...Dioxin, Furans, & PCB Emission for Residential Trash Burning MOS 5425 Advanced Toxicology Dr. Brooks McPhail October 7, 2014 Dioxin, Furans, & PCB Emission for Residential Trash Burning In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 2006 Americans generated 300 million tons, 12.5 percent burned in incinerators. Countless of the hundreds of thousands of tons are burned in residential backyard burn barrels in rural areas, are never accounted for. To the residential homeowner burning trash has been for centuries the means of disposing refuse in areas that do not have organized garbage collection. As the modern industrial chemical production continues to increase, making products that make everyday life in the modern world more accessible, burning that waste stream at low temperatures products highly toxic compounds releasing not only in the air via smoke but also in ash runoff, and smoke fume condensation on possible food sources. Countless toxicological studies have been conducted on dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). That information will be leveraged here to compliment the toxicity and pollutant effects of these chemicals, yet the emphasis is not political, environmental, nor humanitarian. It is about highlighting the non-industrial emissions, choices in some cases, and for others the realization, that these toxic chemicals are a result of disposing product we receive from the modern industrialized world. Dioxins...
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...Toxicology Student’s Name Affiliation Date 1. Snakebites are often treated by administering specific “anti-venom”. Explain how “anti-venom” may work. Snakes are cold blooded animals that are found in tropical and subtropical countries. Snakes have some glands in their mouth that produce very poisonous substance and its even worst through their bites. The seriousness or extend of the poison depends on various factors. One is the body tissue where the venom is injected. It’s more serious when the poison is injected directly to the blood vessels meaning it spreads very quickly through blood transmission in the rest of the body. The extent of the poison also depends on the part of the body where the snake bites. Snake bites that occur on parts of the body with a lot of adipose tissue are less poisonous than in the parts with less adipose tissue. This is because these tissues are low in blood supply hence they end up delaying transmission or the spread of poison to the rest of the body (Timbrell, 2009) Specific anti-venom is used in treating snake bite since the severity of the poison depends on the snake type and other factors. Since the venom is injected in the blood the anti-venom should also be administered to the blood In order to neutralize the poison. This means that it might have some side effects if not well used since its injected directly to the blood. The anti-venom neutralizes the poisonous venom injected...
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...Rebecca Walker Forensic Toxicology CRJ 311 Dawn George 4/22/2013 History Forensic science is defined as the application of science to the law. There are different types of forensic science, and each plays an integral part in the criminal justice system. Forensic biology usually involved DNA testing and its results. Forensic anthropologists examine human remains that have become skeletons in an attempt to determine how long the remains have been in a location and to try to determine a possible cause of death. Forensic toxicology falls into the category of forensic chemistry. Forensic toxicologists study toxins, drugs, poisons, alcohol, and other things found in the blood or tissues of crime victims or perpetrators. Forensic toxicologists study the blood and tissues of living people as well as deceased persons. The rapid advancement of technology in the last century and, in particular, the last three decades, has helped forensic scientists solve many crimes, even those that had been cold for decades. Technology is quickly changing and improving the methods by which crimes can be solved. The first evidence of scientific methods being used to identify people occurred in China in 700BC. Chinese artists used fingerprints to identify pieces of art they had produced. Of course, there was not computerized system to file or categorize these fingerprints. However, this is the first known instance of fingerprints being used for identification purposes. Clearly, things...
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...Forensic Toxicology- Post Mortem Death Investigation Forensic Toxicology is a discipline of forensic science dealing with the negative effects of chemicals, drugs, poisons or any toxic substance on a living system. Forensic Toxicology also has a more specific area of forensics designated to determine if chemicals or drugs contributed to a person’s death called Post Mortem Death Investigation. A Forensic toxicologist specializing in post mortem death investigations usually works with a forensic pathologist during an autopsy to help determine the cause of death. Toxicologists also rely on the help of crime scene detectives to aid in providing information about what was observed during the time the body was found. Physical evidence such as pill bottles, trace residues or drug paraphernalia can aid in determining what chemicals will be found. While performing an autopsy, the forensic toxicologists’ role is to obtain samples of body fluid and tissue from the pathologists and perform tests seeking to find any traces of chemicals. Urine, blood, hair and oral fluids are the most common samples taken from the body to be sent for analysis. Gastric contents from the stomach of the body can also be extracted to test for undigested pills, food or liquids digested prior to death. The vitreous humor found in the eye (ocular fluid) can also be used to estimate the time of death and can help signify renal disease and calcium status. Initially, toxicologists are looking...
