...The Reflection on Whether Gender Influences Cultural Work Introduction The term culture industry was first put forward by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno (1944), the philosophers of Frankfurt School. In the book Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944: 94-95), Horkheimer and Adorno argued that the mass culture in capitalist society can be treated as an ideology factory which producing the standardized cultural products, such as magazines, radios, films and so on. Under this assumption, Horkheimer and Adorno supposed that the mass society can be manipulated by these homogenous cultural goods and services, and became more docile and passive (1944: 94-95). About 20 years later, since the 1960s, the business activities and employments in cultural industries – art, music, fashion, graphic design, film, radio, television, advertising, gaming, software production and leisure – have been showing a strong trend of expansion. According to Hesmondhalgh, ‘the cultural industries have moved closer to the centre of the economic action’ (2007:1). Western governments expect that the cultural industries can become a solution of deindustrialization, in order to deal with the systemic crises (Smith, 1998; Seltzer and Bentley, 1999; DCMS 2001; DCITA, 2005). As a consequence, cultural industries arouse concerns from the academic world. However, the definition of cultural industries was still fuzzy until 2007, Mark Banks defined it as: ‘those involved in the production of ‘aesthetic’ or ‘symbolic’ goods...
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...Executive summary It is the intention of this report to critically discuss the different factors that influences the consumer’s behaviour. It aims to provide a better understanding on internal and external factors that influences consumers decisions. Internal factors like perception, learning & memory, motivation, personality & emotion and attitudes or it may be external factors such as society, demographics, group influence & social stratification, etc. Different companies choses different ways to influence consumers and design their advertisements so as to attract more and more consumers. Secondly, this report will explain and discuss about the marketing strategies adopted by two famous car manufacturers Mercedes and BMW and how they were able to influence consumers using different internal and external factors. After comparing both the companies and their strategies, a conclusion would be derived that which was more successful. 1. Introduction: 2.1 Purpose: The purpose of this report is to analyse the internal and external factors that influences consumer buying behaviour and how Mercedes benz and BMW uses these in their advertisements. 2.2 Background: Mercedes Benz and BMW(Bayerische Motoren Werke) are the two big players and most famous car manufacturing companies and are the biggest competitors of each other. Both the organisations manufacture high end luxury and sports cars. BMW and Mercedes Benz both are German luxury automobile manufacturing...
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...employee to understand the goals of the organisation very clearly and also develop their skills and motivate them to contribute and perform at their best. The leaders have to draw a clear picture by means of literacy programs in order to ensure that the employees are very clear and work form heart and soul and also for rewards obviously. Learning and its relationship to the Organisation Even if an organisation concludes that learning provides the answer to its further development it has to consider, not only the approach, but also how people learn in different contexts. WithConstructivism, Behaviourism, Neuroscience, Multiple Intelligences, Right Brain/Left Brain Thinking, Communities of Practice, Learning Styles and Piaget's Developmental Theory to name but a few, all making a case for consideration, the complex issue of learning becomes self-evident. Yet, understanding how people learn is core to any organisational approach to learning....
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...Roberts, T. S., & McInnerney, J. M. (2007). Seven Problems of Online Group Learning (and Their Solutions). Educational Technology & Society, 10 (4), 257-268. Seven Problems of Online Group Learning (and Their Solutions) Tim S. Roberts and Joanne M. McInnerney Faculty of Business and Informatics, Central Queensland University, Australia // t.roberts@cqu.edu.au // cowlrick@optusnet.com.au ABSTRACT The benefits of online collaborative learning, sometimes referred to as CSCL (computer-supported collaborative learning) are compelling, but many instructors are loath to experiment with non-conventional methods of teaching and learning because of the perceived problems. This paper reviews the existing literature to present the seven most commonly reported such problems of online group learning, as identified by both researchers and practitioners, and offers practical solutions to each, in the hope that educators may be encouraged to “take the risk”. Keywords Online collaborative learning, CSCL, Group learning, Group work, Free riders Introduction The importance and relevance of social interaction to an effective learning process has been stressed by many theorists, from Vygotsky (1978), through advocates of situated learning such as Lave and Wenger (1991), and many other recent researchers and practitioners. Indeed, the academic, social, and psychological benefits of group learning in a face-to-face environment are well documented (see, for example, Johnson & Johnson, 1977...
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...analyze this transformation on the basis of available evidence, while attempting to make sense of contradictory trends observed in the changes of work and employment patterns over the past decades. I shall first address the classic question of secular transformation of employment structure that underlies theories of post-industrialism, by analyzing its evolution in the main capitalist countries between 1 920 and 2005. Next, to reach beyond the borders of OEeD countries, I shall consider the arguments on the emergence of a global labor force. I shall then turn to analyze the specific impact of new information technologies on the process of work itself, and on the level of employment, trying to assess the widespread fear of a jobless society. Finally, I shall treat the potential impacts of the transformation of work and employment on the social structure by focusing on processes of social polarization that have been associated with the emergence of the informational para- digm. In fact, I shall suggest an alternative hypothesis that, while acknowledging these trends, will place them in the broader framework of a more fundamental transformation: the individualization of work and the fragmentation of societies.2 Along such an intellectual itinerary, I shall use data and research findings from a flurry of monographs, simulation models, and standard statistics that have treated these questions with minute attention over many years in many countries. Yet the purpose...
