...language, and also appear to share common contextual and sequential properties. When we claim that something is an instance of repair we mean that speakers are adhering to ‘problems in speaking, hearing and understanding’ within the conversation (Schegloff, Jefferson & Sacks: 1977: 362). Importantly, however, it must be acknowledged that repair can appear without an overtly observable ‘error’. (Schegloff, Jefferson & Sacks: 1977: 362). Laasko and Sorjonen claim that ‘cutting off’ is a form of self-repair that features within an ongoing turn-constructional unit and as a result ‘the utterance is heard as prosodically discontinuous and incomplete’(2010). In most cases speakers cut off a word in progress, although alternatively the speaker may cut off after the completion of a word. One of the ways we find non-repair cut offs are those that acknowledge ‘topic-external factors’. These include disjunctional observations or subjects that are disconnected from the topic and most often linked to contextual issues or topic external thoughts. For example, they feature ‘now’ issues; where the focus is shifted to the context of the conversation itself like whether the hearer is free to talk, analysis of one’s own speech or the bringing up of a topic or subject that is detached from the current direction of speech. As we will observe, all of these ‘disjunctions’ eventually return to the original interrupted...
Words: 2229 - Pages: 9
...The Strategies of Conversation between the Radio Announcers and Their Listeners using Conversation Analysis Theory (A Case Study in MGT FM Bandung) By: Ganjar Nugraha CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Problem In life, as a social being, people need to interact and integrate with other people in a society. In order to interact and integrate, then people need to communicate, one of the most significant tools to communicate is called language. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which permits all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact” (Finocchiaro, 1974:3). By means of languages, people are able to convey the feelings, the thoughts in mind, and the messages, so that the people can interact with each other. Language constitutes paramount medium for communication in people’s life. “Language plays a great part in human life. (Bloomfield, 1995:3). So, through language, people can interact with each other. One purposes of language is to communicate. “One form of communication is the interaction between speakers” (Lubis, 1988:10).The interaction includes the way speaker to convey meaning and express feeling, also how people do with words and utterances and then form good sentences to be sent to other speakers. To avoid misunderstanding between the speakers, they usually try to convey the messages hard and find another way or strategy to convey the messages. Sometimes, when...
Words: 1589 - Pages: 7
...Thanks for participating in our study to learn “what America talks about!” The purpose of this diary is to help you remember the conversations you had throughout day. Please feel free to record conversation details next to the corresponding topic below or record information on a separate sheet of paper. Please include face-to-face conversations as well as phone calls, emails, letters, blogs, online chats, instant messages, or any other communications. If a conversation falls into several topic areas, please record the conversation next to each topic that applies. Please try not to change your normal conversation pattern just because you are participating in this study. It doesn’t matter how many or how few conversations you have in these topic areas. Tomorrow you will receive an invitation to an online survey to collect this information. General topics | How many conversations by topic | List all companies or brands** mentioned by name | Automotive: Cars, trucks, auto parts, repair, services such as road-side assistance, navigation, etc. | | | Financial Services: Savings/investments, banking, credit cards, insurance of all kinds, money transfer, real estate, etc. | | | Health & Healthcare: Illnesses, drugs/pharmaceuticals, doctors, hospitals, treatments, diets, supplements, vision care/eye wear, etc. | | | Food & Dining: Packaged, fresh & frozen food, snacks, candy, gum, recipes, supermarkets, meal preparation, restaurants, restaurant chains...
Words: 480 - Pages: 2
...between them and evaluating why there is a difference in dialect. Transcript ‘09’ is a casual conversation between three young Asian women. The exchange has been set in London and they are unaware of the recording. The speakers language is interactional and somewhat phatic, therefore there is no particular direction in the conversation, as there is no purpose as the teenagers just interacting. Transcript ‘12’ however, is an interview between a Guyana female and an English interviewer. This dialogue takes place in Guyana, whilst the interviewer interviews Patti (the Guyana female). The language is transactional and has a set purpose; to receive information. Transcript ‘09’ is introduced with an attempt at topic management by speaker A, who opens the conversation with the definite statement of ‘Zainab is Syed’s // mum’. The way the speaker opens this conversation highlights the uncertainty she feels when initiating the conversation, showing us through the audio, that she does not know how to start the conversation. However, as the conversation progresses, all three speakers are able to equally put their points across whilst discussing the same topic; East Enders. Following the introduction, turn taking and overlapping are seen in the conversation, showing to the audio listeners that all members in this spontaneous conversation is comfortable and well aware of the topic. Thus...
