...were enacted by congress with the intent of protecting investors engaged in securities transactions and assuring public confidence in the integrity of the securities markets.1 The government also created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to protect the financial markets by enforcing the Securities Exchange Act.2 One of the most important issues covered by the Securities Exchange Act concerns illegal insider trading in which individuals sell or purchase investments based on privileged inside information. Illegal insider trading activities significantly harm the integrity and stability of the securities markets. Thus, it is critical for people to understand and adhere to the requirements set forth by the Securities Exchange Act to prevent illegal insider trading, and it is equally important for those individuals who break the law and engage in these prohibited activities to be prosecuted and punished accordingly. There are two forms of insider trading, one that is considered legal and the other that is clearly illegal. The legal form of insider trading involves corporate officers and directors who buy and sell stock within their own companies on the basis on publically available information. So, once the company releases confidential information to the public, then the insiders are allowed to legally make their trades based on that...
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...The Establishment of Emissions Trading Climate change is becoming an increasingly pertinent issue in Saskatchewan and can largely be attributed to high concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions. The province of Saskatchewan is especially vulnerable to a fluctuating climate given the dependence of its economy on the agriculture industry; therefore, an effective policy mechanism must be implemented as soon as possible in order to mitigate future harm. One third of Saskatchewan’s greenhouse gas emissions are produced by oil and gas extraction and refining, and by mining (1). The next leading producers of greenhouse gas emissions are the energy generation sector, the transport sector, and the agriculture sector. Coal and gas are the two main sources of energy production in Saskatchewan and are both responsible for a large portion of the province’s total emissions (1). Technological innovation is required in order to make alternative, less polluting sources of energy efficient enough to further develop. Saskatchewan’s economic dependence on the sectors that are largely responsible for its greenhouse gas pollution is the most sensible explanation as to why addressing the problem has proven to be such an arduous task. This paper will discuss the environmental risk associated with high concentrations of greenhouse gas and whether or not the establishment of emissions trading in Saskatchewan is a worthwhile pursuit for policy-makers as they attempt to address the pressures that are...
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...Macquarie University Master of Applied Finance ------------------------------------------------- Emissions Trading ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 ------------------------------------------------- Onesteel Prepared by: Wayne Andrews Student number: 41712986 September 2011 Subject Number : ECFS905 Lecturer : Julian Turecek Class : Sydney P. T. Company Selection Select an ASX200 company that is expected to have a carbon exposure equal to or greater than 2% of EBITDA at a $23/t carbon price. Question 1 Determine the company’s carbon exposure, including direct (Scope 1) and indirect (Scope 2) emissions and establish that its exposure is greater than 2%. The following table summarises Onesteel’s actual and estimated for FY10, FY11 and FY12 emissions and imputed carbon cost under the currently proposed Carbon Tax, relative to reported EBITDA. Table 1 – Implied impact of carbon pricing imputed to 2010 results | Company Guidance | Fixed Price imputed for comparison | Fiscal year commencing | FY10 | FY10 | FY11 | FY12 | Carbon Price (FY10/11 theoretical) | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | EITE Assistance Rate | 94.5% | 94.5% | 94.5% | 94.5% | EBIT DA $Mil | 619.0 | 619.0 | 638.0 | 717.6 | Type 1 Emissions | 2.55 | 2.55 | 2.66 | 3.05 | Type 2 Emissions | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1...
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...Insider Trading at the Galleon Group The Galleon Group was one of the largest hedge fund management firms in the world, managing over $7 billion, before closing in October 2009. From greed to more greedy, and finally to destruction, this time the protagonist is Rajaratnam, he was accused of 14 securities fraud. Rajaratnam had a glorious history. He is 52 years old Sri Lanka-American, graduated from the Wharton School, he began his career in the field focusing on technology investment bank Needham & Co., An analyst from the start, 34-year-old became the president of this bank. In 1997, he started a technology stocks investment company, which was called Galleon Group in New York. In 2009, Rajaratnam's net worth to $ 1.3 billion by Forbes global rich list among the first 559. When Galleon was established in NY, Rajaratnam said: "This is Raj Rajaratnam, only the paranoid survived." Unfortunately, this time his "paranoid" gets too far. Rajaratnam's case is the largest in the history of Wall Street hedge fund insider trading case at that time, but also the first use of the Federal Investigation Agency monitor means to obtain evidence relating to insider trading. Rajaratnam's arrest on behalf of the US government efforts to combat financial crime has entered a new phase. In this case, there are two ethic issues that can be discussed. The first is a white-collar crime; insider trading is one of them. The second is the wiretap recording, whether it is legitimate, if it is, what...
