...There have been many laws passed to equalize the rights of different genders. One of these laws is Title IX. Title IX is an education amendment that took effect in 1972 and was signed by Richard Nixon. It makes school more equal for both genders. Title IX also “balanced” girls and boys education and athletics. An example is how girls cannot play football in high school while boys cannot play volleyball in high school. Title IX is a good thing for the most people, but should it be changed? Title IX has changed sports for girls. Before title IX was passed, only 1 out of 21 girls played a sport in high school.(Title IX official web site) It applies to all institutions that receive federal funding. In 1976, the NCAA challenged the legality of...
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...Mercer v. Duke University The case of Mercer v. Duke University deals with the issue of women being allowed to play on contact sports teams. This case also raises issues of discrimination and whether or not federally funded institutions are prohibited from discrimination under Title IX. This is a very good case because it deals with a high-profile university and whether or not discrimination was an issue of one of the university’s college athletics. The Mercer v. Duke University case was about a student named Heather Mercer who attended Duke University and tried out for the Duke Football team as a walk-on placekicker in the fall of 1994. Mercer was an all-state kicker at her former high school Yorktown Heights and she was the only woman to try out for the Duke Football team at the time. Mercer failed to make the team, but she served as a manager of the football team during the 1994 season. The thing Mercer did other than manage was attend the practices during the 1994 fall and participate in conditioning drills in the spring of 2005. The highlight of Mercers college career was when she was nominated to play in an intrasquad scrimmage game, where she ended up kicking the game winning field goal. A little time after the game, Goldsmith who was the Duke Football coach told the media that Mercer had made the Duke Football team. The kicking coach of Duke also told Mercer herself that she had made the team. The following year during the 1995 season, Mercer did not participate in...
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...team was discriminatory because other less qualified players were still on the team. This is where the contact sport exception comes in. It is an argument that contact sports such as football should not be taken into account in regard to a school's compliance with title IX.(Spengler, pg 190)...
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...Although Title IX is widely known for initiating equality in women’s sports, its original purpose was to end gender discrimination in education. In fact, the words “athletics” and “sports” are not even stated in the aforementioned amendment. One positive consequence of Title IX regarding education is the elimination of admission quotas based on gender. Now all universities reviewed male and female applications equally. Lynne Ford argues that now “more women than ever before are enrolled in colleges and universities,” because statistics from 1979 indicate that “the number of women surpassed the number of men enrolled in college for the first time, and the upward trend has continued ever since.” However, one of the most detrimental inequalities between men and women was the wage or earning gap. Even though women have become a vital part of the American workforce due to the high demand for workers during World War II, females do not always earn as much as their male coworkers. This earning gap can be viewed as a lack in education equality. Thus, many feminist organizations and advocacy groups for...
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...being designed as effective court systems. In my time as a student and studying about higher education, there are very limited sources when it comes to faculty and staff as well as time to effective investigates cases disturbing the rules that make up Title IX. Although there is a designated Title IX coordinator for those facilities under the law, the strain on such coordinator as well as the lackluster effort of the federal government to keep the guidelines of Title IX current, shows that a university shouldn’t be chastised for their delayed attempts to resolve disputes. In my believe, yes, Title IX should be abolished not just for the fact that the...
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...Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 2 September 2013 The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connor Ellen J. Vargyas Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj Recommended Citation Katherine Connor and Ellen J. Vargyas, The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing, 7 Berkeley Women's L.J. 13 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol7/iss1/2 Link to publisher version (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals and Related Materials at Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice by an authorized administrator of Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact jcera@law.berkeley.edu. The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connort Ellen J. Vargyast TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. INTRODUCTION ....................................... THE FACTUAL CONTEXT ............................. A. The Scope of the Problem ............................ 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. B. Causes of Gender Differences in Test Scores ........... 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. C. Validity of the Tests .......................
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...have different viewpoints on the Title IX, campus sexual assault policy. Title IX is a section of the Education Amendments created in 1972. The exact title states “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” (Knowing Title IX). The law was designed to eliminate gender discrimination in federally funded educational institutions. The policy was put into place so all sexes would be treated equally educationally and athletically. Title IX also includes equal rights for each sex pertaining to rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment. Among undergraduate students alone, 23.1 percent of females and 5.4 percent of males, experience sexual assault or rape. Title IX was instituted to prevent gender discrepancies for all aspects, from sexual assault to athletics, in federally funded academic institutions for both the accuser and the accused. Americans generally support one of the two different policies instituted by the Obama and Trump administration. Obama’s policy being a liberal view point, and Trump’s a conservative. The policy...
