...Leadership Theories and Styles IAAP 2009 Administrative Professionals Week Event April 28, 2009 Development of Leadership Theory Development of Leadership Theory • Until approximately 1930, there was not much academic interest in the area of leadership academic interest in the area of leadership • Fredrick Taylor –Scientific Management (time/motion Fredrick Taylor Scientific Management (time/motion studies of productivity) (late 1800’s) • Max Weber –(writing on bureaucracy) a leader possessed power by virtue of his position (1922) • Mary Parker Follett – participatory management in power with as opposed to power over (1926) “power with” as opposed to “power over” (1926) Luther Gulick Notes on Organization ‐‐ 1937 • Work of the Executive Work of the Executive • POSDCORB – Planning – Organizing – Staffing – Directing – Coordinating g – Reporting – Budgeting g g Leadership a new definition Leadership – a new definition • Chester Barnard – 1938 new definition of leadership The ability of a superior to influence the behavior of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. (Barnard 1938) Power French and Raven (1960) Power – French and Raven (1960) • Legitimate power – comes solely from the position the g p y p superior holds in an organization • Reward power – comes by means of promotion, salary increases and interesting assignments i di t ti i t • Expert power – comes from the leader possessing superior knowledge of the matter under discussion...
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...Leadership Style theories Kurt Lewin (1939) ONE DIMENSIONAL Group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin set out to identify different styles of leadership. While further research has identified more specific types of leadership, this early study was very influential and established three major leadership styles. In the study, schoolchildren were assigned to one of three groups with an authoritarian, democratic or laissez-fair leader. The children were then led in an arts and crafts project while researchers observed the behavior of children in response to the different styles of leadership. Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic) Authoritarian leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. There is also a clear division between the leader and the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group. Researchers found that decision-making was less creative under authoritarian leadership. Lewin also found that it is more difficult to move from an authoritarian style to a democratic style than vice versa. Abuse of this style is usually viewed as controlling, bossy, and dictatorial. Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group. Participative Leadership (Democratic) Lewin’s study found...
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...Leadership Style and Theory Sarah Spencer LDR/531 August 31, 2015 John Bevell Leadership Style and Theory Many people believed leaders were born with inherited traits, but over time leaders became understood as being developed through learned behaviors, skills, and style. The different theories and styles of a leader discussed throughout this paper as well as the leadership styles identified. The leadership theories are defined. Finally the results of the mentor meeting focusing on leadership style detailed in this paper. Leadership Style The six styles of leadership discussed are an ambassador, advocate, people mover, truth-seeker, creative builder, and experienced guide. An ambassador is a style that makes a leader comfortable in most situations (Galford and Maruca, 2011). This style can defuse situations, and is less likely to start conflict for their benefit (Galford and Maruca, 2011). They are good at assessing, developing, and helping others understand what is expected (Galford and Maruca, 2011). An advocate instinctively acts as the spokesperson (Galford and Maruca, 2011). Their main skills are articulate, rational, logical, and persuasive (Galford and Maruca, 2011). This leadership style uses both linear and nonlinear approaches (Galford and Maruca, 2011). People movers instinctively take the lead (Galford and Maruca, 2011). They have characteristics such as talent-spotter, motivator, career-builders, and nurturing (Galford and Maruca, 2011). People...
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...Abstract Leadership styles and theories are essential to an organization’s structure, culture, and development. Understanding leadership style can help a company build a foundation that can lead to improved productivity, employee retention, and improved employee relations. This paper will show the leadership style of my former manager and how his leadership influenced job performance, organizational commitment, trust, and decision-making. The goal is to better understand how his transformational leadership style helped improve my leadership and build on the policies and procedures within the organization. In addition, I will include information pertaining to my own leadership assessment as it pertains to do you have what it takes to be a leader? Introduction This analysis will show how Kurt Griebel played an important role in the development of my managerial skills such as, knowledge, decision-making, and behavior. Organizational behavior depends on leaders, like Kurt Griebel, to manage others to achieve the company's goals and objectives. The definition of leadership is defined “as the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement” (Colquitt, Lepine, & Wesson, 2011, p. 485). An important aspect of Kurt’s leadership style was he used different decision-making processes to achieve the company’s goals and objectives. He was known in the Target Corporation as an effective leader who focused on the situation, and made a decision...
