...The concern of the relationship between international trade and the environment can date back to the United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment in early 1970s (UN,1972). As the international trading activities increase in both frequency and magnitude, the relationship between world trade and environmental conservation becomes closer and closer. The extent of globalisation is now spreading across every parts of the world. At present, human is facing an important yet complicated problem climate change. In order to address this problem and promote sustainable development, the globalisation becomes a key focus. As one of the drivers of globalisation, international trade receives more public awareness than before. Nowadays, whether or not the trade-driven globalisation conflicts with preservation of the environment and natural resources environmental is a controversial topic (Heywood, 2014). However, in this essay I will argue that promoting globalisation through international trade creates both conflicts and opportunities to conservation of the environment and natural resources. From an economic point of view, both world trade and environmental protection are important because they are the essential for promoting sustainable development, due to this reason it is possible to reconcile their continued levels. Hence, addressing the conflicting aspects and maximising the opportunities between them are necessary. After discussing the relationships, I will also give the relevant...
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...The global impact of e-waste Addressing the challenge SECTOR Sectoral Activities Department SafeWork Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment The global impact of e-waste: Addressing the challenge The global impact of e-waste: Addressing the challenge Karin Lundgren SafeWork and SECTOR International Labour Organization Geneva 2012 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Lundgren, Karin The global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge / Karin Lundgren; International Labour Office, Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment (SafeWork), Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR). – Geneva: ILO, 2012 ISBN 978-92-2-126897-0 (print) ISBN...
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... Jaravata, Sherela Calcita, Ranilo What is Environmental Crime? An environmental crime is a violation of environmental laws that are put into place to protect the environment. When broadly defined, the crime includes all illegal acts that directly cause environmental harm. Such crimes are also referred to as ‘crime against the environment.’ What Is The Role Of The Interpol In This Environmental Crimes? Environmental crime is a serious and growing international problem, and one which takes many different forms Broadly speaking, wildlife crime is the illegal exploitation of the world’s wild flora and fauna, while pollution crime is the trade and disposal of waste and hazardous substances in contravention of national and international laws. INTERPOL's response In today’s global economy there is a need for an international strategy to deal with this type of crime. As the only organization with a mandate to share and process criminal information globally, INTERPOL is uniquely qualified to lead these efforts. The INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme: Leads global and regional operations to dismantle the criminal networks behind environmental crime using intelligence-driven policing; Coordinates and develops international law enforcement best practice manuals, guides and other resources; Provides environmental law enforcement agencies with access to our services by enhancing...
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...Walmart’s goal via its networks was to influence stakeholders, primarily its suppliers, to initiate sustainable practices that would be in line with Walmart’s values. By doing so, Walmart has to monitor every supply chain participants, and by doing so, they were able to eliminate redundant channels in the process. For example, instead of having a product manufactured and assembled in two different countries, Walmart was able to eliminate unnecessary channels by understanding the process, and thus creating a more efficient supply chain that is both innovative and cost effective. Another thing that they did was their overall cost reduction in the value chain processes. It was able to reduce inefficiencies in packaging, transportation, and waste, among other factors. By doing so, it sees the potential cost reduction in the long run. Furthermore, Walmart derived future long-term value through its game changer strategies that it plans to implement in all of its networks. Walmart learnt from their mistake in 1989 by shifting its sustainability practices from one that is defensive, to one that is initiating. It does so by limiting its PR on its sustainability practices and instead focused their attention to developing a supply chain in which relationships...
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...[pic][pic]2012 Embassy of Brazil- Islamabad SECOM PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN General information on the Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan. Research and Compilation by the Commercial Section of the Embassy of Brazil in Pakistan. [pic]Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan Table of Contents 1. Pakistan’s Economy 2 2. Industry overview 2 2.1 Current Status of Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan 3 2.2 Types of papers produced 4 2.3 Method of Producing Paper 4 2.4 Raw Material Availability 5 3. Current status of Trade and Potential of Pak- Brazil Trade Cooperation in this sector 7 3.1 Potential of Export to Pakistan 8 4. Future Outlook 10 5. Companies and Useful Links 11 1[pic] SECOM-Islamabad, Pakistan [pic]Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan 1. Pakistan’s Economy Pakistan economy is positioned at 27th largest economy with 488 (1) billion USD in term of Purchasing Power Parity. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River, diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's...
