...use help the lessons of trait and behavior based theories to be practical, even when compared against more developed modern systems. Likewise, the simple common sense of any of the situational based approaches might help a manager to re-cage their eyes on difficult problems. Being the foundation of modern theories, the traditional methods had less existing material to draw on, so their differences are often extreme—but their similarities are equally visible when considering how they differ from the modern systems. The two oldest schools of traditional leadership theory are trait based and behavior based. Outlined below, the differences between these two styles lie in their focus, either on behaviors or “the personal traits that [differentiate] leaders” (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2013, p.464). Admittedly, many of the more complex traditional frameworks “[go] beyond traits and behaviors” (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2013, p.474), but we can still see a delineation in complexity arising from the number of variables each framework takes into account. Ultimately, the newest of the traditional theories attempts to either unify or reject the conflicting elements of the previous two systems through the idea that there are no true best practices in leadership, adopting a situational orientation instead. Before going further, it’s worth elaborating on the idea that trait theory centers upon “physical or personality characteristics that can be used to differentiate leaders from followers” (Kinicki...
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...leadership are as follows: Traits approach: Leaders are born Behavior approach: How you act determines what kind of leader you will be, and what your leadership style is. Contingency approach: There is no one best way to lead. The study of leadership has produced a multitude of perspectives and theories. It is a daunting but rewarding challenge for professors to synthesize the literature and present it to aspiring leaders in a meaningful way. Introduction The study of leadership has been a popular topic for debate since scholars first recognized the impact leadership has on the success of an organization. In higher education, investigative efforts into what epitomizes leadership have played an integral part in the development of educational leadership programs. What is leadership? What are the theoretical constructs taught to aspiring leaders? The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the literature on the major approaches to the study of leadership. Major Approaches to the Study of Leadership According to Wolverton, Gmelch, Montez, and Nies (2001), leadership is the essential element that holds an organization together while moving it forward. Definitions and assumptions about leadership are numerous and varied. As early as 5000 years ago, Egyptian hieroglyphics were written for the words leadership, leader, and follower. (Bass, 1990). Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, "looked at the requirements of the ideal leader of the ideal state" (Bass,...
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...relations/sociability. Would rather be follower than the leader. 18. Affiliation - Resolving disagreements to mend close bonds. 19. Power - Does not want to look weak or lacking authority over others. 20. Achievement - Eager to help w/ goals and solving responsibilities/ taking challenges and working hard. Individual, would rather do it alone and in their own way. 21. E 22. B 23. G 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. F Key Terms: Achievement Motive Theory - Attempts to explain and predict behavior and performance based on a person's need for achievement, power, and affiliation. Agreeableness Personality Dimension - Includes traits of sociability and emotional intelligence Adjustment Personality Dimension - Includes traits of emotional stability and self confidence Attitudes - Are positive or negative feelings about people, places, issues Big Five Model of Personality- categorizes traits into the dimensions of surgency, agreeableness, adjustments, conscientiousness, and open to experience. Conscientiousness Personality Dimension - includes traits of dependability and integrity Ethics - are the standards of right and wrong that influence behavior Leader Motive Profile - Attempts to explain and predict leadership success based on a person's need for achievement, power, and affiliation Moral Justification - thinking process of rationalizing why unethical behavior is used Openness to Experience Personality Dimension - includes traits of flexibility, intelligence, and locus of control ...
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...Carol Baines – A Remarkable Turnaround Pankaj Mital California Southern University MGT 87525 January 12, 2014 Dr. Brett Gordon Carol Baines – A Remarkable Turnaround Introduction After sudden death of main business owner, the husband of Carol Baines, as well as Carol with a minimum knowledge about his business, decided to continue despite of major competition in the area with chain office supply stores. Carol’s difficulties were not over by the death of the husband as major health concern; a breast cancer also hit her within about a year. This time she had to face even more hardship with uncertainty of her life and long lasting Chemotherapy. Carol kept her focus on business and mainly the people who were working in the business. Every business and successful person faces some difficulties throughout their career and they must continue to be persistent. As Graves (2013, pg.1) states “From day one a human being must learn to be persistent to walk, ride a bike, read, do algebra and run a successful business and people usually don’t succeed the first time at any of these.” In this case Carol continued to be persistent and ensured that she did not allow her hardship to impact her business or her employees. Analysis In the life of a small business there are always some ups and downs, but when it comes to a situation when the person managing a family business suddenly passes away, most businesses close their...