Words: 553 - Pages: 3
...Aims - To investigate the language use of men and women during a relaxed situation and a competitive situation. - To compare my results and findings with the main gender research and theories carried out from linguists such as Jennifer Coates, Deborah Tannen and Pamela Fishman. Hypothesis - I predict that within my research I will find that women are in fact more dominant in conversation and men are therefore more unreceptive. I also predict that the women will be more direct and confrontational than the men especially in a competitive setting/environment. - This is opposing the theories of gender stereotypes therefore hopefully making my findings a lot more interesting. Methodology The data I collected are two transcripts from two different situations but using the same two couples; in both couples there are a male and a female. The topic of discussion will be given without the knowledge of the participants that their speech will be recorded. Within the pub setting the topic will be about their everyday lives whereas at the parents evening it will be about their child's progress at school. The couples will not be aware of the investigation I am conducting nor will they be aware that they are being recorded. I want the couples to be unaware to reduce participants effects; when the participants subconsciously behave in a way they believe to be helping the experiment making it un-naturalistic. The couples will be informed after my investigation exactly what happened...
Words: 1965 - Pages: 8
...Communication and Conversation According to Benjamin (2005) Communication is a point-to-point, limited, prescriptive transaction in which information is exchanged. Benjamin (2005) goes on to say: “Conversation is a helical, expanding, ingenious, transforming, turning together around a specific topic or group of topics.” Teams who work toward goals and objectives that do not require creative or ingenious solutions might be able to complete their work only utilizing good communication skills. Team members who communicate well are able to gather and organize information and pass the information along a linear path to a defined destination. These teams know what is expected from them as a result of their work. These teams may have served a valuable purpose before technology advances made tasks such as gathering and organizing data by humans unnecessary. With the advancement of complex electronic data management systems, the need for teams who only communicate is vanishing. One role of a leader in these problem-solving and results-producing teams is to facilitate conversation. According to Benjamin, leaders in conversation are able to perceive multiple approaches to a topic, interest one or more other people in exploring a topic, engage in a process about discovery about a topic, and stimulate new perception in others (Benjamin 2005). Mastering these skills will enable a leader of today’s work teams to foster ingenuity and creativity. Antonioni (1996) states: Organizations...
Words: 907 - Pages: 4
...The "oft-quoted passage" by Kenneth Burke in paragraph six was cited again by Greene to help his readers to get a full comprehension of his thoughts on “arguments as conversation,” particularly since conversation like that happen constantly. The passage illustrates a story of a man strolling into an on-going conversation, as he listens, and come up with his own particular idea on what he has heard; he then got involve in the conversion, and afterwards leave despite the fact that the conversation proceeds. It also presents writing as a method for clarifying numerous arguments on a topic, and how readers take in the distinctive bits of information. By utilizing Burke's quote, Greene is exhibiting that the discussions that took place prior to...
Words: 405 - Pages: 2
...The World Café method is a way to bring people together for simultaneous rounds of conversation to answer questions and discuss a certain topic. This method of community consultation was created by Juanita Brown and David Isaacs, who created the method after observing how groups of people naturally conversed with each other when they were in a café style setting. The primary objective of The World Café method is to generate a broad range of perspectives for influencing inclusive, ongoing attention to strategies as well as goals and tasks. It is a action research method that employs intentional engagement in a large number of individuals for a short term. These participants explore tightly focused questions that require targeted input from different...