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...Environmental Toxicology Paper ENV/410 Environmental Toxicology Paper I will first explain the difference between toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Toxicants interact with living organisms in a series of five time-dependent processes. The study of these processes is called toxicokinetics. These processes are absorption, distribution storage, biotransformation and elimination. There are unique cellular effects within the organism when they come in contact with the toxicant. Toxicodynamics is an examination of the way these effects happen. There are many similarities as well as important differences between the toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics of most substances. The same applies to pharmacodynamics and toxicodynamics (Olson, n.d.). The approach for conducting toxicokinetics studies that is recommended by most scholars generally involves three steps. Goehl (1997), "Step 1 is a preliminary study, which uses a minimum number of animals to estimate the range of blood/tissue concentrations, the required quantitation limit for the analytical method, and the optimal sampling times for the definitive toxicokinetic studies. Step 2 is the definitive study and generates blood and/or tissue concentration data for calculating the toxicokinetic parameters. Step 3 is the toxicokinetic study conducted in conjunction with the toxicology study to determine the internal dose and the effects of age and continuous exposure on kinetic parameters” (Toxicokinetics in the National Toxicology Program)...
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...Name of career: Toxicology Science background required: You need either a degree in toxicology or a degree in chemistry with toxicology training. Pay: The pay for a toxicologist is generally very high ranging from $85,000 to $200,000 a year. The pay is so high because toxicology requires a highly specific skill set that is hard to come by. It can also be dangerous because you may be handling dangerous toxins or chemicals. Location restrictions: There are no location restrictions other than having to do work in a lab or an enclosed environment. You will also have to work in the field doing experiments and tests. Other two careers: Forensic scientist and nuclear engineer. Toxicology is the study of the impact that toxins and radiation have on the human body, animals, and the environment. Some different areas of toxicology are clinical, forensic, industrial, occupational, ecotoxicology, and regulatory. I am focusing on forensic toxicology because it interests me the most of the listed areas of toxicology. A forensic toxicologist generally works for law enforcement agencies or the government. Forensic scientists have many jobs that they may have to accomplish in their line of work. They may have to find out what kind of poison was used in a crime or find out how toxins coming from a factory harm the environment in order for a lawsuit to be filed. However the most common job of a forensic toxicologist is to analyze either blood or urine samples for drugs or toxins. A forensic...
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...Case Study Title Environmental Toxicology Case Summary 3 Mount Isa Children were found to have excessive (2-3 times more than the international safety limit) of lead in their blood causing permanent neurological damage. An inquiry into environmental lead exposure was conducted against Xstrata’s Mount Isa Mines Ltd lead emittance, who firmly stand that the lead was “naturally occurring” and not a consequence of mining. As subsequent years follow, more children are found to have dangerous lead levels in their blood, raising more suspicion, but Queensland Health and Xstrata are turning a blind eye to the concern. Suspected toxic substance Common name is Lead, the trade name is Plumbum, and CAS number is 7439-92-1 Chemical properties: reactive...
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...Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of humans. It is difficult to discuss toxic phenomena at different levels of biological organisation separately because of complex relationship and interlinking between such levels. It should be noted that every biological level toxicology includes chemical and/or molecular toxicology in a sense. Scientists need to study natural situations to understand life processes and to investigate how introducing a particular substance can change living systems. It is often helpful to break a process into steps and then investigate how introduction of the substance affects each step. This first stage in toxicity assessment takes place in vitro. The investigator can pinpoint the various changes that could occur when a compound encounters a living cell and then make safety recommendations. Only a few substances successfully pass these initial trials. Those substances must then be tested further. Humans and other living things—plants, animals, and even molds and bacteria—are complex systems. The processes in any organism are far more complicated than just the sum of the individual parts. It is difficult to replicate at the lab bench the complex interactions. When safety is not assured, ethical research procedures restrict testing on...
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...Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive. Mung Beans A mung beans experiment for the subject I toxicology. Find a toxicant to be applied on the plant. We have 5 days to observe. It’s not just dead or alive....
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...Environmental Toxicology Paper Joshua Brechtel ENV/410 September 14, 2014 Jennifer Ott Environmental Toxicology Paper Environmental toxicology deals with the toxicology of environmental chemicals. This can relate to toxic chemicals found naturally but usually man-made chemicals are predominately studied. The effect of these chemicals on the environment and subsequent ecosystems are of great importance in understanding human impact on our planet. Ecotoxicology is a type of environmental toxicology that deals with the effects of environmental toxins on ecosystems, habitats and the organisms that live in those ecosystems. The wide range of organisms and environmental factors requires detailed analysis from multiple scientific disciplines. Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics Toxicokinetics is a branch of toxicology that can be viewed as the study of how the body deals with toxicants at different stages after exposure. These stages are absorption, distribution, and elimination. Toxicokinetics studies the ever changing processes that occur within the body during and after absorption of a toxicant. This includes where and how absorption takes place, how the body distributes the toxicant, the effects of metabolism, the toxic effects rendered and the excretion of the toxicant. “In other words, toxicokinetics is a reflection of how the body handles toxicants as indicated by the plasma concentration of that xenobiotic at various time points.” (Michael A. Trush, 2008, p...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 25 (2008) 334–341 Carbofuran in water: Subchronic toxicity to rats Dragica V. Brki´ a , Slavoljub Lj. Vitorovi´ b , Slavica M. Gaˇi´ a , Neˇko K. Neˇkovi´ a,∗ c c sc s s c a Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31-b, P.O. Box 163, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia b Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Received 31 July 2007; received in revised form 26 October 2007; accepted 4 November 2007 Available online 17 November 2007 Abstract Carbofuran toxicity on rats was studied during subchronic exposure. Female and male rats were administered carbofuran in drinking water in concentrations of 25, 100 and 400 ppm for a period of 90 days. Clinical symptoms, water consumption, body weight gain, organ weight, pathological and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys were observed and biochemical and haematological examinations were carried out. The results obtained show that carbofuran administered to rats caused a significant decrease in water consumption as well as in brain, serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities. Statistically significant increases in relation to the control were found in the serum enzyme activities. The haematological data showed that carbofuran had no significant effect on Hb concentration and total RBC, but total WBC showed a significant statistical decrease. The histopathological changes in...
