...oxycodone (Oxycontin and Percocet), and hydrocodone (Vicodin and Hycodan). These drugs are known to have serious side effects and withdrawal symptoms on the human body and brain. “More than half a million people in the United States are addicted to heroin, with an estimated 156,000 new users in 2012” (Davison & Neale, 297). Opiates can be smoked, taken orally, and by injection. There used to be speculations that only men where using opiates, but now are women too. Opiates, “Relieve...
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...addiction. Members learned the stages of addiction, the harmful effects of addiction, and different types of tolerance and withdrawal. PO attended group on time. PO participated moderately in the group discussion, demonstrated an understanding of the topic by providing examples of how addiction had affected his relationship with his relationships...
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...Stated another way, over time, it takes a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same level of relief. (NIDA, 2007.) Tolerance to the effects of opioids develops quickly. Some show tolerance after a single dose, whereas for others, tolerance occurs more slowly. (Volkow, 2016.) Tolerance is not addiction, although many drugs that produce tolerance also have addictive potential. (NIDA, 2007.) Dependence With repeated use of opioids dependence occurs. Dependence develops when the neurons adapt to the repeated drug exposure and only function normally in the presence of the drug. (NIDA, 2007.) Withdrawal Many of the withdrawal symptoms are generated when the drug is withdrawn. Opiate receptors in the thalamus and brainstem are deprived of opioids causing several physiologic reactions (symptoms) to occur. (NIDA, 2007.) Symptoms may range from mild to severe, depending on how dependent the individual is on the drug. Early withdrawal starts within 6-12 hours for short-acting opiates and within 30 hours for longer-acting ones. Early symptoms include the following problems: Tearing up Muscle aches...
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...euphoric effect of alcohol, while its effects on GABA cause anxiolytic and sedative effects. Alcohol also inhibits the receptor for glutamate. Glutamate receptors are synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal cells. When alcohol is withdrawn, the central nervous system experiences increased excitability. Persons who abuse alcohol over the long term are more prone to alcohol withdrawal syndrome than persons who have been drinking for only short periods. Brain excitability caused by long-term alcohol ingestion can lead to cell death and cerebellar degeneration, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, tremors, alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens, and withdrawal seizures (Alcohol use disorder: Pathophysiology, Effects, and Pharmacologic options for treatment, January 2014). 2. Discuss the concept of tolerance to alcohol and the diagnostic criteria for alcohol/substance abuse. Alcohol Tolerance refers to the body’s response to prolonged exposure to liquor: its ability to both metabolize liquor, as well as its ability to rebound from its effects (Alcohol Tolerance, December 2013). As a result of long term alcohol use, both body and brain undergoes certain changes. The average human being metabolizes around one standard drink (0.6 oz of ethanol) per hour. In people who drink large amounts of alcohol on a regular basis the liver adapts to break down the alcohol more rapidly than it does in people who rarely drink. The...
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...“Non-Substance-Related Disorders” * Gambling behavior activates reward system similar to those activated by substance abuse and produce behavioural symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the Substance Use disorders DSM-5 recognises that people are not all automatically or equally vulnerable to developing Substance-Related Disorders Some people have lower levels of self-control, which may be brain based, which predispose them to developing problems if exposed to drugs DEFINITIONS: Psychoactive Substance: Substance that alters mood, thought processes, or other psychological states Addiction: Compulsive drug seeking behavior and a loss of control over drug use Tolerance: Decreases in the effects of a substance that occur after chronic use Withdrawal: Adverse physical and psychological symptoms that occur after reducing or ceasing intake of a...
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...drug dependence and abuse, methamphetamine abuse, narcotic abuse, and substance abuse. People with addictions often cannot quit on their own. Addiction is an illness that requires treatment. Treatment may include counseling, behavioral therapies, self-help groups or medical treatment. People often assume that those with addictions should be able to quit by simply making up their minds to do so. Addiction is thought to be possible for a wide range of chemical substances. Dependence, most often related to physical symptoms, can occur for a subset of the chemicals that cause addiction. For instance, rarely an individual is prescribed a medication by a doctor for a legitimate reason (such as pain after an injury) and this can lead to physical withdrawal symptoms if this medication is stopped. Even more rarely, this post-medical treatment drug dependence can lead to drug abuse. People with drug abuse problems are individuals whose brain biochemistry has been altered by alcohol or drugs. * The words addiction, drug addiction, alcoholism, and chemical dependency are common terms for abuse of alcohol or drugs. Addiction (or drug abuse) is often confused with dependence. Many drugs...