Words: 665 - Pages: 3
...Sneha Saggurthi 2/15/15 FYS 101 Short paper 1 Confronting the Complexity of Conversation I was up to my neck in my roommates dirty tissues, dirty dishes, and dirty habits. Her piles of trash and dirty clothing was weighing down on my last nerve. I sat her down and had just began to calmly explain to her that I simply cannot keep living in such horrid conditions when a large bellow escaped her mouth and quickly transformed into a demonic verbal attack as I was slain by her aggressive vocables and her, not surprisingly, dirty mouth. That was the last conversation we’ve ever had. According to Merrian-Webster, conversation is defined as an “oral exchange of sentiments, observations, opinions, or ideas.”(Merrian-Webster) Although this definition seems fairly simple, conversation itself is a complex practice that takes several factors into account, such as mode of communication, topic of conversation, the participants, etc. Therefore, conversation is a practice where it’s outcome is strictly dependent on the contributions put into it. Initially, the thought of conversation affects one at an pathos level. To me, it brings with it a heap of dreadful and apprehensive doom. Usually my breathing shortens and sharpens as an elephant of anxiety takes it’s seat on my chest. My palms moisten with sweat as memories of humiliation surface on the ocean of thoughts crashing around in my head. A dark shadow looms over my head, much like the cloud that once loomed over Eeyore the donkey...
Words: 884 - Pages: 4
...selection of their favourite beers etc… somehow or other literature eeked its way into the conversation at some point or other at which point Hans suddenly got extremely excited at the prospect of doing a bit of Bard-bashing. Slamming his beer mug on the long-table in a booming (and only slightly slurred) voice he commenced the debate of Shakespeare Vs Goethe by vehemently stating that “COMPARED TO THE GREAT GOETHE, SHAKESPEARE IS LIKE A LITTLE SCHOOLBOY SAT IN THE CORNER OF THE CLASSROOM, PISSING IN HIS PANTS!” This subtle piece of comparative literary criticism was delivered with such force, that despite a few stifled giggles the point was not debated much further, as an Englishman in the presence of pissed Germans, my spine gave out in the name of retaining cordiality in a rather British, Fawlty Towers, John Cleese “RIGHT, NOBODY MENTION THE WAR!!!” kinda way. (reported by British man) I am astonished that people from Denmark can talk about being homosexual so openly. A couple of months ago several students from Copenhagen came to my university, and one of them didn’t mind telling other students that she lived with her girlfriend and that they’re planning to get married. She claimed it’s a regular topic in Denmark. (reported by a Polish student) At the end of a conversation: in southern Europe they round up the conversation very ‘nicely’ with some nice ‘formulas’ indicating the conversation is nearly finished. In Germany and Holland it’s often stopped really abruptly. As a...
Words: 713 - Pages: 3
...and education will affect the amount of talk a person delivers and how much dominance they will have in the conversation. Table 1 shows how men and women cooperate in conversations with the use of turn taking, speaking time and interruptions. The average number of seconds all the women spoke for is 22.9 seconds and for men it is 60 seconds – clearly illustrating the idea that men like to speak more to get their opinions out in the world. Women are said to go along with this because they don’t want to hurt anyone’s feelings and so would want them to continue. Also, we can see that men tended to interrupt more. Man F interrupted 8.0 times and Woman B interrupted 0.0 times. This clearly shows the gender inequalities between men and women, men being the ones that don’t care about feelings and women being the over-sensitive type in terms of supporting everyone’s opinions. On the other hand, we can see from the table that men interrupted eachother more. This may be because they have more subject knowledge and want to prove that. However it has been said that subject knowledge has no impact and is not the reason why men interrupt, so why do they? It can be the simple fact that they want to be seen better than the rest, dominant and powerful in the way they talk. Zimmerman and West concluded that interruptions and delayed minimal responses are ways of controlling conversations, as they indicate interest and attention....
