...Kirvon Butler 000-07-7713 BIO 109 Haemostasis and blood clotting: Preventing deep vein thrombosis The body’s ability to control the blood flow after sustaining an injury is essential to continued survival. Haemostasis is the process of blood clotting and then the dissolution of the clot after the injured tissue is repaired. Haemostasis comprises of four major events that occur in sequence following the loss of vascular integrity. 1. The first phase of the process is vascular constriction. The blood flow around the injured area is limited. 2. Next, platelets become activated by the enzyme thrombin and cluster around the injured area, forming a loose platelet plug. The protein fibrinogen is responsible for stimulating platelet clumping. Platelets clump together by binding collagen that becomes exposed after the rupture of the endothelial lining of vessels. Once activated, platelets release the nucleotide, ADP and the eicosanoid, TXA2 (both also activate additional platelets), serotonin, phospholipids, lipoproteins and other proteins important for the coagulation cascade. Along with the induced secretion, activated platelets also change their shape to assist in the formation of the plug. 3. To ensure that the initially loose platelet plug is stable, a fibrin mesh (clot) forms and encases the plug. If there are only white platelets in the plug it is called a white thrombus. If red blood cells are present it is called a red thrombus. 4. Lastly, the clot must...
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...The Battle Against the Royal Disease, Hemophilia A From the beginning of time… Dubbed the “Royal Disease” because Queen Victoria was a carrier, our enemy has been characterized as one of the oldest genetic diseases known to mankind. The earliest records date back to rabbinical writings of the Talmud documented in the second century. A law was present that stated that if two sons of a woman die from circumcision then her third would not be required to be circumcised. This was an illustration that the Jewish were aware that mothers passed it on to their sons. Up until 1937, the cause of this disease remained unknown. Modern studies began in 1803 when a Philadelphia physician named Dr. John Conrad Otto wrote a review about a hemorrhagic disposition that occurred in families affecting males. Following that, Nasse gave the first review in 1820 and Wright demonstrated evidence of laboratory defects in blood clotting in Aaron Chan Biology 330 06261560 1893. Our forces strengthened exponentially in 1937 after Patek and Taylor found the role of the soon to be named factor VIII describing its action in hemostasis. They characterized and named it an “antihemophilic globulin substance”. Not long after, the protein was purified and the gene was open to study for many scientists. The root of this evil The mastermind behind Hemophilia A is the gene coagulant factor VIII. The factor VIII gene sits on the long arm of ...
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...hemorrhage the pressure created due to blood loss causes vascular constriction this in turn accumulate platelets at the site of injury. During haemostasis, the platelets adhere to collagen the VWF. The VWF binds to the surface of the platelets inducing the release of internal factors such as serotonin and ADP mobilizes the intracellular Ca, phosphorylates the proteins and converts arachidonic acid into thromboxane A2 , this further aggregate platelets forming platelet plug. The activated coagulation factors convert plasminogen to plasmin which acts on fibrin and digests them producing fibrin degradation products. Fibrinolytic enzymes in systemic circulation helps to regenerate the cells acting on scar tissues ,maintains normal blood solvency , also regulates the inflammatory responses. THROMBOLYTIC DISEASES: The terms thrombosis and embolism is coined by German pathologist Rudolf Virchow [5]. In 1854,Virchow described the etiology of thrombosis , through the triad concept. It consists of stasis (decreased blood flow), vessel damage(inflammation or injury of blood vessel), and hypercoagulability (alteration in the nature of blood or thrombophilia) [6]. Some of the fatal thrombolytic diseases are Cerebral infarction (Haemorrhagic and Ischemic strokes), Myocardinal infarctions ,Limb embolism, pulmonary embolism, Deep vein thrombosis .Some inherited risk factors contribute significantly to the development of acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, atherosclerosis...