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...Leadership Theories Many different people attempt to take on the role of a leader but not many have the leadership skills needed to be a successful leader. Some have a natural talent of being leaders those are the ones you say were born to lead. Others are molded into leaders. Three motivational theories I chose to do research on are: Trait Theories Trait theories are based on the past and present characteristics of leaders. Trait theories help to examine the effectiveness of leadership skills helping to predict the success of a leader based on their known traits. Successful leaders definitely have interests, abilities, and personality traits that are different from those of the less effective leaders. Through many researches conducted in the last three decades of the 20th century, a set of core traits of successful leaders have been identified.("Trait Theory of Leadership" 2008-2012) Successful leaders show traits such as self confidence, honesty, integrity, charisma, knowledge of the business and high ambition. Being a leader does take a special skill set that not everyone posses. Leaders gain the respect of others and have that ability to influence others in doing as they communicate. A leader will set a path for his constituents and make sure that they stick to that path and successfully accomplish their mission. Countries such as the Middle East and Africa where men are the dominant leaders are examples of the trait theory. Behavioral Theories Unlike trait...
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...Nardelli was heavily criticized for his leadership style and methods he used during his tenure as CEO of Home Depot. The purpose of this paper is to describe Robert Nardelli’s style of leadership and take a position on whether or not his actions rose to the levels of unethical. This paper will attempt to incorporate the trait theory, behavioral theory, and situational and contingency theories then determine whether Roberts’ Nardelli’s actions were ethical or unethical. History Robert Nardelli was born in Old Forge Pennsylvania on May 17, 1948. Nardelli served in the Reserve Officers Training Corp. While serving in the reserves in 1971he earned a B.S. in business. Upon graduation Nardelli joined General Electric (GE). His father had also been employed there as an engineer and middle manager. In 1975 Nardelli went on to earn an M.B.A. from the University of Louisville, in Kentucky while working at GE. BY the year of 1988 Nardelli had climbed the corporate ladder and had become a company vice president. During his time at GE , they passed him over for a general management position so he left to take a position as a division leader with Case Equipment Co. Later, Nardelli returned to GE as the head of its appliance-manufacturing subsidiary in Canada from 1991-1992 and then held the top jobs at GE Transportation Systems from 1992–1995) and GE Power Systems 1995–2000). Under his leadership GE Power Systems’ sales grew from $5 billion to $20 billion...
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...Great Man theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search [pic] [pic] Napoleon The Great Man Theory was a popular 19th century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of "great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or Machiavellianism utilized their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, and in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a decisive counter-argument that remained influential throughout the 20th century; Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetime.[1][2][3] |Contents | |[hide] | |1 Introduction | |2 Criticisms | |3 See also | |4 References | |5 External links | [pic][edit] Introduction Carlyle commented that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men," reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration.[4] In his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, Carlyle set out how he saw history as having turned on the decisions of "heroes", giving detailed analysis of the influence...
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...making an individual an effective leader. Training managers does enable them to be effective leaders, however for managers to be effective leaders they do need to have some personality or traits. Corporate houses organize leadership modules and teaching of leadership skills is a mandatory module in every manager’s list of programs for management trainees. To put it in simple words, leaders can definitely be trained but it is important to have a strong and forthright personality to become an effective leader. Management education and discussions on various case studies which students undergo during their study at reputed business schools are programmed to achieve that objective of sharpening of individual’s skills. Corporate houses also organize various leadership programs for this purpose. The objective of these programs is to develop employees in their respective fields. Leadership training imparted at corporate houses also involves training their managers to be effective leaders. Organizations need their managers to be effective leader to lead their subordinates and their team such that the performance of the team is at the highest level. To summarize, training does help but in case the personality of an aspiring leader is not receptive to various management tools and techniques then no amount of training can help. Trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories often identify particular personality...
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...Trait Theory of Leadership 6/29/14 Leadership Theory and Effective Management Personality in simple words means distinctive personal qualities which help one to establish one's identity. Personality traits of a human specifically leaders develops in a very natural process, which certainly can be improved further by proper guidance of parents, teachers and influential members of the community. To some extent, a child may inherit its leadership traits from its parents. Coming to the specific question how to develop a leader’s personality, it is imperative to know about the main factors that constitute the core traits of a leader. Broadly speaking these are the core traits of a leader which should be visible to their peers, Achievement drive, Honesty and integrity, Self-confidence, Cognitive ability, Knowledge of business, Emotional Maturity, Creativity. How leadership traits will develop, to a great extent, depends upon the way he or she is allowed to socialize, interact with others during their childhood, the parent's behavior with him/her, how the child is treated by his near and dear ones, the cultural environment in which he/she t is brought up, the amount of care and love it gets from its parents, the contribution made by the school, and the facilities provided to leaders in their development stages for their physical growth and mental development. Does personality change? If I get married will I assume some of the personality traits of my spouse? Will my children...
