...Policy Transfer: Willingness and Oversight Public policy making is the process of conceptualizing problems, providing it to government policy makers, who in turn create solutions that gets evaluated, measured and revised (Sabatier, P. 2007). A Policy transfer on the other hand, is the process of using knowledge from one political setting into the development of ideas in another setting (Dolowitz and Marsh. 2000). In the article “Policy Transfer: Theory, rhetoric and reality”, the author describes the hurdles of transferring new policies to the UK. It is a challenging endeavour...oftentimes regarded as messy and unpredictable...due to policy makers’ instincts and the lack of organization of knowledge (Duncan, S. 2009). According to the author public policy in the county had the following characteristics (1)Policy makers have a vast knowledge base when it comes to policy making; (2)Policy makers recognize the need for evidence in the initial direction of ideas; (3)The government utilize international sources to obtain evidence (4)There were successes and failures in replicating international policies (5) Without guidance, policy makers will revert to instincts in policy making. Willingness is a crucial factor for strong policy transfers (Sabatier, P. 2007). The UK Cabinet Office had willingness to learn, it even had Skills Training for civil servants to analyze foreign data (Duncan, S. 2009). Conflict arose when it came to tailoring the policy for the UK. In addition...
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...Communication Theory Nine: Two Robert T. Craig Communication Theory as a Field May 1999 Pages 119-161 This essay reconstructs communication theory as a dialogical-dialectical field according to two principles: the constitutive model of communication as a metamodel and theory as metadiscursive practice. The essay argues that all communication theories are mutually relevant when addressed to a practical lifeworld in which “communication” is already a richly meaningful term. Each tradition of communication theory derives from and appeals rhetorically to certain commonplace beliefs about communication while challenging other beliefs. The complementarities and tensions among traditions generate a theoretical metadiscourse that intersects with and potentially informs the ongoing practical metadiscourse in society. In a tentative scheme of the field, rhetorical, semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociopsychological, sociocultural, and critical traditions of communication theory are distinguished by characteristic ways of defining communication and problems of communication, metadiscursive vocabularies, and metadiscursive commonplaces that they appeal to and challenge. Topoi for argumentation across traditions are suggested and implications for theoretical work and disciplinary practice in the field are considered. Communication theory is enormously rich in the range of ideas that fall within its nominal scope, and new theoretical work on communication ...
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...model vs. civil society model public sphere, society vs. community habitus transmission model of communication public sphere model of communication theory & practice Textbook Chapter 1: "Public Speaking & Public Sphere" transmission model, public sphere model, circulation Lecture 2: From Claim to Speech inherency - is a stock issue in policy debate that refers to a barrier that keeps a harm from being solved in the status quo. constraints (lecture 2 & textbook ch. 5) rightness of fit topic vs. claim a rhetorical claim vs. a philosophical claim components of a good claim Lecture 3: Audience Adaptation discursive identity - A state of identity defined by the descriptors used to define an individual social constitution vicious relativism speech event conditioning composite audience scopus - the object of a directed gaze, a 'target stasis theory - is a four-question, pre-writing (invention) process. stasis theory asks writers to investigate and try to determine: The facts (conjecture) The meaning or nature of the issue (definition) The seriousness of the issue (quality) The plan of action (policy). constitutive rhetoric - the capacity of language or symbols to create a collective identity for an audience, especially by means of condensation symbols, literature, and narratives. rhetoric as adaptation discourse community - groups that have goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these...