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...Importance of Proper Postpartum Care to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage There is a reason for the need of proper postpartum care. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is when there is rapid blood loss after delivery. Post child birth hemorrhage is defined as; more than 500mL blood loss in a vaginal delivery, and more than a 1000mL in a cesarean delivery within 24 hours (McLintcok & James, 2011). Bleeding complications after delivery is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality (Rath, 2011), and causes nearly one quarter of all maternal deaths around the world (Tuncalp, Souza, Gulmezogolu & WHO, 2013). The proper assess and care can prevent maternal death. To prevent PPH a nurse must be aware of the risk factors that can lead to massive blood loss, and interventions that need to be taken to save maternal life. In every delivery there is risks for complications of bleeding whether by identifiable causes or unidentifiable causes; however there are certain situations that increase the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. When determining risks for PPH, it might be helpful to think about the “4 T’s”; tone (uterine atony, distended bladder), trauma (uterine, cervical, or vaginal injury), tissue (retained placenta or clots), thrombin (pre-existing bleeding conditions) (Lalonde, & International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2012). There are many risks factors for a nurse to watch for; every delivery uterine atony, incisions or tears, and hyper-coagulopathy put maternal...
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...Baptista, F.G., Pamplona, A., Pena, A.C., Mota, M.M., Pied, S. and Vigário, A.M., 2010. Accumulation of Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells in the brain is crucial for the development of cerebral malaria in mice. Infection and immunity, 78(9), pp.4033-4039. Beeson, J.G., Brown, G.V., Molyneux, M.E., Mhango, C., Dzinjalamala, F. and Rogerson, S.J., 1999. Plasmodium falciparum isolates from infected pregnant women and children are associated with distinct adhesive and antigenic properties. Journal of infectious diseases, 180(2), pp.464-472. Beeson, J.G., Rogerson, S.J., Cooke, B.M., Reeder, J.C., Chai, W., Lawson, A.M., Molyneux, M.E. and Brown, G.V., 2000. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria. Nature medicine, 6(1), pp.86-90. Bengtsson, A., Joergensen, L., Rask, T.S., Olsen, R.W., Andersen, M.A., Turner, L., Theander, T.G., Hviid, L., Higgins, M.K., Craig, A. and Brown, A., 2013. A novel domain cassette identifies Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 proteins binding ICAM-1 and is a target of cross-reactive, adhesion-inhibitory antibodies. The Journal of Immunology, 190(1), pp.240-249. Bousema, T. and Drakeley, C., 2011. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination. Clinical microbiology reviews, 24(2), pp.377-410. Bull, P.C. and Abdi, A.I., 2016. The role of PfEMP1 as targets of naturally acquired immunity to childhood malaria:...
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...Chemistry in Life: The Biochemistry of Running Angeela Riaz Chemistry 306 Dr. Mark Lee 05/12/2015 Abstract In common metabolic biochemistry human burns fuel (food) and generate energy. This energy is responsible off doing all types of processes of her body. Human body work in a very complex way when there is a demand on working muscles. During running so many changes are noticeable in human body. Those changes are faster heartbeat, sweating, hurting of muscles and very fast and deep breathing. These things consider normal doing marathon run. In order for runners to run marathon they have to train their body with hours of training. These trainings prepare their different body areas for example heart, lungs and red blood cells. Red blood cells are train so they can release maximum oxygen for muscle use during marathon run. Before the actual race to start runners brain prepared their body for “flight or fight” process. This is done by releasing epinephrine which is also known as Adrenaline. The chemical formula of adrenaline is C9H13NO3. With the release of epinephrine runner’s body get ready for action. Muscles are used in any type of exercise according to Shuo Qing, “during running muscles are working to accelerate body and keep it moving”. Muscles generate force by using energy. In human body, muscle work as an electric motors. They use the chemical called adenosine dry phosphate (ATP) for the source of energy. Three different types of food Carbohydrates, fats, and...
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...Stroke prevention with aspirin, warfarin and ximelagatran in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lip GY, Edwards SJ. Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. g.y.h.lip@bham.ac.uk Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of aspirin, warfarin, and ximelagatran as thromboprophylaxis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials in patients with NVAF treated with adjusted-dose warfarin and aspirin, fixed low-dose (FLD) warfarin, ximelagatran or placebo. Outcome measures studied were ischaemic stroke, systemic embolism, mortality and haemorrhage. Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed effects model. RESULTS: We identified 13 trials (n=14,423 participants) of sufficient quality to be included in the analysis. Adjusted-dose warfarin significantly reduced the risk of ischaemic stroke or systemic embolism compared with aspirin (relative risk [RR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40 to 0.86), FLD warfarin (RR 0.36; 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.58), or placebo (RR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.45). However, aspirin and placebo had a lower risk of major bleeding compared to warfarin (RR 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.97 and RR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.82, respectively). The oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran was as effective as adjusted-dose warfarin in the prevention of ischaemic strokes...