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...Term paper On Relevance of leadership theories, role of leadership style and team building for organizational performance in context of Bangladesh. Organization theory and Behavior (PPG505) Submitted to Dr. Sk. Tawfique M. Haque Associate Professor Department of Political Science & Sociology And Director, MPPG Program North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [pic] Submitted by MD. AMDAD HOSSAN ID NO. 1412126085 MPPG 4th Batch, Department of PSS, NSU, Dhaka 1. Introduction Leadership is a highly sought-after and highly valued commodity. In the last three decades, especially after the NPM movement, leadership has attracted substantial attention as an essential factor for organizational performance in the public sector (Cristin &Ticlu, 2012). The public has become increasingly captivated by the idea of leadership. People continue to ask themselves and others what makes good leaders. As individuals, they seek more information on how to become effective leaders (Bryman, 1992). Many people believe that leadership is a way to improve their personal, social, and professional lives. Corporations seek those with leadership ability because they believe they bring special assets to their organizations and, ultimately, improve the bottom line (Parry, 2003). In addition, leadership has gained the attention of researchers worldwide. A review of the scholarly studies on leadership shows that there is a wide variety of different...
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...will have different leadership styles to manage and lead their employees which are identified by the path–goal theory of leadership. This is why the attitude and the behavior of a leader will influence his/her subordinates on achieving their goals and objectives. Leadership is mostly defined as a process of leading or influencing a group of people or an organization to achieve their goals. According to Yukl, ‘it is obvious that a person can be a leader without becoming a manager, and a person can be a manager without leading’. In my opinion, a leader has long-term of view which inspires and motivates his/her subordinates and work together to achieve their vision, mission, goals and objectives. And, a manager is a problem solver of the status quo which focuses on productivity and efficiency. Hence, they are different from each other. Path-goal theory is related to leadership. It is a specific theory which is based on leadership styles or behaviour. Path-goal theory states on how leaders achieve high level of performance, influence own and their employees satisfaction and performance to achieve the performance and organisation’s goal. This is by clearing and clarifying the path, increasing the number of rewards that is available for them. Additionally, a leader can also change and regulate his/her leadership style of behaviour to the employees and task behaviours so that they will have the motivation to achieve the goals. In other hand, the path goal theory identifies four types...
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...Leadership Styles and Theories LDR 531 October 31, 2011 Leadership Styles and Theories Changing market conditions, reducing product demand, and less trade barriers among nations forcing organizations to rethink business strategies in terms of new acquisitions, restructuring, change in funding methods and mergers. Successful organizations regularly review the change in market conditions and social-political environments and build core competencies to mitigate the risk of competition and reducing product demand. Staffing competent individual at correct position is a critical task for building core competence and leadership in the organization. Leaders help in visualize innovating methods of production and facilitate changes in the organization to empower employees and organization fight competition and adopting new market conditions. The leadership role is critical at every level of the organization structure and understanding best suiting leadership style for the organization and using the right one for the situation makes the difference between success and the failure of the organization. Researchers are reviewing many leadership theories and styles to provide understanding on how organizations can use this concept for the success of the organization. Researchers developed Behavioral theories, contingency theories, trait theories, and power influence theories to gain understanding on the concept of leadership. Leaders...
