...population models, competition, predation Dr. Dorn Introduction to Populations: (chapter 8) A. What is a population? What is a species? Stickleback (fish) in lakes: Primary population parameters – B I D E B. Methods of estimating populations 1. Census Method 2. Sampling Methods Census of sample areas N = C/ N = population estimate C = survey count = proportion of area 3. Relative Abundances – CPUE (catch per unit effort) 4. Mark-Recapture Estimates of population size Lincoln-Peterson (closed populations) Assumptions 5. Removal Design (closed population) Examining the number of animal “removed” and cumulatively removed during successive catches Gear set 1 2 3 4 Catch 76 54 35 24 Cumulative 0 76 130 165 Demographic Techniques (chapter 8) A. What is Demography? B. Life Table Analysis of populations Cohort: Parts of a life table analysis: 1. x and nx 2. Survivorship schedule: lx a. Per capita mortality rate: qx b. Survivorship patterns: Type I Type II Type III 3. Getting the data: cohort life tables static life tables 3. Fertility schedule bx Life history strategies: - Semelparous - Iteroparous Costs: 5. The Intrinsic rate of increase (r) a. Net Reproductive Rate (Ro): b. Generation Time (G): c. r ~ ln (Ro)/ G r >...
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...Who’s Eating All the Fish? The Food Security Rationale for Culling Cetaceans A Report to Humane Society International By Wilf Swartz and Daniel Pauly Presented at IWC 60 June 23, 2008 Santiago, Chile Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 2 A re-packaging of the whaling debate ........................................................................................ 2 Fish and food security................................................................................................................. 3 Fish (and food security) in crisis................................................................................................. 4 Marine Mammals: Threat to Food Security? ............................................................................ 7 The ‘whales-eat-our-fish’ argument ........................................................................................... 7 Flaws of the argument................................................................................................................. 7 Political success of the ‘whales-eat-our-fish’ lobby ................................................................. 10 Globalization of Fisheries: A Real Threat to Regional Food Security..............
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...Section 3: Predation (part B), Herbivory, parasitism, popn. Regulation, biocontrol, fisheries, conservation biology. PREDATION… Continued (Part B) C. Studying predator effects on prey populations in the field. 1. Manipulative experiments 2. Accidental Experiments 3. Comparative Studies- woodland caribou -Food limited -Predator limited D. Optimal Foraging theory: how do predators choose their diets? (see chapter 3) *What is the optimum strategy? = Energy maximization or time minimization Max En/T Assumptions about the predator (forager): -Eating and searching for the next food (prey) item are mutually exclusive activities. -Items are found sequentially, items are found one at a time. Energetic Value of prey: EACH PREY ITEM HAS AN ENERGENTIC VALUE (ei) Handling time: A HANDLING TIME (hi) Profitability: : e/h= profitability of each prey item (such that prey can be ranked) Rule: optimal foraging rule (prediction) – always eat the most profitable prey and eat the next most profitable prey if the gain is greater than the gain from rejecting it and searching for a more profitable prey. Predictions of Optimal Foraging Theory: The highest ranked prey type should always be eaten when encountered. 1) Predators with small handling times and long search times should be GENERALISTS. 2) Diets should be broad in pre-poor (unproductivr) environments. 3) The abundance of low ranking prey...
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...causes an organism’s ability to survive to increase. In many cases, predators evolve to catch their prey more efficiently. Evolution is not one sided. The prey also evolves to avoid predation. In this paper, I will discuss three researches done on a prey’s evolution to survive against predation. I will discuss the tail autonomy in Tokay gecko (Sanggaard et al. 2012), the odorous and non-fatal secretion in Wrinkled frog (Yoshimura and Kasuya 2013), and the avoidance response in Brownbanded bamboo shark embryos (Kempster et al. 2013). Together, these studies show the effectiveness and vital impact of evolution to the survival of prey. Sanggaard et al. (2012) researched evolution in Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) to investigate the mechanism of their tail autonomy by facilitating autonomy. The geckos were euthanized by pentobarbital and the tails were removed by induced autonomy. Moisture from the exposed end of the tail was collected and subjected to Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry and analyzed using MS-BLAST. The tails’ structure was analyzed through multiple methods. Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a Micro Imaging 5 probe, a Great 60 Imaging system, a saddle coil, and a gradient cooling temperature of 20°C was utilized. Electron Microscopy and 3D Fast Low-Angle Shot sequence were utilized. Scanning Electron Microscopy was utilized and the tails were observed through a FEI NOVA NanoSEM 600. The analysis showed that there was a fat layer around the vertebra and the muscle...