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...Why Is Insider Trading Considered Wrong? Insider trading is defined as “the trading of a public company's stock or other securities (such as bonds or stock options) by individuals with access to nonpublic information about the company. The stock market is supposed to be “fair,” and having insider information gives an illegal edge to possible investors. Insiders include those such as officers or directors of a certain company. They can also include investors that own more than a 10% share in a company because those individuals usually get to sit on the board. These individuals have a fiduciary duty to the owners of the company’s stock, meaning that they put their interests before their own. Furthermore, in the United States, insider trading does not have to be committed by an aforementioned “insider.” It can be committed by any shareholder who buys based off of nonpublic knowledge. When one person buys a stock because of nonpublic information, there is also a seller of that same stock that may have not made that sell decision if they knew the same nonpublic information, and vice versa. In addition, future buyers of that particular stock are going to pay inflated prices compared to the investor with insider information because he had access to that information first. Transparency is a big part of keeping the markets balanced, which means that all investors have the same information available to them. For example, it would not be fair if one student had the test bank for a test...
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...| Insider Trading? | | BA265 Business Law II | | Insider Trading? | | BA265 Business Law II | grantham university June 11, 2012 Authored by: Felix E Rivera grantham university June 11, 2012 Authored by: Felix E Rivera Manny works for Medivac. Medivac is a manufacturer of spinal surgical equipment. Medivac is in preliminary talks with Medtronic to merge with Medtronic. Medtronic is the leader in spinal surgical equipment. Manny calls his brother Mitchell on Monday. Manny tells Mitchell to purchase shares in Medivac as the proposed merger will be announced on Wednesday. Manny purchases $5 million dollars in Medivac shares. The merger is announced and Medivac stock soars from $5 dollars to $50 dollars. Did Manny violate federal securities laws? If so, what law and why? I researched the Federal Securities Laws through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website and the term “insider trading” itself is not defined in the federal securities laws. What I did gather is that it is a term generally used to refer to the use of non-public information to trade in securities (in some cases the person who leaks the information isn't really an “insider”), or the communication of non-public information to others. So what is an insider to me? Although I could not find a specific definition, I understood that the law prohibits: * Trading by an insider, while in possession of material non-public information * Trading by a non-insider...
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...Trading Places, a film produced during the year of 1983, incorporated various myths through the use of many characters as well as relationships and significant lines, which caused it to be much more effective. Aside from being portrayed as a film that was quite comical, there were different topics that were revealed through the actions of the characters and their behaviors towards one another. The viewers were soon able to gain insight on how society was during this time period. Society’s view on the roles of women, the value of money, and racism, as well, were just some of the themes mentioned that shaped the film into what it was. The film’s message about the roles of women in society was clearly demonstrated. In Trading Places, Penelope, Louis’ girlfriend, appeared to the audience as a women who was quite dependent on his income and expected to be taken care of throughout her life. But, once he lost his job, including his fortune, Penelope did not last much longer with him. By her actions, the viewers were able to draw the conclusion that Penelope was not quite interested in him, but his fortune instead. The film also incorporated a scene that portrayed the message that women did not respect themselves. When Louis is finally released from jail, he is soon approached by a woman named, Ophelia, who is a prostitute. This also exemplified how society perceived women as individuals who were willing to do anything in order to make money, which seemed more important than protecting...
