...Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies X,Y,Z Theory By Alexander Leukhin Post session assignment BSAD515 Organizational Behavior Professor: Donald Bankhead 2012 Теории мотивации Мотивация – это побуждение к действию. Технология управления– это способы побуждения к нужным действиям. Существует более пятидесяти различных теорий мотивации. С ними можно подробно познакомиться в интернете. Что-то работает, что-то устарело, что-то сложно для понимания. Наверное, самый древний метод мотивации, и для некоторых руководителей до сих пор единственный, – это “кнута и пряника”. В данной работе мы рассмотрим 3 теории мотивации, которые пытаются дать объяснение поведению человека в разных ситуациях, и направлены на поиск решений, побуждающих к действию. Общие сведения о теориях Х, Y и Z Основным автором теории Х и Y принято считать Дугласа Мак-Грегора. Дуглас Мак-Грегор (1906-1964) остается одним из наиболее уважаемых и часто цитируемых авторов в области человеческих отношений (того, что в 1940-1950-е гг. назвали бихевиоризмом). Его работы вдохновили столь несхожих между собой мыслителей, как Розабет Мосс Кантер, Уоррен Беннис и Роберт Уотерман. Особо стоит отметить, что Мак-Грегор наиболее известен своими мотивационными моделями — теориями X и Y. Мак-Грегор родился в Детройте, в семье священника. В 1932 г. он закончил Городской колледж в Детройте (City College of Detroit), ныне это Государственный университет Уэйна (Wayne University). Получил...
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...Braden Division of Business & Economics Lecture: Theory Z Participative Management Styles: Theory Z - William Ouchi During the 1970s, when Japanese-style management was all the rage, William Ouchi, took the Theory X, Theory Y concept one step further: Theory Z. This is the participative model. Ouchi was born and educated in America, but was of Japanese descent. He visited Japan and studied their success with team and participative management and developed this theory. Assumptions about: Workers' motivation. Theory X The Theory X manager assumes that the only motivation that works for employees is $$money$$. Theory Y The Theory Y manager assumes that employees are motivated by their needs to fulfill their social, esteem, selfactualization, and security. The Theory Y manager believes that employees see work as a natural activity and will seek out opportunities to have increased responsibility and understanding of their tasks. The Theory Y manager believes that workers will respond best to favorable working conditions that do not pose threats or strong control. Theory Z The Theory Z manager assumes that employees are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be a part of something worthwhile -- the self-actualization need. The Theory Z manager believes that employees will not only seek out opportunities for responsibility, in fact, they crave opportunities to advance and learn more about the company. The Theory Z manager believes that employees should learn the...
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...through the time of classical managamnet, to scientific managamnet and other contemporary theories, we have had many people with different ideas and strategies on how to imrove the managamnet of the company. This research will concentrate on the work of one of the scientific managamnet theorists, Douglas McGregor. Scientifc managamnt is a type of managamnet that emphasizes on workflows and specifically on labor productivity. Managers in this period have made a significant influence on managamnet as a whole, since this was the first time managament was considered a science. Frederic Taylor, who is considered to be the father of scientific managament, started developing scietific managament in 1880's. After his theories became famous, there were many more followers of scientific managamanet and many other theorists, like Douglas McGregor. Douglas McGreorg was born in 1906, received quality edcuation, peeking with the Ph.D. form Harward University in 1935. (The Economist) He is most famous for his book "The Human Side of Enterprise", thus his theoy of X and Y. McGregor theorizes that management should view the employees' motivation for work in two distinct ways, Theory X and Theory Y. Theory x is authoritative and it assumes that workers naturally do not like to work and that managers have to make effort to make the employees work. (The Economist) The following are principles of Theory X: 1) The average worker naturally does not like work and will avoid it whenever possible. (2...
