrial society could...
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...Analysis of Global Production Networks within Consumer Electronic Industry. Introduction A diagnostic characteristic of contemporary globalization is that the component parts of the world economy are increasingly interconnected in qualitatively different ways from the past. Another way of saying this is that the world economy consists of tangled webs of production circuits and networks that cut through, and across, all geographical scales, including the bounded territory of the state. It is too simple to just define the global production networks, that involving a process of production, distribution and consumption of commodities, goods and services, as technical-economic mechanisms (Coe, Dicken and Hess, 2008). More than this oversimplified conceptual framework, Levy (2008) argues GPN as ‘simultaneously economic and political phenomena . . . organizational fields in which actors struggle over the construction of economic relationships, governance structures, institutional rules and norms, and discursive frames . . . GPNs thus exist within the ‘‘transnational space’’ that is constituted and structured by transnational elites, institutions, and ideologies’. In Levy’s theory, we can find out that more than a economic process of productions, GPNs is also a ‘social’ and ‘cultural’ phenomena in which the geographically differentiated political and social cultural circumstance are also shaped (Coe, Dicken and Hess, 2008). Considering the consumer electronic industry in particular...
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...ABSTRACT. The notion social class attains a well-defined theoretical content in the works of the classical political economists, who defined classes on the basis of the specific income form that each category of people (class) obtains. This approach to class constitutes a first form of a "friendly merger" between political economy and sociology. When combined with the classical labor value theory, it has led to a theory of class exploitation of the laboring class by the capitalist class. As economic theory became increasingly apologetic after the "Marginalist Revolution" (setting itself the aim of justifying capitalism), the theory of class has been totally banished from the corpus of "modern (neoclassical) economic science." This paper claims that the scientific elements inherent in classical political economy's class theory were preserved by the Marxist class theory, which further revolutionized the classical approach, creating a new, purely non-economistic and non-mechanistic "relationist" class theory, an d forming thus a vivid economic-sociological approach to social classes. On the basis of the Marxist approach, complex problems concerning the class structure of contemporary societies can be tackled. I Introduction THE THEORY OF CLASSES MAKES UP one of the most controversial chapters of the social sciences, in the sense that it comprises a forefront of confrontation between the different theoretical schools that are formulated within the field. To clarify what is to...
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