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...Whether people want to consider Rhetoric as a course of Philosophy or as a working tool, it is verily an eloquent Art. Many ohistorical figures have persuaded their own studies and refined its definitions. Many schools of thoughts and ethics have used Rhetoric as a power tool to peruse their educations. An expert of Rhetoric, whose ideas on Rhetoric evoked my interest, explains several parts or categories of Rhetoric. He is none other than Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, a famous Roman Rhetorician (NNDB, 2011). His terms on Rhetoric can be widely seen in today’s world, because of the subject of interests he has presented to us. As a rhetorician himself, Quintilian wrote a twelve-volume text book on rhetoric titled “Instutio Oratoria” (Institutes of Oratory or The Orator’s Education, as pointed out by O’Neil in The Educational Theory of Quintilian) which was published around AD 95 (O’Neil, 2008). Alongside the theory form and the practical form of rhetoric, the book outlines developmental education to be learnt and practiced from infancy throughout the rest of the orator’s life (O'Neill, 2001). This was classified through Quintilian’s first recommendation in his first book that, according to the Greek customs, the orator is to begin learning rhetoric as a young person. Book II then revolved around the foundations of rhetoric that leads to the next nine books, in which the first five detailed 'Invention' and ended with "Elocution, with which was associated Memory and Delivery,"...
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...I have also examined two different case studies involving the application of Aristotle’s appeals to ethos (creditability), logos (logic), and pathos (emotion) in two different career fields. I evaluated these two studies as well as Aristotle’s Rhetoric as a whole in order to provide a better understanding of the theory. The reader is provided with a more artistic approach to Aristotle’s Rhetoric, in which the reader should be able to decide his/her own personal approaches towards persuasion, using Aristotle’s Rhetoric as the reader’s...
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...Burke on Dramatism and Rhetorical Theory I find it regrettable that social scientists automatically ignore Aristotle's Rhetoric. I don't say Aristotle has given us the last word on these matters. But I submit that his actual treatment of topics is fundamentally correct. You could add new topics and develop accordingly. But what you got 2,000 years ago was the kind of approach that can be built on in principle. (Burke 1967:327). While researching many of Kenneth Burke’s books and essays I found that Burke's writings on rhetorical theory demonstrate his passionate concern with artistic communication within social life. His work provides a broad, useful approach for understanding various ways theorists have constructed in the development of their theories of how people use language within social contexts. The theory of Dramatism, constructed by Kenneth Burke, is one of the most radical and complex theories in communication studies. Kenneth Burke struggled for many years to build, reconstruct, and define the aspects of his theory. The use of different articles that either focus on certain aspects of Dramatism and rhetorical theory provide examples of how they can be applied, to simply make more sense of Burke’s concepts and in turn, assert its legitimacy as a very important interpretive theory. Undoubtedly, Dramatism has sparked much debate about rhetorical criticism. It is also undeniable that the heart of Burke’s research and the theory of Dramatism in general is the dramatistic...
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...The Rhetoric: Aristotle At some point or another, eventually you are persuaded or convinced to do something through some sort of speech or writing. Whereas, great Philosophers such as Aristotle have used art of persuasion in order to influence others through his memorable works of art and writings. Aristotle’s rhetoric exemplifies this by using the principles of ethos, pathos and logos. The theory of rhetoric looks at the way people use persuasion through their writing and their speeches in order to make people act or think in a certain way or to comply with what you are saying or writing. “Aristotle saw the function of rhetoric as the discovery in each case of “the available means of persuasion” (Griffin, 2015). Aristotle believed in three different types of speeches that you use the expressionism of rhetoric and they are deliberative, judicial and epideictic. As explained in Covino’s work, a deliberative speech will focus on decisions that mainly concern the future. This is typically delivered to a legislative body, such as U.S Congress or Legislative Assembly. The second form of speeches, as Covino explains, is judicial. The judicial focuses on decisions about what has previously happened in the past. These kinds of speeches are generally delivered in a court...