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...A Mind is a terrible thing to waste ambier Mcalister Durham technical community college psychology 281 professor snyder 31 July 2012 Proof for cannabis addiction derives from a number of causes including epidemiological analyses, studies of long-term consumers, clinical trials of individuals seeking treatment, skillful experimentations on withdrawal and tolerance and laboratory studies on cannabis brain mechanisms. Scientific and epidemiological analyses show that cannabis dependence is a comparatively conjoint occurrence linked with substantial psychosocial irregularity. Rudimentary exploration has recognized a neurobiological method particular to the actions of cannabinoids. Human and non-human studies have established an effective withdrawal condition that is relatively conjoint among heavy marijuana users. Also, experimental trials calculating treatments for cannabis dependence specify that, amongst other substance habits, cannabis dependency is reactive to interference. Even though Cannabis is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the biosphere; controlled trials for cannabis use disorder has only been stated in literature in the last past 15 years or so. Only a small quantity of cannabis users pursue therapeutic help with addiction, but request for management for cannabis use condition is growing worldwide. Despite cannabis being one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the world; controlled trials for cannabis use disorder have only been reported...
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...definition includes the use of drugs and also the psychological and physiological effects the drug has on the body. It's important to understand the drug abuse and drug addiction definitions so as to correctly identify problem behaviours seen in loved ones. It's also key to remember that alcohol is also a drug and is included in the definitions of drug abuse and addiction Drug Abuse and Addiction - Drug Tolerance Central to the understanding of drug abuse and addiction is the idea of tolerance. When a person starts using a drug, they typically use a small amount to receive pleasurable effects, or a "high." With time though, drug users find the same amount of drug no longer produces the desired effects and they have to consume more of the drug to attain the same high. This effect is known as tolerance.1 In drug abuse and addiction, creation of tolerance depends on the drug used, the amount that is used and the frequency with which it is used. Drug tolerance can be both psychological and physiological. Drug Abuse Definition The definition of drug abuse does not have drug tolerance as a factor. Rather, it focuses on the pattern of drug use and the effects drugs are having on a user's life. Drug abuse and addiction takes place over time, but the definition of drug abuse specifically requires that drugs have negative effects on the user's life over a 12-month period. The following are drug abuse symptoms:2 • Drug use has negatively impacted performance in work or school ...
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...What Is An Opiate Addiction? A drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking despite the consequences of it. People who have an opiate addiction may go to great lengths to obtain the drug, such as doctor shopping. Opiates are prescribed to alleviate pain. Most people use opiates as prescribed. However, opiate abuse is on the rise. It is estimated that anywhere from 24 million to 36 million people in the world abuse opiates. Long-term opiate abuse can result in dependency. The reason that people who abuse opiates often become addicts is because they often develop a tolerance. Once a tolerance develops, people need more of the drug in order to experience the same effects. Opiate Withdrawal Treatment...
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...Detroit, MI, USA KEYWORDS Caffeine; Daytime sleepiness; Sleep disturbance; Caffeine dependence Summary Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances and it has profound effects on sleep and wake function. Laboratory studies have documented its sleep-disruptive effects. It clearly enhances alertness and performance in studies with explicit sleep deprivation, restriction, or circadian sleep schedule reversals. But, under conditions of habitual sleep the evidence indicates that caffeine, rather then enhancing performance, is merely restoring performance degraded by sleepiness. The sleepiness and degraded function may be due to basal sleep insufficiency, circadian sleep schedule reversals, rebound sleepiness, and/or a withdrawal syndrome after the acute, over-night, caffeine discontinuation typical of most studies. Studies have shown that caffeine dependence develops at relatively low daily doses and after short periods of regular daily use. Large sample and population-based studies indicate that regular daily dietary caffeine intake is associated with disturbed sleep and associated daytime sleepiness. Further, children and adolescents, while reporting lower daily, weightcorrected caffeine intake, similarly experience sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness associated with their caffeine use. The risks to sleep and alertness of regular caffeine use are greatly underestimated by both the general population and physicians. & 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All...