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...VIETNAM TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGY TO 2020 & ACTION PLAN: 2013-2015 (PROPOSED) Executive Summary Developed by: European Union funded Environmentally & Socially Responsible Tourism (ESRT) Capacity Development Programme Vietnam Tourism Marketing Strategy To 2020 & Action Plan: 2013-2015 (Proposed) Executive Summary Page 1 © 2013 Environmentally and Socially Responsible Tourism Capacity Development Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union funded Environmentally and Socially Responsible Tourism Capacity Development Programme (ESRT). The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the ESRT programme and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The European Union and ESRT do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of our reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ESRT and the EU do not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ESRT and the EU encourage printing or copying exclusively for personal and non-commercial use with proper acknowledgement of ESRT and the EU. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ESRT and the EU. Environmentally...
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...PRINCIPLES OF SENTENCING: TOWARDS A EUROPEAN CONVERSATION Paper delivered at Conference on “The Limits of the Criminal Law” at Leiden University, January 23, 2008 and subsequently published in Cupido (ed), Limits of Criminal Law (Nijmegen, 2008).[1] Tom O’Malley Senior Lecturer in Law National University of Ireland Galway First, I would like to extend my warmest congratulations to the students of Leiden Law School for having organised this conference. Thanks to their vision and energy, representatives from several European countries have gathered in this historic venue to discuss some key aspects of criminal law and criminal procedure. More often than not, we think of European law solely in terms of European Union law, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights or both. Needless to say, the study of European law even in this limited sense is of the highest importance given its impact on our national legal systems and our daily lives. However, growing levels of legal and political integration now demand that we broaden our vision of European law to encompass the domestic legal systems of individual European states. Some work has already begun in this regard,[2] but it is only on rare occasions such as this that we can engage in a meaningful exchange of ideas and information on areas of common concern. Criminal justice is a most appropriate and worthy topic with which to begin. In times past, sentencing would not have featured very prominently...
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...Critical Theories of Globalization Chamsy el-Ojeili and Patrick Hayden Critical Theories of Globalization Also by Chamsy el-Ojeili CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics FROM LEFT COMMUNISM TO POSTMODERNISM: Reconsidering Emancipatory Discourse Also by Patrick Hayden AMERICA’S WAR ON TERROR CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics COSMOPOLITAN GLOBAL POLITICS JOHN RAWLS: Towards a Just World Order THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS Critical Theories of Globalization Chamsy el-Ojeili Department of Sociology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Patrick Hayden School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, UK © Patrick Hayden and Chamsy el-Ojeili 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents...
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...Chapter two Strategic human resource management John Bratton Strategic human resource management is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance. ‘If a global company is to function successfully, strategies at different levels need to inter-relate.’ 1 ‘An organization’s [human resource management] policies and practices must fit with its strategy in its competitive environment and with the immediate business conditions that it faces.’ 2 ‘The [human resources–business strategy] alignment cannot necessarily be characterized in the logical and sequential way suggested by some writers; rather, the design of an HR system is a complex and iterative process.’ 3 Chapter outline Introduction p.38 Strategic management p.38 Strategic human resource management p.45 Human resource strategy models p.49 Evaluating strategic human resource management and models of human resources strategy p.56 Dimensions of strategic human resource management p.59 International and comparative strategic human resource management p.61 Chapter objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of strategic management and give an overview of its conceptual framework 2. Describe the three levels of strategy formulation and comment on the links between business strategy and human resource management (HRM) 3. Explain three models of human resources (HR)...
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...Chapter two Strategic human resource management John Bratton Strategic human resource management is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance. ‘If a global company is to function successfully, strategies at different levels need to inter-relate.’ 1 ‘An organization’s [human resource management] policies and practices must fit with its strategy in its competitive environment and with the immediate business conditions that it faces.’ 2 ‘The [human resources–business strategy] alignment cannot necessarily be characterized in the logical and sequential way suggested by some writers; rather, the design of an HR system is a complex and iterative process.’ 3 Chapter outline Introduction p.38 Strategic management p.38 Strategic human resource management p.45 Human resource strategy models p.49 Evaluating strategic human resource management and models of human resources strategy p.56 Dimensions of strategic human resource management p.59 International and comparative strategic human resource management p.61 Chapter objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of strategic management and give an overview of its conceptual framework 2. Describe the three levels of strategy formulation and comment on the links between business strategy and human resource management (HRM) 3. Explain three models of human resources (HR) strategy: control, resource...