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...and the specific chapters and materials covered are listed on the second and third page of this document. a. If the material came directly from the text book it is not listed. If the lecture differed greatly from the text book the terms and concepts are clearly listed below. b. For the chapters reviewed in class you should use review all the terms listed in the key concepts at the end of the chapter. If there is ever a conflict between the lecture and the book, defer to the lecture. 7) You should be able to define and explain all the key terms. 8) You should be able to put concepts and theories into conversation with one another and recognize the differences and similarities between them. 9) You should be able to apply a course concept of theory to a practical example. 10) You should know what scholar created what theory if we talked about it. 11) Power points/prezis are available on canvas, but remember you are responsible for, more than what is listed on the visual aids. Material You Are Responsible For ** power point or prezi available on canvas **Wood Chapter 10 - Interpersonal Communication (pp available) Material came directly from text book **Peter Englund on...
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...The use of rhetoric can be issued back all the way the Ancient Greek. But the question that still linger that nobody has a solid answer to which is the correct definition of rhetoric. This is in part due to the many opinions about what rhetoric is, what it is not, and what it should be, presented by philosophers and scholars over the years. Two of the most famous theories of rhetoric come from the Sophists, the first teachers of rhetoric who fundamentally emphasized style and the power of speech. As well as the Platonic who define and emphasize rhetoric as speech based on knowledge and truth. Two of the most well known Sophist theories are Gorgias and Isocrates, Gorgias the orator as performer and Isocrates the orator as citizen. In a tribute to Rosa Parks, the philanthropist Oprah Winfrey strongly respected the Rosa by delivering a well mannered speech, with powerful compassionate words, which characterize her sophistic goals “he specialized in ceremonial oratory and, according to one tradition, could produce it extemporaneously on subjects suggested by the audience at his public performances”(Gorgias 42). Oprah’s ethical appeal has a lot on how people view her as, she is always willing to help the less fortunate. Considering her background and all of her accolades I have no doubts that people would question her genuineness in what she has to say to people. She was in Times magazine for most influential people in the 20th century. People would not only be honored to listen...
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...Contemporary Approaches: Assignment 1 Introduction – Public relations theories and impact on strategies Strategy helps us to identify the approaches to take in researching, planning and carrying out activities in order to obtain the best results. It also determines the most effective manner to communicate with an organization’s stakeholders. Strategies are guidelines consisting of planned actions and program components. Public relations practitioners have to analyze situations and conceptualize appropriate strategies to better the organization’s public relations position in the eyes of its stakeholders. In order to identify the appropriate strategy to use, public relations practitioners fall back on the four key theories of public relations – discourse, rhetorical, ethical and critical. These theories help in defining the public relations plan and strategy by assisting in evaluating, examining, planning and performing public relations activities such as gaining publicity, providing entertainment, disseminating information and developing national public information campaigns. Depending on the outcome the organization hopes to achieve and its current circumstances, professionals would seek to apply the most appropriate theory applicable to their situation. Rhetorical theory Rhetoric is defined as the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. (Online Oxford Dictionaries, 2012) Rhetorical theory, examines the various methods in which language, signs or symbols are...
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...The Three Branches Rhetoric: The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. (Oxford Dictionary) Rhetoric is use of vocabulary and creative wording meant to have a persuasive or impressive effect on the audience, but is often considered as missing sincerity or purposeful content. This makes rhetoric one of the most widely utilized literary style. Both classic and modern rhetoric have their differences even though it still falls under the base category of rhetoric. Classical rhetoric has been identified as far back as when Homo Sapiens were first emerging. Rhetorical studies began in Greece around the fifth century, it became especially popular when Greece was progressing from an oral civilization to a literate one. Classical rhetoric was practiced and studied as a method of communication, persuasion, and manipulation. Classical rhetoric was traditionally divided into five parts; Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery. Rhetoric also served the purpose of studying the effects of texts and other documents on audience, thus expanding literary knowledge and understanding. There are three branches of classical rhetoric; deliberative, judicial, and epideictic. The deliberative branch of rhetoric is legislative, an attempt to coax the audience to take (or not take) some sort of action. The Judicial branch of rhetoric is forensic, to accuse or defend, writing or speech that considers the...