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...Douglas McGregor’s X,Y Theory of Motivation In his 1960 management book, The Human Side of Enterprise, Douglas McGregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as Theory X and Theory Y management. Each assumes that the manager's role is to organize resources, including people, to best benefit the company. However, beyond this commonality, they're quite dissimilar. Theory X Management According to McGregor, Theory X leadership assumes the following: • Work is inherently distasteful to most people, and they will attempt to avoid work whenever possible. • Most people are not ambitious, have little desire for responsibility, and prefer to be directed. • Most people have little aptitude for creativity in solving organizational problems. • Motivation occurs only at the physiological and security levels of Maslow's Needs Hierarchy. • Most people are self-centered. As a result, they must be closely controlled and often coerced to achieve organizational objectives • Most people resist change. • Most people are gullible and unintelligent. Essentially, theory x assumes that the primary source of most employee motivation is monetary, with security as a strong second. The Hard Approach and Soft Approach Under Theory X, management approaches to motivation range from...
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...Douglas McGregor (1906- 1964) The American psychologist. McGregor argued that managers operate from their personal view of how employees function. He separated managers into two groups based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. He related Theory X managers to lower order needs in the hierarchy and Theory Y managers to higher order needs. Book: “The Human Side Of Interprise” Theory X >people are intrinsically lazy >no responsibility >incapable of self-discipline and only want security >controlled and threatened before they will work >The autocratic leadership style is the only one that works. Theory Y intrinsically motivated have self-control and do seek responsibility Employees can be consulted since individuals are emotionally mature positively motivated towards their work see their own position in the management hierarchy Managers will find that the participative approach to problem solving and decision making leads to far better results than authoritarian orders from above. Characteristics of the theory X manager >distant and detached >aloof and arrogant > short temper >shouts >issues instructions, directions, edicts >issues threats to make people follow instructions >demands, never asks >does not participate >does not team-build Quote: "Most teams aren't teams at all but merely collections of individual relationships with the boss. Each individual vying with the others for power, prestige and position...
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...Conor Anthony McGregor, was born on the 14th of July, 1988 in Crumlin, Dublin. He is a professional MMA fighter and boxer. McGregor is mainly recognized for being the UFC lightweight champion and former featherweight champion. McGregor was raised in Crumlin and attended Colaiste De Hide, a school where his passion for sport playing football began. In his youth, he played football for Lourdes Celtic Football Club. When McGregor was 12, he also began boxing at Crumlin Boxing Club. When he moved to Lucan, he met future UFC fighter Tom Egan and they soon started training MMA together. Conor McGregor’s career started out booming. On February 17, 2007, he made his first appearance in MMA for the Irish Ring of Truth in Dublin. He fought against...
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...Theories X and Y According to The Economist (2008b), Theories X and Y were contrived by Douglas McGregor, who published them in his 1960 book “The Human Side of Enterprise”. He was heavily influenced by Abraham Maslow, and this was particularly evident in his theories that contrasted greatly with the prevalence of scientific management at the time (The Economist, 2008a). Theories X and Y identified a principle divergence between management approaches and this formed the foundation for the development of modern management theory. (The Economist, 2008b) Theory X emphasises “productivity, on the concept of a fair day’s work, on the evils of feather bedding and restriction of output, on rewards for performance … [it] reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work” (McGregor, 1960). It makes the assumption that individuals naturally require motivation and coercion to maximise their output. Theory Y, however, “assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control in the achievement of organisational objectives to the degree that they are committed to those objectives” (McGregor, 1960). It asserts that individuals possess a natural inclination to placate their desire for self-fulfilment through work. Google Inc. is an acclaimed example of Theory Y’s successful implementation. It gives stock options to 99% of its employees, effectuates the provision of workplace benefits (e.g. Day care, maternal/paternal leave programmes)...