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...Summers memo was a 1991 memo on trade liberalization that was written by Lant Pritchett and signed by Lawrence Summers while he was Chief Economist of the World Bank. It included a section that both Summers and Pritchett say was sarcastic that suggested dumping toxic waste in third-world countries for perceived economic benefits [Least Developed Countries]? I can think of three reasons: 1) The measurements of the costs of health impairing pollution depends on the earnings. From this point of view a given amount of health impairing pollution should be done in the country with the lowest cost, which will be the country with the lowest wages. I think the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable and we should face up to that. 2) The costs of pollution are likely to be non-linear as the initial increments of pollution probably have very low cost. I've always thought that under-populated countries in Africa are vastly UNDER-polluted, their air quality is probably vastly inefficiently low compared to Los Angeles or Mexico City. Only the lamentable facts that so much pollution is generated by non-tradable industries (transport, electrical generation) and that the unit transport costs of solid waste are so high prevent world welfare enhancing trade in air pollution and waste. 3) The demand for a clean environment for aesthetic and health reasons is likely to have very high income elasticity. The concern over an agent that causes a...
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...14 Nov 2011 National Environment Agency, Singapore Overview of Solid Waste Management System Waste Collection (Privatised) Households & Trade Premises Licensed Public Waste Collectors (9 sectors) 10,295 tonnes/day* (58%) Commercial & Industrial Premises Licensed General Waste Collectors (> 300) Recycling (Privately Managed) Recycling Total Waste Generated (17,855 tonnes/day) Incinerable waste Non-incinerable waste 477 tonnes/day (2%) Waste Disposal (Government & Private plants) 7,083 tonnes/day (40%) Incineration Ash 1,728 tonnes/day Landfill * Nett tonnage recycled. Closing the Waste to Resource Loop Solutions for a land constrained Nation Waste Generated 17,900 t/d Commercial & Retail Residential Non-Incinerable Waste 500 t/d (2%) Consumers Reduce Reuse WasteRecycled 10,300 t/d (58%) Collection IncinerableWaste 7,100 t/d (40%) Landfill Ash 1,700 t/d Factories & Industries Producers Electricity Recycle Waste-toEnergy Strategy 1 : Waste Minimisation Singapore Packaging Agreement Prevent waste generation at source Jointly developed by Government, Industry & NGOs; signed Jun 07; valid for 5 years Signatories • set targets voluntarily • formulate action plans to reduce and reuse packaging waste 122 signatories Strategy 2 : Recycling Recycling of Industrial and Commercial Waste Used Slag C & D Waste (378,900 tonnes, 99%) (921,800 tonnes recycled, 99%) (1,127,500 tonnes recycled...
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...1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Environmental Legislative and Regulatory Policy for England and Wales The Environmental Protection Act 1990 provisions was adopted in England and Wales to react the pollution control act of 1974, the aim of this legislation is for an improved integrated approach to pollution control which include authorizations, enforcement, publicity, and provisions of offences. Part I covers the integrated pollution control and air pollution by local authorizes; part II covers waste on land, harmful depositing, treatment, disposal, duty of care, waste management plans, special waste hazardous and non control waste; Part IIA covers contaminated lands; part III covers statutory nuisance and clean air; Part IV covers litter; part V covers the amendment of the radioactive substance act of 1960; part VI covers genetically modified organisms and part VII covers the nature conservation(Paul,2008a). Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 provisions was adopted in England and Wales this legislation is aim to implement the council directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) requiring EU member states to introduce regime for prevention, reduction and control of emissions and other activities that are capable of causing any environmental pollution in the region. Under the PPC regulations there are three distinct regimes which include part A(1) covers installations for sites regarded as potentially more polluting and emission to air...
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...Substance flow analysis of zinc in China Guo Xueyi ∗ , Zhong Juya, Song Yu, Tian Qinghua School of Metallurgical Science & Engineering, Central South University, South Street of Yuelu, 932, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China article info Article history: Received 16 January 2009 Received in revised form 23 July 2009 Accepted 26 July 2009 Available online 28 August 2009 Keywords: Zinc Substance flow analysis “STAF” model Life cycle Resource recycling abstract A material stock and flow (STAF) model was constructed to track the pathway of zinc in China, 2006, for the study of the industrial metabolism of a certain metal within a regional level. The primary flows of zinc include production, fabrication and manufacturing, use, and waste management. This paper traces the major flows of zinc from ore, to product, to potential secondary resource as it moves through the China’s economy over 1 year, and inventory data, and mass balance equations were used to determine the quantity of flows. The domestic ore produced was 3248.3 Gg and output of refined lead ingot was 3162.7 Gg in 2006. It was calculated that, in the production and manufacture and fabrication stage, the self-supply efficiency of zinc raw materials in 2006 is 87.58% and 94.92%, respectively. The results reveal that China has richer zinc raw resources. But only about 3.68% and 9.06% of the discarded zinc in the two stages were recycled, respectively. While zinc’s residence time can be high for many of its applications ...
