...Unit 4: development through life stages Task 1 P4: Explain two theories of ageing Social Disengagement Theory The social disengagement theory is a theory that was discovered in 1961 by William Henry and Elaine Cumming and it claims the beliefs that as people get older and become more fragile (elderly), they would naturally tend to withdraw themselves from social involvement, being less active and restricting themselves from interacting with others. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-disengagement-theory.htm (Pearson education limited, 2010, pg170). However this is not the case for all ageing individuals as reasons for their disengagement may not be the result of the theory. For example, ill health of an individual may be the reason they become less sociable as it may prevent/restrict them from doing things and interacting with people how they would’ve before. In the case study we learn of Martha and Catherine, two elderly individuals of 80 who out of choice live in sheltered housing due to physical disabilities and as looking after their own home is too stressful, who have taken to the theory in different ways. The social disengagement theory hasn’t yet affected Martha fully or her look on life as she enjoys interacting with others in the home she lives – ‘there are always people to talk to and sometimes we get together to play cards’. Martha says ‘I like to get out and walk in the park as much as possible in order to stay fit’, while however she said she ‘couldn’t cope...
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...discussing five parts of psychology aging, and cognitive functioning in the elderly. Psychology of Aging, Theories of Aging, the Physical Dimension, the Cognitive Dimension, and the Social Dimension. The psychology of aging focuses on the behavioral changes which occur during the normal aging process. Age differences in learning, memory, perceptual and intellectual abilities will be investigated. In addition, emphasis will be placed on the neural correlates and cognitive consequences of disorders of aging such as Alzheimers disease(Belsky, J.1999). Aging introduces a number of psychological and physical changes in the human body and engaged researchers in this field of study. The growing population in industrialized countries has become a serious issue in the 21st century. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the 20th century. For example, in 1900 a baby born in an industrialized country would usually live to between 47 and 55, while a baby born in the 21st century would be expected to live to between 76 and 80 years. Longer life expectancy is mainly due to the eradication of diseases which used to kill up to 50 percent of the population in childhood. When individuals are experiencing illnesses, they cause psychological changes. These changes affect the self-esteem, self-confidence and self- image of individuals as they are suffering from these changes and feel hopeless and...
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...explaining the main aspects of the main theories of ageing. These include; sociological, psychological and biological theories of ageing. I will then go on to compare 2 theories of ageing. Sociological Theories Sociological theories focus on the changing roles and relationships that accompany ageing. These theories discuss how these changing roles, relationships, and status impact the older individual's ability to adapt. In this blog, we will discuss the following sociological theories: disengagement, activity, and continuity. Disengagement Theory The Disengagement Theory, one of the earliest and most controversial theories of aging, views aging as a process of gradual withdrawal between society and the older adult. This mutual withdrawal or disengagement is a natural, acceptable, and universal process that accompanies growing old. It is applicable to elders in all cultures, although there might be variations. According to this theory, disengagement benefits both the older population and the social system. Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die. Weakness: There is no base of evidence or research to support this theory. Additionally, many older people desire...
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...time, many such constructs evolve with which the infant identifies itself. A few of these basic constructs include the notion of ‘self ’ and ‘other’, ‘right’ and ‘wrong’, the concept of gender, and the notion of a family. As a child grows, several other constructs including that of nationality, caste, and religion are built into the human mind. A growing person might begin to associate herself with such notions, thus fortifying the structures in their mind. The world at large is perceived through the sieve of such structures. Once absorbed, it requires a conscious and sustained effort to unlearn the structures.! Further, there is a tendency to adhere to formal time-tested methods to achieve certain ends rather than being informal and adventurous. It can be observed that the human mind tends to align itself better with the rest of society over time. For instance, people who may have once harboured radical, left-wing political ideas may find themselves increasingly in agreement with right-wing ideas over the years, in contrast with their own previously held political affiliations. This rise of conservatism with ageing (Cornelis et al., 2008) can be THE BUREAUCRATIC MIND! 3 attributed to a tendency to stick to...