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...The Rhetoric of HRM is Soft But the Reality is Hard HRM Viewed as a Rhetorical Device Mulvaney, P (2012) Page 1 Paul Mulvaney N00128352. Course DL243f Contents Introduction....................................................................................................3 Where does the HRM rhetoric–reality gap exist........................................4 Why has management used HRM as a rhetorical device...........................5 How has HRM rhetoric penetrated work culture.......................................6 Conclusion......................................................................................................7 References.......................................................................................................8 Page 2 Paul Mulvaney N00128352. Course DL243f Introduction The gap between the soft rhetoric contained within corporate communications and the sometimes hard realities of organisational life has received much attention within the HRM literature. The debate centres on the issue of managements’ ability and intent to implement soft HRM practices, which appear to offer value to both sides of the employment relationship. The following paper aims to address the where, why and how of HRM rhetoric’s influence on employment. The key issues are: Where and in what context is there a lack of congruence between the perceived promises of management and employee experience? Why and to what end has management used...
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...COMMUNICATION THEORY A review of Stephen Mailloux’s (1995, ed) discussion of “Sophistry and Rhetorical pragmatism” (pp1-30) and West and Turner’s (2010, pp.312-327) discussion of “Rhetoric”. This essay is a review of Stephen Mailloux’s discussion of Sophistry and Rhetorical pragmatism (Mailloux, 1995) and West and Turner’s discussion of Rhetoric (West & Turner, 2010). The writings in question discuss the origins and evolution of Rhetoric, with Mailloux introduce a historical and philosophical criticism of “sophistic Rhetoric as applied in the modern American context” (for example, neopragmatism and poststructuralism), and evaluated in the rest of the book, whilst West and Turner enlighten the reader about the heurism and globalism of Aristotle’s Rhetorical theory with a focus on the discipline of public speaking. Mailloux introduces sophistic Rhetoric as founded on the pragmatic doctrine that “Man is the measure of all things: of things which are, that they are, and of things which are not, that they are not”, a phrase attributed to the Sophist Protagoras (Patrick, 2006). Others Sophists of note include Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias and Thrasymachus – quoted in Plato’s Republic as saying “… ‘Just’ or ‘right’ means nothing but what is to the interest of the stronger party” (Plato & Lane, 2007)). West and Turner’s account of the Rhetoric show that the first teachers of Rhetoric were the "Sophists”, who were nomadic teachers of public speaking that were respected for their intellect...
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...single word such as rhetoric can have a lot of different meanings that influence one’s way of viewing new concepts. According to ancient Greek philosopher Plato, rhetoric has potential for winning one’s soul by dialogue, but it may also diminish one’s ability to speak the truth. He sees rhetoric as sophistic because sophists are only interested in opinions and beliefs about justice, not justice itself. Nonetheless, since rhetoric is used to not only persuade or change the thinking of someone else but also to discover epistemic truth, its salient message is to attune to the ambient environment within which rhetoric itself exits. In vibrant and attuned environments, ambience plays an interactive role considering it is the setting...
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...THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION THEORIES: A Critique Paper Since the inception of communication as a discipline of knowledge, scholars have come up with many theories related to its components. In fact, the encyclopaedia of communication theories (Littlejohn, 2009) has identified more than 300 relevant theories, a testament that the field is already making a big wave in the academic arena. It has been a product of many minds converging into one vision – to enrich the communication field. However, it was not an easy road for these intellectual minds as they are confronted with issues that still need to be resolved. In this paper I will try to present first the rich beginning of communication theories and in light with this development context follows my presentation on the varied problems confronted the field of communication theories as well my personal views on the matter. Historical Beginning There are two insights into how communication theory came into being – the religious view and the philosophical aspect. Although most of communication theories book do not include the religious view, I find it necessary to take into account the dogmatic view to present the variations of its origin. The religious view is demonstrated in the Holy Bible especially in Genesis when God communicated with man and man had the ability to communicate with Him and with each other. It is no wonder then that other writers of Bible theorize about communication. Notably, the Old Testament portrays...
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