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...Insiders Trading: Is it unethical? Table of Content Introduction 3 Body 3-4 Appendix A 5 Conclusion 5 Work Cited 6 Introduction Insider trading occurs when a trade has been influenced by the privileged possession of corporate information that has not yet been made public. Because the information is not available to other investors, a person using such knowledge is trying to gain an unfair advantage over the rest of the market. You're acting on information not known to other investors. Using nonpublic information for making a trade disturbs transparency, which is the basis of a capital market. Information in a transparent market is disseminated in a manner by which all market participants receive it at more or less the same time. Under these conditions, one investor can gain an advantage over another only through acquiring skill in analyzing and interpreting available information. This skill is based on individual merit and awareness. If one person trades with nonpublic information, he or she gains an advantage that is impossible for the rest of the public. This is not only unfair but disruptive to a properly functioning market if insiders trading were allowed, then investors would lose confidence in their disadvantaged position and would no longer invest. Body The practice of insider trading is considered to be unethical by many people around the world. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) describe...
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...Abstract Insider trading is a serious crime. The general public is held accountable, and yet, it is legal for members of Congress. There are several cases involving members of society being prosecuted for their illegal activity of insider trading; while Congress has exempted their members from acting on the same type of information. This type of conduct has serious legal, ethical and moral considerations. This paper will address the definition of insider trading. The legal, ethical and moral considerations of insider trading will be outlined, through a snap shot of the legal precedence recently in the press involving congressional behavior. It will further look at cases that have made headlines in past years, to show the distinction of what can happen to the general public who participate in insider trading. During a recent article by Parloff (2011), he stated, “The problem arises with respect to market-moving information a congressman learns in the course of doing his legislative work.” This comment is at the heart of the issue involving insider trading and Congress. The people elect members to Congress to act in their best interest. When the people of society feel members of Congress have violated that trust under legal, ethical, or moral wrongdoing, the members of society make decisions based upon those standards set by Congress. Thus members of society participate in insider trading knowing it is legally wrong. Insider Trading Insider trading can be a severe crime...
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...Insider Trading - An Analysis in Corporate Regime 1. Introduction Man amongst all species has proved himself to be the greediest creature since times immemorial. His greed has made him stop as low as possible in utter disregard for all principles of fair play, honesty, morality, etc. In the past and particularly in the last two decades we have witnessed many instances not only at National level but even across the globe where some genius brains have been able to use the vulnerable platform of stock market to their own advantage by enriching themselves enormously at the cost of unprecedented financial losses to thousands of others. A common tool used by these manipulative brains is what in common parlance is known as Insider trading. With the vast developments in trade and commerce all over, every person has become very materialistic. That is the reason why people in general and particularly those in business have developed profit motives. And it is quite often that to fulfill their own monetary expectations, such people employ illegal or immoral means. One such illegal method used by some vested interests in area of corporate business is insider trading.[1] Thus, when an insider of a company uses its price sensitive confidential information to buy or sell its securities thereby making a personal profit, he commits acts to the detriment of the interests of bona fide investors of the company. However, in reality, insider trading can be both legal and illegal. Legal in...
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...Most people and institutions in the world today see climate change as the greatest threat to the environment and world stability that has ever been faced. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a UN sponsored body of over 2,000 scientists, has come to the conclusion that worldwide temperatures are likely to rise on average by 2-5 degrees Celsius in the next 100 years. They admit that it is perfectly possible that the rise could be greater than this, but even if it is contained within these boundaries, the effects will be disastrous. Sea-levels will rise, swamping heavily populated areas such as Bangladesh and the Netherlands. The increase in temperature will rapidly kill what rainforest is left after the deforestation that has already occurred, leading to a further massive release of carbon into the atmosphere from the dead trees. Weather will fluctuate wildly, leading to a massive increase in natural disasters, and bringing diseases such as malaria as far north as Britain. Facing such a global catastrophe, it might be thought that it would be in everyone’s best interests to do something about it. Unfortunately, the best agreement that the world’s leaders have managed to come up with is the Kyoto Protocol, which commits the nations of the world to a 5.2% reduction of carbon dioxide levels, based on 1990 levels. The IPCC has concluded that, at the very least, a 60% cut in carbon dioxide emissions is needed immediately to avoid the worst effects of climate change...
