...Ruby Ladlow To what extent has the location of sovereignty in the UK changed in recent years? Sovereignty is in essence ultimate and unchallengeable power. Parliamentary Sovereignty, which makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, is threatened by devolution. Devolution was the transfer of power to subnational governments, this changed the UK into a quasifederal state; central government does not make all domestic policies, this means that laws passed in Westminster do not apply across the entire territory of the UK. The shift of Westminster’s power has led to a raft of different legislation emanating from these new bodies. This is illustrated by the fact that in England students pay fees for University whereas Scotland decided to keep university fees completely free. The devolution of power has put a constraint on Parliamentary Sovereignty. However it can be argued that devolution preserves in principle the sovereignty of Parliament. The Westminster Parliament could continue to legislate for Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland even on devolved matters; and it can, if it wishes, simply abolish the devolved bodies by a simple Act of Parliament, as it did with the Northern Ireland Parliament in 1972. Secondly, the UK's legal sovereignty is challenged by the EU. The membership of the EU, along with the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998, has diminished the supremacy of Parliament. The legal basis for British Membership was provided by the...
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...explain why government needs an effective Parliament c) Analyse the main factors that limit the effectiveness of Parliament Jan 2010 a) With reference to source, what changes to the second chamber are proposed? b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain the arguments for a fully or partly elected chamber c) Make out a case against an elected second chamber Jan 2011 a) With reference to the source, describe two functions of the House of Commons b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain how the House of Commons can control the power of government c) To what extent is the House of Commons effective in carrying out its various functions? May 2011 a) With reference to the source, describe three proposals that seek to strengthen parliamentary representation by increasing popular participation b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain how three of these proposals seek to make government more accountable to Parliament c) To what extent will the coalition government’s proposals bring about an effective reform of Parliament? Jan 2012 a) With reference to the source, why are legislative committees needed? b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain the ways in which backbench MPs can call government to account c) To what extent has the formation of a coalition altered the relationship between Parliament and government? Jan 2013 a) With reference to the source, outline two criticisms of...
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...LEVEL UNIT TWO GOVERNING THE UK “Never, never, never give up” Winston S Churchill 1874-1965 1 GOVERNING THE UK 50% of AS [25% of A2] UNIT TWO SAMPLE QUESTION Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B in 80 minutes. Spend 40 minutes on Section A and 40 minutes on Section B SECTION A QUESTION ONE PRIME MINISTERIAL POWER “For too long the big political decisions in this country have been made in the wrong place. They are not made around the Cabinet table where they should be, but they are taken on the sofa in Tony Blair’s office. No notes are kept and no one takes the blame when things go wrong. That arrogant style of government must come to an end. I will restore the proper process of government. I want to be Prime Minister of this country not a President (Source: David Cameron, The Times, 5th October 2006) “The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system. Every Thursday during Parliament, Secretaries of State from all departments as well as other ministers meet in the Cabinet Room in Downing Street to discuss the big issues of the day. The Prime Minister chairs the meeting, selects its members and also recommends their appointment as ministers to the monarch. The present Cabinet has 23 members (21 MPs and two peers). The secretary of the Cabinet is responsible for preparing records of its discussions and decisions”. (Source: From a modern textbook) (a) What criticism is David Cameron making...
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...which questions to do, the following principles are recommended: It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections, as follows: carries 5 marks carries 10 marks carries 25 marks The way you answer questions should be determined by the way assessment objectives are distributed. Assessment objectives provide the basis upon which examiners award marks. You need to be familiar with them to maximise your marks. They will help direct your revision and with the answers to the questions. A full explanation of...
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...by way of delegation from international law. Thus, monists consider international law a part of domestic law. • Dualism: Essentially exponents of legal positivists – therefore, they have an essentially consensual view of international law, believing that international and municipal law were two separate legal orders. International law must be incorporated into domestic law, for it to apply domestically. • Harmonisation: Assumes that international law forms part of municipal law but acknowledges that on occasions when there was a conflict between the two systems, a municipal judge would be bound by the jurisdictional rules of the domestic domain. 2 Primacy of International Law 1 Municipal Tribunals Whether international law has primacy over municipal law depends on each particular country’s constitution. In Australia, there is no express incorporation of international obligations in Australia. Implementing legislation is required for both treaty and customary international law to apply. See below for further information. 2 International Tribunals A State cannot invoke domestic laws as an excuse for failure to perform its international duties and obligations. [Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States 1949, Article 13; Alabama Claims Arbitration] • Draft Declaration was noted and commended to members by General Assembly Resolution 375 • Under Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State cannot rely on domestic law to sanction...