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...INTRODUCTION This study is conducted to determine the physical image of women portrayed by Filipino beauty commercials. A feministic view of these commercials is applied in trying to show the ideal image they present which influences the decisions and perceptions of women. Specifically, the researchers are defining how it has shaped the outlook of women towards beauty with regards to the physical aspects. The methods used to achieve results were documentary analysis and interviews. Through interviews, the researchers were able to generate information based on perceptions of selected individuals with expertise on feminism and visual communication. The documentary analysis deals with the examination of sample commercials which are part of the research scope. CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter contains the background of the study with a short introduction of the whole research and the reasons why the researchers chose the topic. It also contains the specific problems of the study as well as the theoretical and conceptual frameworks which were the foundation of the research. The limitations and scope are also provided in this chapter. It also contains the significance of the study to different people affected by the research and the definition of terms as to how they were used in the study. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As people tend to watch television, we also tend to encounter the commercials that come along with watching. According to a study conducted...
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...Doctors can diagnose patients and detect what they are susceptible to according to the patient’s complement of genes. In Agriculture, for example, DAF Queensland has been proactive in planting Barley varieties that carry adult plant resistance genes Rph 20 and Rph 23 to prevent barley leaf rust damaging their crops. Scientists in Rotterdam have found a gene that affects how old people look. Companies can now work on a product to prevent the ageing process. The discovery of the CD33 Alzheimer’s disease gene has companies working on a drug to prevent nerve cell death. Forensic science has benefitted hugely because of DNA testing. Inheriting a genetic set of conditions such as cancer, heart disease, depression, etc., cannot be changed. However, we can choose to prevent it from happening by lifestyle changes in the workplace, at home, in school by taking the stress out of tasks, such as homework and difficult assignments. Epigenetics, above and beyond genes, is the 21st century...
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...I S S U E S A N D IN N O V A T I O N S IN N U R S I N G E D U C A T I O N Nurse educators’ workplace empowerment, burnout, and job satisfaction: testing Kanter’s theory Teresa P. Sarmiento MScN RN College Nurse Educator, George Brown College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Heather K. Spence Laschinger Canada PhD RN Professor and Associate Director Nursing Research, School of Nursing, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Carroll Iwasiw EdD RN Professor and Director School of Nursing, School of Nursing, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Submitted for publication 22 May 2003 Accepted for publication 21 October 2003 Correspondence: Heather Spence Laschinger, School of Nursing, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada. E-mail: hkl@uwo.ca SARMIENTO T.P., LASCHINGER H.K.S. & IWASIW C. (2004) Journal of Advanced Nursing 46(2), 134–143 Nurse educators’ workplace empowerment, burnout, and job satisfaction: testing Kanter’s theory Background. Empowerment has become an increasingly important factor in determining college nurse educator burnout, work satisfaction and performance in current restructured college nursing programmes in Canada. Aim. This paper reports a study to test a theoretical model specifying relationships among structural empowerment, burnout and work satisfaction. Method. A descriptive correlational survey design was used to test the model in a sample of 89 Canadian full-time...
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...ARELLANO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING AN ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES AMONG THE ELDERLY AT BARANGAY PARANG, MARIKINA CITY Researchers Leader: Licopit Nicholle U. Members: Adriano, Gaylord Dabac, Aira Camille Enverga, Rika Giana Gabay, Niña Grace Lestor, Vincent Khalid Licopit. Nicholle Group IV/ BSN 4-C Nursing Research 2 CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Growing old is inevitable. It is part of life and it happens to everyone. Nobody can prevent himself/herself from getting old. The aging process entails new challenges such as failing health, loss of memory, graying hair, and life transitions like retirement, family relationships, lost career, cessation of social activities and maintaining ones standard of living. Nowadays, our elder relatives are still supporting their sons and daughter in caring for their grandchildren. This kind of situation is commonly seen in our country. Our elderly supports not only in caring but also financially. They tend to divide their budget from their pension to help their relatives. Presently, globalization and modernization have tremendous impact on the family system. The exodus of working age adults to jobs abroad has established a pattern of the older persons assuming surrogate parental ones. To them is entrusted the responsibility of providing parental care over their grandchildren whose parents have left for more lucrative jobs overseas. This poses undue strain on the psychological...