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...Organizational Behavior at Whole Foods Introduction This paper will discuss the organizational behavior concepts that relate to Whole Foods. These concepts include Theory X and Theory Y, human and social capital, the profile of the 21st century manger, Carroll’s Global Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid and the seven moral principles. Whole Foods Market is a supermarket chain that functions through several completely maintained divisions. The supermarkets are located in the US, Canada and the UK. It is headquartered in Austin, Texas and employed about 72,700 people as of September 30, 2012, of whom 16,400 were part-time employees and 3,200 were seasonal employees (“Company Profile”, 2013). McGregor’s Theory Y Role at Whole Foods In 1960, Douglas McGregor wrote The Human Side of Enterprise, which framed two sets of molds about human nature. The first one is Theory X is unenthusiastic and negative. It assumptions people don’t like working and must be forced to do their work, avoid responsibility and have little motivation. As Kopelman and et al. (2012) stated “the manager who holds Theory X beliefs may unwittingly engineer a low level of employee motivation and (ironically) lament to a colleague that you can't get good workers nowadays” (pg. 451). Theory Y is the counterpart. In this Theory, mangers assume employees can be self-motivated, committed, responsible and creative workers. Whole Foods hires people that are well-trained who flourish in their workplace...
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...TOPIC: Attrition in organizations Group 7: Rahul Kumar Gupta: 12P157 Rajesh Choudhary: 12P158 Rajiv Gupta: 12P159 Rakshit Sharma: 12P160 Ravi Goel: 12P161 Ravi Kant Singla: 12P162 Attrition The reduction in staff and employees in a company through normal means, such as retirement and resignation is called attrition. Attrition leads to loss of key employees who have thorough knowledge of the company and its practices. Appointing new employees in place of old involves cost of recruiting and training them. Experience in a field is very important for better performance. New employees lack this and this might lead to some pitfalls during their work. If there is high attrition, it also results in a negative impact on new employees about the work...
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...McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor’s landmark book, The Human Side of Enterprise (1960), changed the path of management thinking and practice (Kopelman, Prottas, & Davis, 2008, p. 255). Douglas had his own beliefs and theories about human beings and why they do certain things or act certain ways. He ended up proposing two different views of humans and they were titled Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform (Robbins & Judge, 2013, p. 205). Theory Y is the assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction (Robbins & Judge, 2013, p. 205). McGregor believed that one of his theory’s was more valid and made more sense that the other one. There was never any evidence that confirmed or denied that either set of assumptions are valid or will lead to more motivational workers (Robbins & Judge, 2013). The writer will discuss not only what each theory is, but also if they are applicable for current day employees. How these theories benefit criminal justice personnel and organizations will be discussed also. Theory X First let’s begin with exploring Theory X. Under this Theory X, managers believe employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it (Robbins & Judge, 2013, p. 205). It was believed that theory was less valid than the other. Theory X is autocratic...
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...It’s hard to talk about management innovation without tipping your hat to W.L. Gore, the venerable maker of Gore-Tex and a host of other pioneering materials and products as diverse as synthetic vascular grafts, Elixir guitar strings, and Glide dental floss. Lauded as "the world's most innovative company" time and time again, Gore's wholly original (and endlessly inspirational) model for creating a true democracy of innovation is firmly rooted in the story of founder Bill Gore. More than half a century ago, in 1958, Bill Gore quit DuPont to start a business aimed at imagining and commercializing new uses for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)—the material popularized as Gore-Tex. But he wasn't simply interested in inventing new materials or selling products, he was bent on creating an entirely new kind of company—one that unleashed and inspired every person in it, one that put as much energy into finding the next big thing as milking the last big thing, one that was robustly profitable and uniquely human. Bill Gore concevied of W.L. Gore as a kind of experiment in management innovation—one that is still ongoing. The questions that drove him at founding are crucial questions managers everywhere must grapple with today: Was it possible to build a company with no hierarchy—where everyone was free to talk with everyone else? How about a company where there were no bosses, no supervisors, no managers and no vice presidents? Could W. L. Gore preserve a sense of family and collegiality...