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...Title IX: Equity or Elimination? Issues of gender equity have confronted American society since its inception. The Declaration of Independence specifically states that all "men" are created equal, leaving out women, just as the Constitution originally denied women the right to vote. Over the past two and a half centuries, however, women have striven to obtain equal rights. In 1848, for instance, leaders of the women's suffrage movement, such as Susan B. Anthony, adopted a Declaration of Sentiments calling for an equal rights amendment including women ("Women's Rights" par. 1). In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution finally adhered to their wishes, giving women the right to vote. Despite these important steps, women in the United States, a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality, continue to battle for equal rights. A key moment in this fight for equality occurred in 1972 with the passage of the Title IX Amendment to the Equal Opportunity in the Education Act. Title IX states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Sadker par. 2). This piece of legislation has had a profound impact upon college athletics. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has interpreted Title IX as requiring an equal opportunity for male and female athletes at our...
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...women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal opportunity in sports in educational institutions that receive federal funds, from elementary schools to colleges and universities (Poertner 92). There are three parts to Title IX as it applies to athletics programs: (1)...
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...On the day of June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by United States President Richard Nixon. On this monumental day, women across the entire United States would no longer be discriminated on the basis of sex. Thirty-seven that would change everything, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This landmark federal statute was considered the most important step for gender equality since the right to vote given in the 19th Amendment. Hawaii congresswoman, Patsy T. Mink worked tirelessly by...
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...College hoops' black coaching issue Myron Medcalf [ARCHIVE] ESPN.com | July 18, 2013 When a national sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy...
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...Title IX is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. It states (in part) that: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”. Most people who know about Title IX think it applies only to sports, but athletics is only one of 10 key areas addressed by the law. These areas are: Access to Higher Education, Career Education, Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students, Employment, Learning Environment, Math and Science, Sexual Harassment, Standardized Testing and Technology. Since Title IX was passed 35 years ago, it has been the subject of over 20 proposed amendments, reviews, Supreme Court cases and other political actions. There are three areas that Title IX focuses on: Financial Assistance, Effective Accommodation of Student’s Interest and Abilities and Benefits, Opportunities, and Treatment. Counselors play a critical role as it relates to Title IX. The ED regulation for Title IX contains a specific prohibition against discrimination in counseling or guidance of students. According to an excerpt from U.S Department of Education, A counselor may not use different materials in testing or guidance based on the student's sex unless this is essential in eliminating bias and then, provided the materials cover the same occupations and interest areas. Counselors can work with...
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...throughout this book Suggs perspective of Title IX discusses the many supportive and triumphant ways this law help encourage the partitions in sports for women. From Suggs he suggest “the law encouraged women's sports to develop in the hypercompetitive, highly commercialized model that evolved in men's sports" (page 3). Although there are good values with Title IX, there are also some down sides and tragedy to this law not in favor for women that Suggs also includes his disappointment with the NCAA. Throughout the book Suggs suggest that college sports are often distinguished in two separate systems. One of the systems is mainly in favor for men that entail the commercialization of male sports with illegitimate recruitment, cash payouts...
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...THE EFFECTS OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond...
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...Activists have worked hard to supply rights to women, and other divisions of society, in demand to make just as many opportunities obtainable to this faction, as there are available to the ‘common white man.’ Perpetuated thoughts against this argument have branched from days as early as Aristotle and other celebrated philosophers. Times are progressing toward more equality in this area, however; in order to present these basic human rights to women, a specific law had to be put in affect. The passing of this edict also came along with many misinterpretations, which still inhabit stubborn minds today. Apart from this ordinance, many women partook an enormous influence on proving woman can actually compete and challenge men on the playing field, court, etc. From the beginning of time, women have existed right alongside with men. Many questions were conjured up as to why the physical existence is so distinct from each body. Many different philosophers constructed their own unique views on this matter. Aristotle believed that women are absolute subsidiary to men, thus establishing, anything women can do, men can do better, faster and stronger. Another world-renowned man, Rousseau, believed that men women existed with different capabilities, and women were here only to please men and carry out domestic and maternal duties. Also, as Aristotle claimed, Rousseau too contested that men stand above women. Similar to Rousseau, a philosopher by the name of Kant attested, women are to be wed,...
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