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...life events on the development of individuals, and to consider the nature-nurture debate. This unit will also allow learners to gain an insight into the aging process and to understand both positive and negative perspectives of ageing. Learning outcomes: * Understand human growth and development through the life stages. * Understand how life factors and events may influence the development of the individual. * Understand physical changes and psychological perspectives in relation to ageing. P1: Describe the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development through the life stages. The main life stages of human development are: * Conception * Pregnancy and birth. * Infancy * Childhood * Adolescence * Adulthood * Later adulthood. The holistic development of an individual involves them developing physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially. All humans go through the following things: * Growth: an increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight. * Development: complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities. * Maturation: when development is assumed to be due to a genetically programmed sequence of change. All human beings have needs. Some of these needs are universal but others vary according to life stag. According to Abraham Maslow, all individuals have five main hierarchy needs which are required for development and survival...
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...MEGATRENDS UNDERPINNING TOURISM TO 2020 Analysis of key drivers for change Larry Dwyer, Deborah Edwards, Nina Mistilis, Carolina Roman, Noel Scott and Chris Cooper Analysis of Key Drivers for Change Technical Reports The technical report series present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government and researchers. Unlike the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre’s Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report. National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data Dwyer, Larry. Megatrends underpinning tourism to 2020: analysis of key drivers for change. Bibliography. ISBN 9781920965525. 1. Tourism - Economic aspects - Australia. 2. Tourism - Social aspects - Australia. 3. Tourism - Political aspects - Australia. 4. Tourism - Environmental aspects - Australia. 5. Tourism - Australia. I. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. II. Title. 338.47910994 Copyright © CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2008 All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without...
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...LIFE AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE? A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS AND SOME ATTEMPTS AT MEASUREMENT Quality of life research, then, spans a range of topics, from quality of life in the last year of life (Lawton et al. 1990) to quality of life in urban environments (Rogerson et al. 1989). As was illustrated earlier, quality of life is an amorphous concept, that has a usage across many disciplines -- geography, literature, philosophy, health economics, advertising, health promotion and the medical and social sciences (e.g. sociology and psychology). It is a vague concept; it is multidimensional and theoretically incorporates all aspects of an individual's life. Quality of life has also been defined as the `output' of the inputs of the physical and the spiritual (Liu 1974); as the degree to which a person accomplishes life goals (Cella and Cherin 1987); and even quantified crudely as a formula in which quality of life (QL) is a product of one's natural endowment (NE) and the effort made on one's behalf by the family (H) and society (S), such that QL ]] NE ]] H ]] S (Shaw 1977). The meaning of the concept of quality of life is thus arguably dependent on the user of the term, his or her understanding of it, and his or her position and agenda in the social and political structure (Edlund and Tancredi 1985): `Quality of life is a vague and ethereal entity, something that many people talk about, but which nobody very clearly knows what to do about' (Campbell et al. 1976). In...
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...gets worse and Amelia’s skin becomes really sore. Her parents get really frustrated with Amelia and once her mum tried to pin her down and force the medicine into her mouth as she was so desperate for Amelia to get better. Now, Amelia associates the medicine with that experience and screams and shouts when she needs to take it. Her parents are at a loss on what to do. You now need to help the parents to understand what they can do to modify Amelia’s behaviour. How can you get Amelia to take the medicine using Operant Conditioning? You may even want to bring in some Classical Conditioning as well if you think you can? Describe the behaviour Amelia is exhibiting? Amelia is exhibiting this behaviour due to past experiences, in the past she has had a bad experience when taking this medication, therefore her mind associates the medication with something bad. She has been conditioned to link her being pinned down and fed to taking the medication, this is classical conditioning. The stimulus, the medication has been associated with a bad time and therefore will give off a response which is screaming and shouting. Explain what strategies can you use to positively reinforce Amelia’s behaviour? You can use operant conditioning to change her behaviour. She...