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...Module 7, Course 2, Session 18 Growth Strategies - External March 9, 2013 Discussion Topics Section Introductions and Segment Objectives The Acquisition Process – Target Research and Process Execution Case Studies Concluding Thoughts – Keys to Success Background Information on John Dickinson Page 2 3 7 15 17 CONFIDENTIAL 1 Introductions and Segment Objectives Introductions: • • John Dickinson – Session Leader Participants – Goals, objectives, questions, and backgrounds CONFIDENTIAL Session Objectives: • Why pursue external strategies? • • • Limited organic growth versus strategic goals New products / services, end markets, technologies, and customers, as well as sourcing synergies What are some of the strategies? • • • Joint ventures – private and public / governmental Acquisitions Divestitures and re-investing in the core business The Acquisition Process: • • Strategic goals and target identification / research Deal execution – the team, valuation / structure, and culture / integration 2 CONFIDENTIAL The Acquisition Process – Target Research and Deal Execution 3 Developing the Optimal Acquisition Process CONFIDENTIAL Optimizing the process begins with analyzing the unique dynamics of the Buyer’s situation, and then developing an appropriate and flexible strategy for achieving the Buyer’s goals. Process Considerations Current End Market Dynamics & Outlook Parent Company Objectives & Resource Commitment Management Team Objectives...
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...Knowledge of a foreign language is important for exchanging information in our global society. These are very important for toxicologist and need to be prepared during high school and college. * Responsibly and Daily Activities Toxicology combines the elements of many scientific disciplines to help us understand the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. Basically, toxicology is the study of the toxic or harmful effects of chemicals. Chemicals make up everything around us like pesticides in the food we eat, pollutants in the air we breathe, chemicals in the water we drink, toxic dump sites near our homes. Usually, toxicologists work in contact with an analytical lab because they do a lot of chemical analytical work. Toxicologists are responsible for a lot of things including our lives. There are three types and they are forensic, veterinary, and environmental toxicologist. Forensic toxicology is a discipline of forensic science concerned with the study of toxic substances or poisons, of which there are many thousands. Currently, forensic toxicology is the study of alcohol, drugs, and poisons, including their chemical composition, preparations and identification. Veterinary toxicology relates to the health of animals. Environmental toxicology, also known as...
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...Case Study Internal Final Case Briefing Introduction to Case As a medico-legal investigator I have been assigned the task to prepare and finalize the internal final case briefing for the Medical Examiner (ME). This final case briefing report will be attached to the case report and the autopsy report. The information obtained in this report will help determine the cause of death. This case involves the victim who has been identified as 23 year old Sharon Jane Miller (DOB 10/07/1987). The victim was found by her sister Valerie Edith Anderson (DOB 08/22/1985) on June 17, 2011. A 911 call was made via the sister and recorded at 1138 Evidence leans towards the murderer being ex-boyfriend Todd Nathan Hughes (DOB 02/14/1980. Discussion At 11:38 AM a phone call was made and recorded to 911 by sister, Valerie Anderson when she discovered her sister, Sharon Miller deceased at her apartment located at 16B East Locust Street, Virtual, MD. According to sister as well as corresponding text messages (made with consent) made between the victim and the sister they were going to attend lunch together for the day. When arrival to her home she discovered her sisters body and proceeded to call the authorities. Further information was given by sister, Valerie Anderson that the deceased had disclosed that she had broken up with her boyfriend Todd Hughes whom she had been dating for four years. It was made known that Todd was an abusive boyfriend and had an extensive criminal record...
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...abnormal process in cells which leads to cancer. • Developmental toxicity. This group refers to toxic responses to the developing embryo. This occurs due to the exposure of toxic substances to your partners prior to the act of conception. This leads to the death of cells of the fetus. • Genetic toxicity. The major cause of this kind of toxicity is a severe damage of DNA. This process is known as mutagenesis. It leads to cancer, or death of the cell. • Organ toxicity. This group is associated to toxic responses to different organs. It involves blood and cardiovascular toxicity, eye toxicity, dermal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, respiratory toxicity and various forms. (Hodgson, 2004, p.275) References Hodgson, E. (2004) A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. Wiley-Interscience; 3-rd edition. Question 2 List and provide a brief explanation of the types of Phase I reactions of metabolism of foreign substances. The types of Phase 1 reactions are: Oxidation- This is the additional of oxygen or removal of hydrogen to a substrate will make the compound more...
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