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...upon individuals and groups in the social community; explore environmental scenarios; discuss the future role of government and understand the environmental forces acting on public sector organisations. Key concepts dynamism, complexity, uncertainty and turbulence predictable and unpredictable change chaos theory futurology long-term planning environmental scenarios and planning flexible working demographic time bomb social inclusion and exclusion interventionist and laissez-faire government. Chapter 9 Globalisation, challenges and changes 3 07 Dealing with unexpected changes Minicase 9.1 Twice in the last decade events have shown how vulnerable an advanced society can be. On both occasions fuel prices in the UK had risen substantially above the general price index due to government tax policies and global price increases. Businesses, in particular farmers and hauliers,...
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...Table of Contents Task 1 2 Different types of organizations and the purpose 2 1.1 Purpose of organization 2 1.2 Meeting Stakeholders objectives 4 1.3 The responsibilities that the Sainsbury organization has and the strategies they employ to meet these responsibilities. 6 Task 2 8 2.1 Different economic systems and resource allocation 8 2.2 Impact of fiscal and monetary policies in Business Organization 11 2.3 Impact of Competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the business 12 Task 3 14 Behaviour of Organisation in the Market Place 14 3.1 Market structure to determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses 14 3.2 Market forces shape organizational responses 15 3.3 The business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of an organization 16 Task 4 19 4.1 The significance of international trade to UK business organizations 19 4.2 The impact of global factors on UK business organizations 21 4.3 The impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations 25 Conclusion 28 References 29 Task 1 Different types of organizations and the purpose 1.1 Purpose of organization Before we learn about the types of organizations, we need to learn the basic purpose of setting organizations. The main purpose of organization is to provide a pathway to their business setup and to set the main objective for their business. Organizations help in making profit in a standard way. The different purpose of organizations...
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...Introduction This Report is based on portfolio background information based around SQUARE Pharma and current trading environment including export-Import trends of SQUARE, FDI prospects and challenges, global production, globalization and its impact in business, research and development of SQUARE and Ethical issues involved in international business. As SQUARE is the top local pharmaceuticals company of Bangladesh so we have chosen it for our report so that we can have a wider view of our concern topics. Basically what we want to cover is the current export situation of the company, the problem that it is facing and solutions they are applying. Besides these we have also recommended some suggestions from our end which can be applied for the betterment of their export business. Objectives We have divided the objective of this report into two parts. One is general and the other is more specific. These objectives are stated below: ❖Primary objectives: Basically our initial objective was to complete the assigned task of term paper for the course of International Business. The topic with which we were assigned was identifying problems and solution of a particular company of export-import industry of Bangladesh. While completing this task firstly we have chosen SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Bangladesh because it is the topmost local pharmaceuticals in our country. ❖Secondary objectives: Main focus of our report was to study the areas as follows: 1. To know about the SQUARE Pharmaceuticals...
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...(VAA) is a business organization that embodied “British Success Story”. The company was founded in 1984 by Richard Branson upon his vision to build an airline to challenge the status quo of dominance of the industry by British Airways. The company was established as the “offshoot” of virgin group which as at then was a key player in the pop and rock music. Since it was founded, it has enjoyed great success and rose to become Britain second largest carrier with more than 9000 employees and estimated to have carried more than 53 million passengers since it first operation in 1984(BBC Business, 2013). The ownership of the company share between virgin group who owns 51% and Delta airline owned 49%, an arrangement that was concluded in 1999 to form a more formidable global partnership; it has its corporate head office in Crawley, England. Gatwick remain the main base of VAA and operates a mixed fleet Airbus and Boeing wide-body jet between UK, North America, Caribbean, Africa and Middle East, it also operates from London Heathrow and Manchester which serves as its secondary base. Virgin Atlantic Airline has a mission to grow profitable airline where people love to fly and where people love to work. TASK ONE 1A: Purpose and objectives of (VAA) with Fire service. Organizations are into operation for various reasons; this could be for the purpose of making profit or for service rendering purpose. The legal structure which business chooses is fundamental to the way it operates, who...
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...9780199203055_001_030_CH01.qxd 11/1/07 15:14 Page 1 Introduction: ‘business’ and its ‘environment’ Paul Wetherly and Dorron Otter Contents The approach of this book—themes and issues 2 What is business? 4 Business and the problem of scarcity 5 The private sector—on closer inspection 7 28 Review and discussion questions 29 Assignments 30 Further reading 30 4 The private sector of business Case study: ‘UK plc’ Other sectors of business—the public sector and the third sector 10 Online resources 30 A simple model of business in its environment— transforming inputs into outputs 13 References 30 Conceptualizing the environment of business 15 Interaction between business and the environment—responding, influencing and choosing 17 The nature of the internal environment 20 Types of organization structure 21 Environmental analysis 24 Summary 27 01 9780199203055_001_030_CH01.qxd 2 X 11/1/07 15:14 Page 2 Introduction Learning objectives When you have completed this chapter you will able to: l Recognize different uses of the term business, and understand the different forms of business in terms of, for example, private, public and not-for-profit organizations l Describe the complexity of the external environment in which business operates and explain the idea of environmental uniqueness l Understand the nature of the...