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...appercaiates today was however very nearly shortlived . In this article I wish to look at his life from early beginnings to present day . The question for him as with many of us , which has been debated by psycologist for many years , is has the life you have lived and will live (Life stages) down to nature or nurtre . That is to say is it down to the environment in which we live and learned behaviour or due to our genitic makeup . That is to say inhereted ? To answer I have chosen to look at the life of Robert Downy Jr who from a young age perhaps even birth has lived a very complex life where environmental factors have diffently played a major role in the way in which he lives / lived his life how much inheretence was involved with his physical intellectual emotional social development known as P.I.E.S is perhaps something that will be answred by the end of this article , so to be begin at the beginning . For the perpose of this article I have chosen to break up the the life cycle into five sections to see how Roberts P.I.E.S has been effected in each area . birth and infancy – 0-3 years childhood – 4-9 years adolecence- 10-18 years adulthood – 19-65 years older adulthood- 65+( the final stages of life ) There are five stages of human growth these are pre-natel , Infancy , Childhood , adolescence and adulthood , including later adulthood 'twilight ' years ....
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...Chaotic Growth with the Logistic Model of P.-F. Verhulst Hugo Pastijn Department of Mathematics, Royal Military Academy B-1000 Brussels, Belgium Hugo.Pastijn@rma.ac.be Summary. Pierre-Fran¸ois Verhulst was born 200 years ago. After a short biograc phy of P.-F. Verhulst in which the link with the Royal Military Academy in Brussels is emphasized, the early history of the so-called “Logistic Model” is described. The relationship with older growth models is discussed, and the motivation of Verhulst to introduce different kinds of limited growth models is presented. The (re-)discovery of the chaotic behaviour of the discrete version of this logistic model in the late previous century is reminded. We conclude by referring to some generalizations of the logistic model, which were used to describe growth and diffusion processes in the context of technological innovation, and for which the author studied the chaotic behaviour by means of a series of computer experiments, performed in the eighties of last century by means of the then emerging “micro-computer” technology. 1 P.-F. Verhulst and the Royal Military Academy in Brussels In the year 1844, at the age of 40, when Pierre-Fran¸ois Verhulst on November c 30 presented his contribution to the “M´moires de l’Acad´mie” of the young e e Belgian nation, a paper which was published the next year in “tome XVIII” with the title: “Recherches math´matiques sur la loi d’accroissement de la e population” (mathematical investigations of the law of...
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...Annual Report 2008-09 Productivity Commission Annual Report Series © COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 2009 ISSN ISBN 978-1-74037-286-2 1035-5243 This work is subject to copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, the work may be reproduced in whole or in part for study or training purposes, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Reproduction for commercial use or sale requires prior written permission from the Attorney-General’s Department. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney-General’s Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Canberra ACT 2600. This publication is available in hard copy or PDF format from the Productivity Commission website at www.pc.gov.au. If you require part or all of this publication in a different format, please contact Media and Publications (see below). Publications Inquiries: Media and Publications Productivity Commission Locked Bag 2 Collins Street East Melbourne VIC 8003 Tel: Fax: Email: (03) 9653 2244 (03) 9653 2303 maps@pc.gov.au General Inquiries: Tel: (03) 9653 2100 or (02) 6240 3200 An appropriate citation for this paper is: Productivity Commission 2009, Annual Report 2008-09, Annual Report Series, Productivity Commission, Canberra JEL code: D The Productivity Commission The Productivity Commission, is the Australian Government’s independent research and advisory body on a range...
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