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...Economists’ analysis of regions begins with the classic theory of customs unions formulated by Viner, Meade and others and has been developed more recently in the context of imperfect competition (see Baldwin, 1997 for an accessible overview on which we draw in this section, as well as the recent volume by Schiff and Winters (2003) which summarizes the results of World Bank research on regional integration and development). This traditional theory is contrasted with the ‘developmental regionalism’ espoused by some theorists concerned with developing countries and still dominant among those concerned with African regionalism. With the trend towards deeper integration, we summarize the emerging literature on the gains from integrating services trade and from regulatory integration. The lessons for developing countries from the literature surveyed are summarized in conclusion. Table 3 - Debates about regionalism Motivation -why do regions come into being?Structure - what form do regions take, and why do they take these forms?Design - how should regions be designed to ensure they function efficiently?Impacts - are regions successful in promoting more rapid economic growth for members, and what are the consequences of third parties?Convergence - do regions assist in the convergence of economic performance and living standards between participating countries?Sustainability - what contributes to the...
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...Economics Assessment – Outcome 3 Market Failure The term market failure means when free running markets within an economy fail to provide all goods and services needed. The government develops a way of controlling these problems, e.g. by providing the economy with some amount of good and services:- Public goods Public goods are goods that are provided by the government to the economy as they are not provided by the private sector as the private sector are unable and unwilling to pay for these goods, as they are of little importance. The private sector are unable to make a profit if they provide these goods as people would be unwilling and unable to pay for these goods/service provided for there to be a profit made. Some of these are:- * Street Lights * Public Parks * Pavements Merit Goods Merit goods are goods and services provided to an economy by the government, as they are not provided by the private sector as they are unable to make a profit from these goods because there would be no one willing to pay for these or maybe even unable to be for them, as these goods/services are seen as not of enough importance. Some of these good are:- * Armed Forces * Health Care * Education Externalities Externalities is when something happens or something some does that could affect someone else. The government intervenes to try and improve negative externalities, by on most occasions introducing new legalisation to reduce these negative...
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...PESTLE Analysis of the Mars Bar Political Nestle and Master Foods with its main brand the Mars bar (Nestle again – why are they here?) is receiving criticism for sourcing it chocolate from the West African countries like the Ivory Coast where the cocoa trade is being used to fund conflict to the tune of £60 million a year. The Ivory Coast provides some 40% of the world’s cocoa, since 2002 it has been torn apart by civil war. The allegations are that the profit from cocoa has been directly siphoned into government funds and used to finance their conflict with the rebels. In addition the rebels extorted money directly from the industry trying to transport the cocoa through its region. Gentle pressure is being applied on Mars to identify how much of its product contains cocoa from the Ivory Coast and strive to become free from “Conflict Cocoa”. (Independent News and Media Ltd 2007) Sustainability and fair trade with regard to cocoa has become a political “hot potato” with the manufacturers of the Mars bar being criticised for employing tactics that puts cocoa farmers into virtual slavery, forcing them to turn more of their land over to production of cocoa rather than traditional arable farming and then making entire communities reliant on the cocoa market. The power of the global conglomerate can then manipulate the price of cocoa, ultimately depriving the producer of a fair price for the raw ingredient. The close association of the Mars bar as a product of the United States...
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...processes throughout the lithium life cycle can be divided into five stages: resource mining, chemical production, product manufacture, product use and waste management (Sun et al., 2017). The majority of lithium, originally, was produced from mineral...
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...Due to the Protectorate which kept the protection of come-and-go merchants, this made the trading route way more popular and attracted more people. They invented the wheelbarrow which gave them more advantage because then people wanted to trade with them more. The Protectorate kept the protection of come and go merchants , therefore the silk road became more popular which then attracted more people which made it easier for the han dynasty to trade their own goods and more. One reason the Han dynasty was so influential on the Chinese empire was due to the protectorate. The protectorate was established in 60 BC. “It was not until 60 BC that the Han Dynasty established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in Wulei (near the present Luntai) to supervise the 36 states in the vast area.” They established the protectorate therefor supervising the 36 states in the vast...
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...Research Project: E-Waste 1. What are the environmental issues associated with e-waste? E-Waste (electronic or electrical) is generated from any equipment (running on electricity or a battery) that isdiscarded by the original user (still in working or non-working condition). The processes of dismantling and disposing of electronic waste in the third world lead to a number of environmental impacts as illustrated in the graphic. Liquid and atmospheric releases end up in bodies of water, groundwater, soil, and air and therefore in land and sea animals – both domesticated and wild, in crops eaten by both animals and human, and in drinking water. One study of environmental effects in Guiyu, China found the following: * Airborne dioxins – one type found at 100 times levels previously measured * Levels of carcinogens in duck ponds and rice paddies exceeded international standards for agricultural areas and cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead levels in rice paddies were above international standards * Heavy metals found in road dust – lead over 300 times that of a control village’s road dust and copper over 100 times The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components: E-Waste Component | Process Used | Potential Environmental Hazard | Cathode ray tubes (used in TVs, computer monitors, ATM, video cameras, and more) | Breaking and removal of yoke, then dumping | Lead, barium and other heavy metals leaching into the ground water and...
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