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...that the way employers’ treat and value their employees would determine their actions and values, and drive how they performed on the job (Chertis & Mujtaba, 2014). Theory X was an outdated, pessimistic view and viewed all workers in a negative way. Theory Y, on the other hand, was a more modern, positive assumption. McGregor believed that a manager could accomplish more through others by viewing them as self-energized, committed, responsible and creative beings (Kreitner & Kinicki, p. 9). McGregor’s Theory Y plays a role in the way that John Mackey, co-founder and co-CEO of Whole Food Markets runs his business. McGregor theorized that people would become committed to organizational objectives if they were rewarded for doing so. Mackey believes similarly. He believes that it is the manager’s job to seek out and hire the most appropriate person for the job. He believes that if you train them well that they will be happy in the workplace and will provide better customer service as a result. He believes that happy employees make for happy customers and happy customers make referrals to other people, which make happy investors (Kreitner & Kinicki, p. 30). Mackey didn’t emulate McGregor’s Theory Y completely. He came up with his own philosophy and called it conscious capitalism (Chertis & Muitaba, 2014). His theory is based on purpose rather than profit (Sacks, 2009). Mackey believes it is important to factor in the needs of all that are involved with the business: employees...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE | PAGE | INTRODUCTION | 2 | THEORY X | 3 | HOW TO MOTIVATE OTHERS BY USING THEORY X | 4 | THEORY Y | 5 | HOW MOTIVATE OTHERS BY USING THEORY Y | 6 | THEORY Z | 7 | HOW TO MOTIVATE OTHERS BY USING THEORY Z | 8 | THEORY ANALYSIS, COMPARISONS & CONTRASTS | 9-10 | OPINION | 11 | REFERANCE | 12 | INTRODUCTION Employee motivation can be as individual or people who work for you. The success of your business can almost always be traced back to motivated employees. From productivity and profitability to recruiting and retention, hardworking and happy employees lead to success. Unfortunately, motivating people is far from an exact science. There's no secret formula, no set calculation, no work sheet to fill out. In fact, motivation can be as individual as the employees who work for you. One employee may be motivated only by money. Another may appreciate personal recognition for a job well done. Still another may work harder if she has equity in the business. But you can boil down employee motivation to one basic ideal which is find out what your employees want and find a way to give it to them or to enable them to earn it. Employees are essentially the most important aspect of an organization. Managers strive to motivate their employees so that they are willing to perform at their highest levels. When employees work hard, come to work regularly and continue making positive contributions to the organization, the business will be able...
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...ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES By A. EINSTEIN June 30, 1905 It is known that Maxwell’s electrodynamics—as usually understood at the present time—when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena. Take, for example, the reciprocal electrodynamic action of a magnet and a conductor. The observable phenomenon here depends only on the relative motion of the conductor and the magnet, whereas the customary view draws a sharp distinction between the two cases in which either the one or the other of these bodies is in motion. For if the magnet is in motion and the conductor at rest, there arises in the neighbourhood of the magnet an electric field with a certain definite energy, producing a current at the places where parts of the conductor are situated. But if the magnet is stationary and the conductor in motion, no electric field arises in the neighbourhood of the magnet. In the conductor, however, we find an electromotive force, to which in itself there is no corresponding energy, but which gives rise—assuming equality of relative motion in the two cases discussed—to electric currents of the same path and intensity as those produced by the electric forces in the former case. Examples of this sort, together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the “light medium,” suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of...
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...COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Ariel Rubinstein: Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory is published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, c 2006, by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World Wide Web. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network servers. Follow links for Class Use and other Permissions. For more information send email to: permissions@pupress.princeton.edu Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory Ariel Rubinstein Updates to the Printed Version The file you are viewing contains the printed version of the book. In relevant places throughout the text you will find small icons indicating the existence of updates to the text: A red icon indicates there is a correction for a mistake on this line. A green icon indicates an addition to the text at this point. The corrected and added text can be obtained from the author's homepage at http://arielrubinstein.tau.ac.il/ . October 21, 2005 12:18 master Sheet number 1 Page number 1 October 21, 2005 12:18 master Sheet number 2 Page number 2 October 21, 2005 12:18 master Sheet number 3 Page number i Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory October 21, 2005 12:18 master Sheet number 4 Page number ii October 21...
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