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...Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Theories of International Relations This page intentionally left blank Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Material from 1st edition © Deakin University 1995, 1996 Chapter 1 © Scott Burchill 2001, Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater 2005 Chapter 2 © Jack Donnelly 2005 Chapter 3 © Scott Burchill, Chapters 4 and 5 © Andrew Linklater, Chapters 6 and 7 © Richard Devetak, Chapter 8 © Christian Reus-Smit, Chapter 9 © Jacqui True, Chapter 10 © Matthew Paterson 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright...
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...key players in international business today. This chapter closes with a model that depicts international business as occurring within an integrated global business environment. A LOOK AHEAD Part 2, encompassing Chapters 2, 3, and 4, introduces us to different national business environments. Chapter 2 describes important cultural differences among nations. Chapter 3 examines different political and legal systems. And Chapter 4 presents the world’s various economic systems and issues surrounding economic development. 24 Emirates’ Global Impact DUBAI, United Arab Emirates—The Emirates Group, founded in 1985 and headquartered in Dubai, is one of the world’s leading commercial air transportation service providers. Emirates has built up a strong brand name as a leader in the aviation industry, particularly in terms of its excellent customer service and its very rapid growth. It provides passenger, cargo, and postal carriage services to approximately 100 destinations...
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...people fear cultural and social assimilation as they believe this would have a negative impact on the existing culture of their society. Globalization therefore has mostly narrowed down to economic integration and this mainly happens through three channels; flow of finance, trade of goods and services and capital movement. Globalization is a term that includes a wide range of social and economic variations. It encompasses topics like the cultural changes, economics, finance trends, and global market expansion. There are positive and negative effects of globalization - it all comes as a package. Globalization helps in creating new markets and wealth, at the same time it is responsible for extensive suffering, disorder, and unrest. The great financial crisis that just happened is the biggest example of how negative globalization can turn. It clearly reveals the dangers of an unstable, deregulated, global economy. At the same time, this gave rise to important global initiatives, striving towards betterment. Globalization is a factor responsible for both repression and the social boom. What happens when there is a growing integration of economies across the globe? Majorly there have been positive impacts of this global phenomenon - through liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG). Due to globalization, there has been significant flow of inward foreign direct investment. MNC companies are getting a chance to explore various different markets across economies and explore...
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...aviation, agriculture, chemicals, information technology and leisure. The man behind this potent diversity is none other than India's flamboyant tycoon Vijay Mallya (Mallya). Mallya's association with the rich, trendy and the luxurious seems to have rubbed off on his brands. All through his glitzy forays into various fields, Mallya has fastidiously endorsed Brand `Kingfisher'. His entry into aviation with the glamorous launch of Kingfisher Airlines drew a lot of its brand equity from Mallya himself. Media reports often analyze how Mallya promotes the `Kingfisher' brand by associating it with lifestyle events like horse-racing, Formula 1 racing and prestigious launches. Reflecting on how he contributes enormously to it through his own flamboyant lifestyle, it is pertinent to probe into the prospects of Kingfisher's brand extension. The Kingfisher brand has come to epitomize a lifestyle that encompasses some of the finest things in life and is today synonymous with delivering a premium experience. - Vijay Mallya Brand Kingfisher I am the brand ambassador; I am the `King of Good Times',said Mallya, the brainchild of Kingfisher brand launched in the year 1980. Reports say that Mallya, while working in Kolkata (Indian city in the eastern state of West Bengal), felt that none of the existing beer brands Black Label, Kalyani, etc., were stimulating. Mallya, wanting to create a vibrant brand, went back to Bangalore (Mallya's hometown), rummaged through archives and stumbled upon an old...
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...spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture. Definitions An early description of globalization was penned by the American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897. However, it was not until the 1960s that the term began to be widely used by economists and other social scientists. It had achieved widespread use in the mainstream press by the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired numerous competing definitions and interpretations. The United Nations ESCWA has written that globalization "is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in an economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labour... although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labour.... Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It began in the late nineteenth century, but its spread slowed during the period from the start of the First World War until the third quarter of the twentieth century. This slowdown can be attributed to the inwardlooking policies pursued by a number of countries in order to protect their respective...
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