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...Report on THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON MOTIVATION IN WORK ORGANIZATIONS Submitted to: Lorin Walker, Manager and Gary Hart, Instructor for OB 689R Submitted by: Leonard Winegar April 20, 1977 i ABSTRACT This report is an evaluation of leadership style as it affects motivation and productivity in work organizations. The terms pertinent to this work are first defined. Historical and current theories are then presented and discussed. Theory understanding and implementation are essential to increase motivation in the organization. Data from leadership style studies is presented showing that situational determinants, traits, and wide style range are essential to promote motivation and effective leadership. There is no single "narrow" leadership style for all occasions rather the whole leader is needed for optimum productivity. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ii I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 II. LEADERS DEFINED...............................................................................................................2 Leadership and Leadership Style Illuminated...........................................
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...Leadership Theories – EMBA7005 – Peggy MacIsaac Leadership Theories Peggy MacIsaac University of Fredericton September 2013 1 Leadership Theories – EMBA7005 – Peggy MacIsaac Introduction Contingency Approaches to leadership theories have led to the development of two very important and effective leadership theories. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory and the Path-Goal Leadership theory have been instrumental in guiding leaders as they learn to embrace how situational factors affect their selection of leadership style. The following will explore these two theories, look at their similarities and differences and the effectiveness of utilizing these approaches. Leadership Theories - Situational Leadership Theory: Situational Leadership Theory (short form for the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory) was created by management experts Dr. Paul Hersey, and Ken Blanchard. It became popular in the 1970’s/early 1980’s. This theory draws views mainly from contingency focused thinking. As the title implies, this theory focuses on the idea that leadership style is dependent on each unique situation and that there is no one perfect or optimum leadership style. The most important component of the situation is the characteristics of the follower and this is what determines the most effective leadership style. Situational Leadership Theory suggests that the style of leadership used in a situation revolves around the leader’s ability to accurately diagnose...
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...Contingency Theories of Leadership Name Class Affiliation Instructor Date Leadership is considered by psychologists and organizational researchers as one of the most multifaceted and complex phenomena (Field & Seters, 1990). As a result of its complexity, leadership is one of the most misconceived phenomenon in the whole world. This prompted the researchers to come up with various foundational theories which helped to shed more light about leadership (Burns, 1978). Thus, it is impossible to analyze and evaluate leadership theories without going back to their origins (Field&Seters, 1990) There are several leadership theories that have been researched, developed and discussed by various researchers. They include; personality, influence, behavior, situational, transactional, anti-leadership, culture, transformational and contingency theories. The sole objective of this essay is to critically evaluate a group of contingency theories of leadership. The most notable contingency theories of leadership include Fried Fiedler’s, Path-Goal and Vroom-Jago (Field&Seters, 1990). This essay will start by evaluating Fiedler’s theory, followed by Path-Goal theory and the last three theories will be evaluated as a single group. According to (Bryman, 2011), contingency theories are advanced on the platform that dictates that there is no single best method that can be used alone to make a decision or lead an organization. These theories seek to offer and explain the...
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...Leadership Theories There are successful leaders and then there are leaders who fail. Some people think of it as luck, but the truth is that there is no out of the world combination of characteristics that make some leaders successful. Often different characteristics matter at different situations. So what makes a great leader? Is it the personality traits of people or characteristics of the situation that makes people better than others? Studies conducted to find out how exactly certain people excel in their positions have given birth to a number of formal leadership theories. In this paper I will discuss about three different leadership theories; behavioral theories, contingency theories, and power & influence theories. Behavioral Theories As the name suggests behavioral theories emphasis on how leaders behave. For example; some leaders get involved with their team and some dictate terms in decision making. According to Kendra Cherry “Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born” (para 9). This particular theory mainly focuses on the actions of leaders. An assumption of this theory is that people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. Three types of leaders can be identified under the behavioral theory; I. Autocratic leaders II. Democratic leaders III. Laissez-faire leaders A study conducted by the Ohio State University, have found two groups...