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...EVENT MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK 1 Background This handbook has been developed by a team of staff from partner institutions including Varna Free University “Chernorizets Hrabar” VFU (Bulgaria), Fundacion Universidad Empresa Region De Murcia (FUERM), Spain, Klaipeda Business and Technology College (KBTC), Lithuania and Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom. Each has taken advice and guidance from both academic and industrial bodies in the development of such. The handbook assists with the updating and development of staff involved in the Organisation, Planning and Implementation of Events. Authors: Asta Beloviene is a Dean of Business Faculty has great experience in management of education process, communication between different levels of training and social partners. Remigijus Kinderis is a Lecturer of Tourism Administration Department, Director of the hotel “Pajuris “ in Klaipeda, author of various tourism feasibility studies and projects. Phil Williamson (FHEA, MSc Events, Cert Ed, DMS, BA) is a Senior Lecturer in Events Management. 12 years experience of delivering to undergraduate, postgraduate, industry. Phil’s practitioner experience was with leading UK commercial event organisations. Tilcho Ivanov (Prof. Dr is a Professor in Branch Economics and Management and Economic Analysis at the University of National and World Economy and Varna Free University “Chernorizets Hrabar”. He has more than 30 years of experience in different economic sectors. Carmen Anton Ortin...
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...12:06 Page 1 WOMEN, GENDER AND WORK People are not defined solely by their work, nor is it possible to ignore the effects of factors outside the workplace on a person's status at work. To seek equality at work without seeking equality in the larger society – and at home – is illusory.Thus an examination of the issues surrounding women, gender and work must be holistic. That means considering the role of productive work in life as a whole and the distribution of unpaid work as well as the myriad questions relating to employment. This important anthology brings together the thinking of leading philosophers, economists and lawyers on this complex subject. Selected recent articles from the multidisciplinary International Labour Review are assembled for the first time to illuminate questions such as how we should define equality, what equal opportunity means and what statistics tell us about differences between men and women at work, how the family confronts globalization and what is the role of law in achieving equality. There is an examination of policy – to deal with sexual harassment and wage inequality, for example, as well as part-time work, the glass ceiling, social security, and much more. A major reference on the best of current research and analysis on gender roles and work. Martha Fetherolf Loutfi has been Editor-in-Chief of the International Labour Review, a Senior Economist for the Brandt Commission and in the ILO’s Employment and Development...
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...Working Time Around the World John Maynard Keynes once made the bold prediction that the three-hour work day would prevail for his grandchildren’s generation. Seventy years later, the question of working time is as pertinent as it was at the inception of the 40-hour week. Not until now, however, has there been a global comparative analysis of working time laws, policies and actual working hours. Despite a century-long optimism about reduced working hours and some progress in legal measures limiting working hours, this book demonstrates that differences in actual working hours between industrialized and developing countries remain considerable – without any clear sign of hours being reduced. This study aims to offer some suggestions about how this gap can begin to be closed. Lee, McCann and Messenger trace the theoretical background of the concept of working time before examining recent trends in working time laws in developing countries and countries in transition. The study then shifts its focus to developments in selected countries, considering both broad trends in working time at a national level and the structure and dynamics underlying these trends. The authors provide a remarkable set of policy suggestions that preserve health and safety, are ‘family-friendly’, promote gender equality, enhance productivity and facilitate workers’ choice and influence over their working hours. This book will be of great interest to policy-makers engaged with working conditions or health...
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...the organizing concepts for this project. Because these terms enjoy wide usage in contemporary sociology and are general and inclusive, they seem preferable to more specific terms such as "evolution" "progress," "differentiation," or even "development," many of which evoke more specific mechanisms, processes, and directions of change. Likewise, we have excluded historically specific terms such as "late capitalism" and "industrial society" even though these concepts figure prominently in many of the contributions to this volume. The conference strategy called for a general statement of a metaframework for the study of social change within which a variety of more specific theories could be identified. 2. Theories of Social Change Change is such an evident feature of social reality that any social-scientific theory, whatever its conceptual starting point, must sooner or later address it. At the same time it is essential to note that the ways social change has been identified have varied greatly in the history of thought. Furthermore, conceptions of change appear to have mirrored the historical ―2― realities of different epochs in large degree. In his essay...
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...T H E K N O W L E D G E E C O N O M Y A N D E D U C A T I O N Karen Jensen University of Oslo, Norway Leif Chr. Lahn University of Oslo, Norway and Monika Nerland (Eds.) University of Oslo, Norway This book presents an entirely new approach to professional learning based on perspectives of the knowledge society and, in particular, an interpretation of Knorr Cetina’s work on scientific ‘epistemic cultures’. Starting with a conceptual chapter and followed by a suite of empirical studies from accountancy, education, nursing and software engineering, the book elaborates how: a) knowledge production and circulation take distinct forms in those fields; b) how the knowledge objects of practice in those fields engross and engage professionals and, in the process, people and knowledge are transformed by this engagement. By foregrounding an explicit concern for the role of knowledge in professional learning, the book goes much farther than the current fashion for describing ‘practice-based learning’. It will therefore be of considerable interest to the research, policy, practitioner and student communities involved with professional education/learning or interested in innovation and knowledge development in the professions. SensePublishers KNOW 6 Karen Jensen, Leif Chr. Lahn and Monika Nerland (Eds.) ISBN 978-94-6091-992-3 Professional Learning in the Knowledge Society Professional Learning in the Knowledge Society T H E Spine ...
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