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...Amanda Todd’s Extortion, Cyber Bullying and Suicide Analysis Report Kayla Woodside Student # 0657835 Mount Saint Vincent University PBRL 3013 March 15, 2015 Contents Abstract 3 Introduction and background 3 Literature Review 4 Conclusion 9 References 10 Abstract This research project looks at culturally attractive situations or occurrences in today’s world that has or had a significant effect on the media resulting to a trend or, otherwise known as a setting of agenda. This paper in particular will look at Amanda Todd’s extortion and cyber bullying leading to the suicide of the 15-year-old girl. With a serious of articles from four different news sources, this paper will look at the history of the girl, what happened in her life leading to the bullying and how the “sextortion” (Kelley, M., 2013) lead to multiple suicide attempts and inevitably death of Amanda Todd. The paper will identify triggers for the articles trending, framing of the storytelling and underlying message within the articles answering questions of importance, publicity, and extortion amongst extortion. Introduction and Background According to Amanda Todd’s mother, Carol Todd, Amanda was a happy, popular, and energetic 15-year-old girl who loved to sing and perform. Despite being very shy, Amanda shined on camera and grew to love the technology that aided in her decision to end her life. In 2010 Amanda was in seventh grade, she browsed the Internet...
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...the growing phenomenon. It is imperative to develop a workable solution and general understanding of these predators in human form as a new wave of serial murders reach crisis rates in this millennium. More than fifteen-hundred serial killers are on record at this time. Though serial murder is not "new", the numbers have gone up in recent years. From 1900 to 1959 the U.S. reported about two serial murder cases a year. By 1969, six cases per year were logged. During the 1970s that number tripled. "An average of three per month have been reported since 1985."(Newton 120). It is still not determined why serial killers kill, however, understanding the causes and recognizing the traits of a serial murderer will help the public better prevent and protect themselves from falling victim to a serial killer. North America has produced eighty percent of serial killers. Europe runs a distant second with a mere sixteen percent, and Third World nations spawn four percent of the world's known serial killers, but recent numbers from South Africa and Latin America are beginning to alter those statistics. "Though the U.S. has only about 5 percent of the world population, it has produced 76 percent of known serial killers since 1900" (Apsche 76). Serial murder is a national problem in America and authorities are beginning to develop techniques to track, identify, and capture these predators. Psychological profiling, DNA testing and violent criminal data bases are all tools used to identify serial...
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...that would reduce the headaches and nausea experienced by pilots, which are caused by the intense blue and white hues of the sky and then a new kind of glasses were introduced. The model was created in 1936 and it was known as ‘Anti-Glare’ which had plastic frames and green lenses that could cut out the glare without obscuring vision. The sunglasses were again remodeled with a metal frame and rebranded as the ‘Ray-Ban Aviator’. On May 7, 1937, Bausch & Lomb took out the patent, and the Aviator was born. In 1939, Ray-Ban then launched a new version of the aviator called the Outdoorsman. It was designed for specific groups such as hunting, shooting and fishing enthusiasts, and featured a top bar called a "sweat bar" that was designed to catch sweat from falling into the eyes. They also featured temple end pieces to distinguish it from the standard aviator. A few years later, in the 1940s, Gradient...
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...though with permanent pain and injuries, Hemingway committed suicide in 1961, having lived for sixty-one years. His book The Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic battle between an aged but seasoned fisherman and the biggest catch of his entire life- a 1,000 pound marlin set on the coasts of Cuba. After going eighty-four days without making a single catch, Santiago sets out on the 85th day on a three day long fishing trip where his endurance,...
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...American Security_A2074972 After the September, 11th terrorists attack, the United States government 9/11 commission recommended that biometric entry-exit screening system was ideal for travelers who were leaving and entering the United States. They reiterated that this was essential for national security. Border screening systems were to be consolidated with United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (Haddal, 2010). This was supposed to streamline border inspections. Legislations were instituted that were geared towards enhancing airline security, visa border security, and maritime security. The Aviation and Security Act of November 2001, the PATRIOTIC Act, and Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of May 2002 were geared towards enhancing homeland security (Haddal, 2010). The Homeland Security Act of 2002 merged border and interior enforcement functions of Department of Agriculture, the INS, and the U.S. Customs service to form Directorate of Border and Transportation Security within the Department of Homeland Security (Haddal, 2010). Free sharing of information and resources was made possible between USBP and CBP. The land, rail, and transportation network became secure save for Transport Security Administration. Alternative strategies that can be used to enhance border security can be effective collection, use, and sharing of intelligence by exploiting networked intelligence. This should be done by sharing both biographic and biometric information...
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...both sides. Peahens choose mates by their physical prowess and the vivid color of his tail, which lets the female know that he has high-quality genes, making him perfect for reproduction and the survival of the offspring, so when it's time to mate, these are the first ones selected. Since all males do not have bright, large tails, especially a few thousand years ago, they were less likely to mate and reproduce, so their numbers were reduced from one generation to the next, until today it is rare to see a male peacock without a brightly colored tail. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/peacock/ DODO BIRDS Advantage of its splendid isolation, its size and inability to flee from predators ushered it into extinction in an evolutionary instant. The adaptations the dodo made for island...