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...direction and inspiration towards a goal. Leadership theory is critical for our understanding of the role individuals can play in shaping an organization. (Clegg et al, 2008) Leadership is considered both a character trait as well as a relational concept whereby one person influences others. (Katz and Kahn, 1978) Over the years many different leadership theories have emerged with some gaining a much wider acceptance than others. Here a discussion on two well known theories is being undertaken to understand what they are and how best they describe the concept of leadership. Path Goal Theory Some contemporary theories on leadership have purported that the leadership is all about being able to adapt and show flexibility to ever changing situations and circumstances. This group believes that effective leadership does not stem from some behavioural traits only but to a large extent depends on the situation in which a potential leader might find them. This situation or context as it is called comes from the nature of work that the leader has to carry out, the internal culture and environment of an organization and the external socio economic environment that the organization finds itself in (Fiedler, 1994). Path Goal Theory of leadership belongs to this school of thought. It was first put forward by Robert House (House, 1996) and since then has become one of the most studied and researched theory on leadership. According to this theory effective leaders motivate their teams by...
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...management system that particularly shows strong leadership. Good leadership not only allows employees to coordinate their efforts towards organisational goals, but also provides support to management in assessing the current situation and take relevant action to changes in the external environment. When those prerequisites are met, organisations function efficiently and operate more effectively. Consequently it is fundamental for managers to understand how to be effective as a leader and how to achieve those organisational goals. There have been extensive studies into what transforms a human being to a leader and their leadership, styles of leadership, how individuals work, the setting they work in, what stimulates them as well as numerous other factors influencing organisational effectiveness. This report looks first briefly into the history of leadership, discusses its meaning and some leadership styles that have evolved over time. This is followed by discussing some of the theories that resulted from the empirical research on leadership and their attempts to explain what makes an effective leader. To clarify these concepts examples are provided to some of the theories to illustrate their practical application in the real-world. Introduction Leadership The origins of leadership and its studies are dated back as far as to the beginning of civilisation (Stone & Patterson 2005). Stone & Patterson (2005) said that leadership was one thing all cultures had in common. But...
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...Business Leadership Name Institution Business Leadership Abstract This research examines developments made in the leadership studies, beginning with the early theories made to try explaining the concept of leadership in business. Secondary materials were used as the main sources of data in this research paper. The objective of this research is to discuss leadership literature, the success of different writers work on the topic and its impact on business organizations. The literature review starts with a brief history of leadership and the key developments made during its evolution. The literature review then discusses the first phase of the business, which was before the 20th century followed by what was written in the second phase, which is normally called the neo-classical period. The review ends by giving the most recent developments in the field and the impact they have had on business organizations. The paper looks at leadership styles as the most discussed sub-section of leadership in its literature. This paper ends with a conclusion summarizing the research followed by possible recommendations. The importance of this research is to get data relevant to organizational leadership by analyzing literature development over the years. Introduction The concept of leadership is as old as civilization itself. It started from the ancient times when the organization became an entity and many people started getting together to achieve a certain objective. A leader is...
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...REVIEW OF SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Situational Leadership Theory is arguably the most widely known and practiced theory of leadership and managerial effectiveness. In this essay, the origins and fundamentals of the theory are considered, as well as the available evidence that supports or contradicts the its validity. Background Situational Leadership Theory as presented by Hersey and Blanchard developed from the work of J. W. Reddin’s 3-Dimensional Management Style Theory. That theory hypothesizes the importance of a manager’s relationship orientation and task orientation in conjunction with effectiveness (Reddin 1967, 8). From the interplay of these dimensions, Reddin proposes a variety of management styles and theorizes that effectiveness as a manager can be explained as a function of matching a leader’s style to a specific situation. However, his theory does not specify whether certain situational characteristics could be unequivocally incorporated into a predictive model (Vecchio 1987, 444). From Reddin’s suggestion that a leader’s effectiveness varies according to style, Hersey and Blanchard proposed a life-cycle theory of leadership. According to this theory, degrees of task orientation and relationship orientation are to be examined in conjunction with the maturity of a follower or group of followers in order to account for leader effectiveness (Hersey and Blanchard 1969, 29). The main principle of the life-cycle theory is that as the level...
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