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...Name And Student Number (Bolded)Course, Semester, Year | SITI ROHAIDA BINTE RAHMAT12B057ZADVANCE DIPLOMA IN NEUROSCIENCE, 2012 | Managing Client with Cerebrovascular Disease Introduction Stroke is a part of a cardiovascular disease that occurs when the supply of blood or oxygen to the brain is disrupted by a blockage in the artery or when there is usually a trauma that causes spontaneous bleeding in the brain (Duncan, Zorowitz & Lambert, 2005). Bleeding in the brain, is referred to as a haemorrhagic stroke which results from either ruptured blood vessels or due to an abnormal vascular structure such as arterio-venous malformation. Although stroke can be classified into two different categories (ischemic and haemorrhagic), one should note the indispensable relationship between the two. This would be later explained at a greater detail into the case study. The following would be a brief introduction of my chosen case study. Emergency Department A 22 year old gentleman was brought to the Emergency Department at 1235hrs on 28th October 2012 via ambulance. Patient was unresponsive upon arrival, GCS= 3, E1V1M1, bilateral pupils non-reactive to light and slight epistaxis noted. History obtained from eye-witnesses stated that patient just finished boxing practice and complained of severe giddiness before fainting shortly after and never regained consciousness. On arrival at Emergency Department, patient was sent for a CT (computed tomography) Brain with chest and cervical...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Obstetrics and Gynecology International Volume 2013, Article ID 173184, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173184 Review Article Uterine Fibroids: Pathogenesis and Interactions with Endometrium and Endomyometrial Junction Andrea Ciavattini,1 Jacopo Di Giuseppe,1 Piergiorgio Stortoni,1 Nina Montik,1 Stefano R. Giannubilo,1 Pietro Litta,2 Md. Soriful Islam,3 Andrea L. Tranquilli,1 Fernando M. Reis,4 and Pasquapina Ciarmela3 1 Woman’s Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Corridoni 11, 60123 Ancona, Italy Department of Gynaecological Sciences and Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais and National Institute of Hormones and Women’s Health, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2 Correspondence should be addressed to Andrea Ciavattini; ciavattini.a@libero.it Received 28 February 2013; Revised 10 June 2013; Accepted 13 August 2013 Academic Editor: Hilary Critchley Copyright © 2013 Andrea Ciavattini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids...
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...ISI, IBSS & SA DHET - FOR 2012 SUBMISSION TITLE LIST COUNTRY ISSN E-ISSN PUBLISHER'S DETAILS Subject classifaction International Accreditation - SA JOURNALS 4Or-A Quarterly Journal Of Operations Research ISI SCIENCE A + U-Architecture And Urbanism ISI ARTS & HUMANITIES A Contrario IBSS Aaa-Arbeiten Aus Anglistik Und Amerikanistik ISI ARTS & HUMANITIES Aaohn Journal ISI SCIENCE Aaohn Journal ISI SOC SCIENCE Aapg Bulletin ISI SCIENCE Aaps Journal ISI SCIENCE Aaps Pharmscitech ISI SCIENCE Aatcc Review ISI SCIENCE Abacus: Journal Of Accounting, Finance And Business Studies IBSS Abacus-A Journal Of Accounting Finance And Business StudiesISI SOC SCIENCE Abdominal Imaging ISI SCIENCE Abhandlungen Aus Dem Mathematischen Seminar Der UniversISI SCIENCE Abstract And Applied Analysis ISI SCIENCE Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society ISI SCIENCE Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion ISI SOC SCIENCE Academic Emergency Medicine ISI SCIENCE Academic Medicine ISI SCIENCE Academic Pediatrics ISI SCIENCE Academic Psychiatry ISI SOC SCIENCE Academic Radiology ISI SCIENCE Academy Of Management Annals ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Journal ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Journal IBSS Academy Of Management Learning & Education ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Perspectives ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Perspectives IBSS Academy Of Management Review ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Review IBSS Academy Of Marketing Science Review IBSS Acadiensis...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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