Words: 1460 - Pages: 6
...This text is a conversation between two workmates aged 19. Linda starts the conversation with an incomplete construction “went to see stereophonics on…” the lack of an opener/greeting and the incomplete construction shows the informality between the two speakers. Linda starting the conversation and initiating the topic suggests that she is in power of the conversation and it supports the theory that women initiate more topics of conversation, in conversations analysed by fisherman- 62% of topics were introduced by women. The second speaker, Ed replies with a question, “where d’you go Manchester or Birmingham” the contraction highlights the informality and it supports the idea that men are less likely to use standard English than men, this is evident throughout Eds language such as the use of “cos.” Linda interrupts him with Birmingham although this interruption usually implies power in the conversation, Linda’s interruptions later on seem to be defensive, an evident example is when Ed tries to explain the mechanics of a car, he uses particular technical lexis, “jacking points” which Linda interrupts with “well no…” or “I have no idea”, this shows her lack of understanding/ Confidence in what he is saying. This presents the difference approach where the man is shown to be more familiar with stereotypically masculine things like cars while the woman is clueless. The difference approach is also evident when Linda tends to emphasise on her personal experience and emotions, “couldn’t...
Words: 614 - Pages: 3
...such thing as bad controversy — especially if that controversy causes conversation. By that thinking, any buzzgenerating event, even if wrapped around something less than wholesome, should be a positive f or a company or brand looking to get some attention. But Wharton marketing prof essor Jonah Berger says that’s not the case. Instead, he has f ound that there is a limit to how much conversation can be generated by a modest amount of controversy. Increase the controversy, however, and the volume of conversation goes down — exactly the opposite of what a good brand manager wants. “T hey assume that controversy garners discussion,” he says. “We actually f ound out it’s more complicated than that.” Berger and Z oey Chen, a marketing doctoral student at the Scheller College of Business at the Georgia Institute of Technology, discuss these f indings in the paper, “When, Why, and How Controversy Causes Conversation,” published in the October edition of the Journal of Consumer Research. Berger and Chen set up a series of experiments to judge the relationship between controversy and conversation. First, they collected about 200 articles posted on Topix.com, an online news resource, and coded how controversial each was using two independent raters. T hey then cataloged the number of comments each article received in its f irst 15 days online. T he initial experiment showed a correlation between controversial topics and online comments up to a moderate level of controversy — a 4.6 on a...
Words: 1240 - Pages: 5
...milestones in life and hearing their stories was very inspiring. Moreover, I was able to put my communication skills and my understanding of previous topics such as effective communication and overcoming barriers to communication to the test within this environment. Verbal communication skills One’s use of verbal communication plays an important part in how successful messages are sent and decoded between individuals. My “excellent use of questioning and following on conversation”, said by Mrs Simpson, made it easy for me, a fellow student and Pam (the member of the Commonside Lunch Club) to communicate very effectively thus we were able to speak about multiple topics and current issues. Sharing a common interest in reading, I and Pam as well as Adina were able to express our love for certain books. Tone of Voice: When reaching complex and sensitive issues such as that of the war (Pam was evacuated as a child during the Second World War to the countryside) my tone of voice was very effective and appropriate for such a sensitive topic. I used a soft, low-level tone to show my sincerity and understanding of the topic, making sure that when I spoke it was in a genuine manner and that the level of my voice could be heard within the group I was talking with but not heard by other people around me. At times, when the topic of conversation changed so did my tone, for example, a more excitable tone when talking about our favourite authors. Sensory impairments:...
Words: 1257 - Pages: 6
...Knowledge of Gender Differences Is the Key to Successful Communication Human beings use conversation as a means of communication or transferring information from one person to the other. Unfortunately, we live in a society where conversations between genders are grossly limited. Deborah Tannen in her “Sex, Lies, and Conversation” emphasizes the differences in conversation between the different genders. Communication is the key to a successful relationship, and knowledge of the differences in communication between genders is necessary for clear communication. The three main differences are body gestures, conversation and conversational habits. In their body language, women like to sit facing each other directly, their eyes on each other’s faces (Tannen 405). This to them creates a bond of friendship. Men, however, prefer to sit at angles to each other looking elsewhere or looking down, with a periodical glance at each other. Logically, the tendency for men to face away during conversations gives the women the impression that they are not listening, creating a strain in their relationships....
Words: 544 - Pages: 3