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...form of Midge Larva which are very abundant in static water such as ponds and lakes. The body is in distinct segments with small hairs and the last segment has a number of stiff hairs which acts as a rudder. They breathe through the end of their abdomen and have two small eyes on the front of their body. They can survive is polluted waters with little oxygen. Unlike other air filled invertebrates, the Phantom Midge Larvae has two visible black air sacs either side of their body which allows them to migrate up and down in static water. They can be found in waters as deep as 70m where there is little oxygen and they are able to avoid predators which are found in shallower waters. Phantom Midge Larvae are consumed by other aquatic predators such as puffers, young cichlids and bumblebee gobies and by small birds. In order to avoid their main predator, which is fish, the Phantom Midge Larvae migrate from the bottom of the pond during the day and surface nocturnally to feed. This suggests that during the day, the majority of Phantom Midge Larvae will remain in deeper water, where the oxygen concentration is lower. However, this behavioural response to light intensity...
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...Sexual Predation and Pedophilia Smith Aja Professor Chuck Russo RC507 American Military University Introduction Childhood is supposed to be a time of discovery and play, not abuse. Sexual predators have been lurking this planet for decades; now they're being marked for life because of there actions. Neighbors and the home towns of sexual predators are being alerted of their crimes and whereabouts by local police. Such towns have responded by putting up signs in their town, "CHILD MOLESTER TWO DOORS DOWN" (Popkin, pg 73). Others responded by burning or flooding their new neighbors out (Popkin). What did these convicted criminals do to deserve such punishment? They violated the most precious living creature on this planet, a child. Communities definitely have a right to know that a dangerous child molester is moving to their town. Child molesters have been convicted, charged and sentenced for their crimes for many years. Do people really know the people they live by so well, that they would leave their own child with them? Also, if they had a legal right to, would they check out their neighbor's history at the police office, or trust them? In the summer of 1994, seven-year-old Megan Kanka was kidnapped, raped, and then killed by convicted child molester Jesse Timmendequas. The outraged community was never informed that Timmendequas and two other convicted child abusers had moved in across...
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...| Midterm Review Project | Chapter 4-14 | | | 1/16/2014 | AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 4 EARTH SYSTEMS AND RESOURCES I. The Nature of Ecology a. Ecology is the study of connections in nature i. Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their non-living environment ii. An organism is any form of life. The cell is the basic unit of life in organisms. b. Population i. Members of a species interact in groups called populations. ii. Species of the same population live together in a particular place or habitat. c. Communities and Ecosystems i. A community consists of populations of different species living and interacting in an area ii. An ecosystem is a community interacting with its physical environment of matter and energy. II. The Earth’s life support systems a. The different spheres of life-parts of Earth that support life systems. i. The Earth is made up of interconnected spherical layers that contain air, water, soil, minerals, and life. i.i Atmosphere: thin envelope or membrane of air around the planet. Its inner layer is the troposphere; it extends only about 17 km above sea level. i.ii Stratosphere: subsequent layer; its lower portion contains ozone to filter out the sun’s harmful...
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...Foundations of Operational Research and Business Analysis 1 Assignment 2013/14 Author: Thibaut Achard de Leluardière Abstract: Looking through the infinite number of theories and models developed in organisations, this assignment aims at finding out the founding principles of a good OR/MS model and general issues encountered in the setting-up of OR interventions. To try out and compare the insights presented, this assignment proposes to study a specific case about OR modelling in Fishery management. Fishery Management is related to the preservation of fish resources and optimisation of catch and profit of this industry, in a context of high-yield practices and increasingly more complex environmental issues present. This case applies to a large and complex system linked to today’s topics issues of sustainable development. In addition, a personal experience of analytical project related to an internship position as assistant project manager in a leading oil company is proposed to illustrate this essay. This essay concludes by giving recommendations about what could be the characteristics of an ideal portrait of OR/MS model. Introduction: In a letter addressed to English universities after the Second World War, general Pile, a popular British officer who commended the Anti-Aircraft Command, claims for men of sciences ‘able to quickly understand complex issues and to find them simple’. Thus, supporting the fast economic growth in Europe after war, operational...
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...The Effect of O2 Concentration on Chaoborus (Phantom Midge Larvae) ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation was to examine the effect the abiotic factor O2 concentration has on the abundance of Chaoborus, also known as the phantom midge larvae. This entailed using a net to catch the organism and counting them under timed conditions. The test was repeated in a vegetated and open area of water in order to be able to evaluate different oxygen concentrations. The abundance of phantom midge larvae was measured by manually counting and the concentration of oxygen at the two sites was measured using an oxygen probe. Results indicated that in open areas the number of midge larvae was vastly larger than that of vegetated areas; they had also confirmed that the area of open water had a lower O2 concentration as compared to the vegetated area. These results are fitting to the scientific background of Chaoborus, as they are known to inhabit water with less concentration of oxygen1. Further analysis of these results were conducted using a Mann-Whitney U-Test which proved there was a significant difference in the number of phantom midge larvae in the two areas for which the reason was the different concentrations of oxygen. RESEARCH & RATIONALE This aim of this investigation is to measure the effect Oxygen Concentration of fresh pond water, an abiotic factor, has on the number of Chaoborus (Phantom Midge Larvae) present by studying their abundance in areas of the pond which...
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