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...Insider Trading More Americans are involved in the stock market than ever before, investing for their retirement and hoping to achieve financial security. But, the stock market has been anything but secure over the years. In fact, after the Stock Market Crash of 1929, so many Americans lost money and confidence in the stock market that Congress passed specific securities laws to help protect investors and to prevent the abuses believed to have contributed to the collapse. The Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 were enacted by congress with the intent of protecting investors engaged in securities transactions and assuring public confidence in the integrity of the securities markets.1 The government also created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to protect the financial markets by enforcing the Securities Exchange Act.2 One of the most important issues covered by the Securities Exchange Act concerns illegal insider trading in which individuals sell or purchase investments based on privileged inside information. Illegal insider trading activities significantly harm the integrity and stability of the securities markets. Thus, it is critical for people to understand and adhere to the requirements set forth by the Securities Exchange Act to prevent illegal insider trading, and it is equally important for those individuals who break the law and engage in these prohibited activities to be prosecuted and punished accordingly. There are two forms...
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...Emission Trading-Introduction Good afternoon everyone, today we are going to present on the topic of Emissions trading or what people always refer to as cap and trade. The purpose of this mechanism is to to make it cheaper for companies and governments to meet emissions reduction targets so as to alleviate environmental problems caused by pollution, like global warming. Unlike traditional environmental regulations, which are based solely on the threat of penalties, emission trading is a market-based approach which attempts to provide economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. As to how does it actually works, a central authority, usually a governmental, or intergovernmental body sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated to firms in the form of certain amount of emissions permits which represent the polluting property right. Firms that keep their emission levels below allowed level may sell their surplus permits to other firms and vice versa, if a firm wants to emit more pollutants than they are allowed, they have to buy emission permits from other firms in the market, this is the trading of permits. There are some several important and significant examples of the application of the emission trading concept. First, It is the central element of the Kyoto protocol in the form of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Second, it is the cornerstone policy of the European Union Emissions Trading...
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...Insider trading is the trading of a corporation's stock or other securities (e.g. bonds or stock options) by individuals with potential access to non-public information about the company. Such a trade is motivated by the possibility of generating extraordinary gain with the help of nonpublic information (information not yet made public). It gives the trader an unfair advantage over other traders in the same security. insiders are defined as a company's officers, directors and any beneficial owners of more than ten percent of a class of the company's equity securities ------------------------------------------------------------2--------------------------------------------------------------------------- It is important to distinguish between a STAKEHOLDER and a SHAREHOLDER. They sound the same – but the difference is crucial! Shareholders hold shares in the company – that is they own part of it. Stakeholders have an interest in the company but do not own it (unless they are shareholders). Often the aims and objectives of the stakeholders are not the same as shareholders and they come into conflict. The conflict often arises because while shareholders want short-term profits, the other stakeholders’ desires tend to cost money and reduce profits. The owners often have to balance their own wishes against those of the other stakeholders or risk losing their ability to generate future profits (e.g. the workers may go on strike or the customers refuse to buy the company’s products)...
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...Carbon Trading Jason Sagginario, Perla Plange, Blaine Moran, Daniel Santiago DeVry University With the threat of global warming at our door steps one way that organizations felt they could offset the amount of pollution they produce is to invest into carbon emissions trading. This is done by buying and selling environmental services of greenhouse gases (GHG) from our earth’s atmosphere which is done by eco consulting firms around the world. This trade is done with carbon credits with one credit being equal to one ton of carbon. “This idea is to reduce the amount of carbon an industrial or commercial company processes lowering their overall emissions or carbon footprint.” (Souchik, 2012 This form of trading is a global process where individuals, industries, and countries all over the world share in the fair market trade of carbon. As nations and society progresses in technology and industrial advances we produce more carbon polluting gases that are negatively affecting the earth’s atmosphere. With carbon being the driving force in polluting gases and what to be said as the main cause for global warming, this is where companies felt they could make an impact in the world and also an impact in their pockets. “The main reason for climate change is the increase in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions cause by anthropogenic activities (IPCC, 2007).” (Smyth, 2013) Greenhouse gases are commonly known as carbon dioxide. This comes from the burning off of fuels. Then from...
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