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...revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) in May 2013. The DSM is the comprehensive manual that categorizes psychiatric disorders of all kinds. A review of general addiction yields information about substance abuse, as well as other addictions. The DSM-5’s general criteria for drug dependence include that the drug use is compulsive without regard to negative consequences, the user is unable to stop using that drug, the user repeatedly does not meet expectations or obligations in social or work life, and in some cases exhibiting tolerance to the drug or even withdrawal...
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...Chapter 14 Summary A substance-related disorder is a condition (such as intoxication, harmful use/abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and psychoses or amnesia associated with the use of the substance) associated with substance abuse, often involving maladaptive behaviors over a long period of time. In order to be diagnosed with substance dependence an individual must display at least three of the following for a 12 month period: development of tolerance to the substance, withdrawal symptoms, persistent desire/unsuccessful attempts to stop using the substance, ingestion of larger amounts of substance, declined life functioning, and persistent use of substance. Substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, substance abuse and substance dependence are the four substance-related conditions that are present in the DSM-IV-TR. Substance intoxication is a type of substance-induced disorder, consisting of reversible, substance-specific, maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes directly resulting from the physiologic effects on the central nervous system of recent ingestion of or exposure to a drug of abuse, medication, or toxin. Specific cases are named on the basis of etiology, e.g., alcohol intoxication. Substance withdrawal is physiologic and psychological readjustments made during discontinuation of use of a substance previously employed to induce intoxication. Substance abuse is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or...
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...psychological dependence -Tolerance - Withdrawal Substance-related conditions recognized by the DSM-IV: * Substance dependence; diagnosis is given when substance use leads to psychological dependence or significant impairment or distress. * Substance abuse; diagnosis is given when recurrent substance use leads to significant, harmful consequences. * Substance intoxication; experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system. * Substance withdrawal; experience of clinical significant distress in social, occupational or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use. DSM criteria for substance abuse: * One or more of the following occurs during a twelve month period, leading to significant impairment or distress 1. Failure to fulfill important obligations at work, home or school as a result of substance abuse. 2. Repeated use of the substance in situations which is physically hazardous to do so e.g. driving. 3. Repeated legal problems as a result to substance abuse. 4. Confirmed use of the substance despite repeated social or legal problems as a result of use. DSM criteria for substance Dependence: * Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to three or more of the following: 1. Tolerance –same amount doesn’t work as well as before so now they need more. 2. Withdrawal - usually physical psychological...
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...There are many signs and symptoms to look for when one is using drugs such as cocaine which can be physical and behavioral. Signs to look for would be as followed: Sudden change of behavior, Mood swings such as irritability or happy, withdrawal from families, personal grooming (slacks), loss of interest of their favorite hobbies or activity, change in their sleep cycle such as up all night and sleep all night, red eyes that look glassy, and a runny or sniffing of the nose. To be able to tell the signs of a certain drug one must really pay close attention to the details. With the Methamphetamine effect one would be wired from sleep. The person is up at all hours of the day and night and even for weeks at a time. One may be suppressed from hunger,...
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...beverage contains varies a lot, so reading labels is very important. There is also a wide variation in the amount of caffeine each person can tolerate without unpleasant side effects. If you consume about the same amount of caffeine every day, you can develop a tolerance to it. Your tolerance level is affected by many different things including; age, body mass, and any health conditions you may have. Caffeine can also interact negatively with certain medications. Six hundred milligrams of caffeine a day is considered too much, according to the FDA. That is the equivalent of four to seven eight-ounce cups of coffee a day. If you’re using a mug or getting your fix at a coffee house, you are probably drinking 16 ounces or more. If you usually drink a lot of caffeine, stopping suddenly could cause symptoms of withdrawal. It’s best to decrease your consumption slowly and not give it up all at once. Caffeine provides no nutritional value, it is tasteless, so you don’t know if it’s in your food or not. However, it can affect your mood and cause physical side effects. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. It can temporarily make you feel more awake or energetic, but it can also give you the jitters and shakes. Withdrawal or overdose can cause many...
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