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...assume a leadership role simply because of the position he or she holds in the organization. Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future; then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles (Robbins & Judge, 2009). Throughout history strong leaders have been described in terms of their traits, trait theories of leadership differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics. Different studies identified nearly 80 leadership traits, but only 5 of these traits were common in 4 or more studies (Robbins & Judge, 2009). A breakthrough of these studies came when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework. It became clear that most of the dozens of traits emerging in various leadership reviews could be submitted under one of the Big Five and that this approach resulted in consistent and strong support for traits as predictors of leadership (Robbins & Judge, 2009). Extraversion is the most important trait of effective leaders when organized around the Big Five personality framework, conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong and consistent relationships, though not quite as strong as extraversion (Robbins & Judge, 2009). The traits of agreeableness and emotional stability weren’t as strongly correlated with leadership; it does appear that the trait...
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...Portfolio In a modern day organization’s behavior, employees and suppliers have as much impact on the organization structure as customers and competitors have had in the past. Organizations are viewed as open systems, continually interacting with their environment and in dynamic state of temporary equilibrium as they adapt to environmental changes. Successful organizations are in constant state of flux in response to their environment, many companies are looking at media technologies as way to market their product and learn about their competitors. This presence could produce a large following depending on the interest in the content created and information shared. The change stemmed from the speed at which information travel in the media arena. In most cases, the information environment outside the organization is changing far more rapidly than the information environment internally. Customers, partners, prospects, and employees can find, access, and share information in a way that corporate infrastructure, security, culture, and policies inhibit. Organizations are having a difficult time responding to or taking advantage of – these new environments. The path of information regarding the organization is no longer just the role of the marketing department. Employees talk to customers, colleagues, and suppliers. They share their experiences, impressions and expectations regarding their jobs, the organization and management. The speed at which the information travels is beyond...
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...The second identified themes within the three articles were interpersonal traits. According to Lilienfeld et al. (2012) interpersonal traits have two aspects factors fearless dominance (FD) and anti-social (AI) when addressing psychopathic traits. Fearless dominance is associated with personality traits of social dominance, very charming and bold (Patrick, Fowles, and Krueger 2009). A study by Patrick, Edens, Poythress, Lilienfeld, and Benning (2006), involving prisoners, indicated that fearless dominance is a healthy personality trait, the behaviors displayed were of breaking up fights, being heroic and helping others. Anti-social traits are the opposite of FD they encompass impulsivity, rebellious and often less engaging with other...
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...Is Leadership an Art or Science? Over the century, there are tons of theories about leadership. Just like trait theories, contingency theories, situation theories, behavioral theories, and etc. As I believe, different theories could demonstrate leadership in distinctive ways. Besides there are not only personality traits or characteristics of the situation could allow certain peoples take the charge. There are much more going on. Accordingly, regarding the question of leadership is an art or science. People probably will choose either art or science or both. So what leadership really is? I will say there is no correct answer. As we acknowledge that science and art are in opposite directions. They tend to seem disconnected in our educational systems also workplaces. However this is not true, they somehow are interconnected. Thus, I want to address my opinion that leadership is an art, which based on science. I would like to open the discussion with one example, let’s compare with Apple computer and IBM. The Apple computer has more features and attractive design. Many people think it as an art and IBM is more towards structure. However, we cannot deny apple is not based on science. The entire technology industry is based on science. So as leadership, which based on science but leaning to art. As many artists illustrate their works, its not so much what they want audiences to see, it is more what audiences choose to perceive within their mind. Art follows...
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...I. Part 2: Overview of Relevant Literature This section reviews recent literature about Emotional Intelligence and the theories that connect certain emotional aspects, personality traits, behaviours and preferences with leadership styles and leadership effectiveness. Recent literature Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a term that was created by Salavoy and Mayer and was defined as: “a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions” (1993, 433). This concept was further developed by Daniel Goleman (1998) who describes EI as a set of social and emotional competencies associated with performance, health and success. Goleman’s biggest contribution is a model known as “Competency based” which comprises affective abilities and cognitive skills that are distinct from abilities measured by traditional IQ tests. This EI competencies are: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social-relationship management. (Goleman 1998) Norwack (2012) refers to a newer-generation approach called “Trait based” model (TEI) which is a result of a mix of previous models: Personality based, Competency based and Mental ability. This model enumerates four aspects of EI: sociability, self-control, well-being and emotionality. Petrides- Perez Gonzalez-Furnham (citied by Smith et al. 2013) express their agreement with TEI model saying that...
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...Formed Application of theories of personality development: This paper addresses two theories that present contrasting views of my own personality which is influenced not only by my parents but other family members, friends and the world around me. Therefore these are the trait and phenomenological theories of personality. In the trait theories, the basic variables of the theory are people’s traits, that is, their “broad predispositions to respond in particular ways” (Pervin & John, 2001, p. 226). Most trait theories try to identify a common set of traits that can be used to describe the personality of any individual. These “nomothetic” trait theories rely on the statistical procedure of factor analysis to identify dimensions that can be used summarize individual differences in personality traits. Researchers using this technique commonly identify a set of five trait dimensions. These Big Five personality traits include extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience (Pervin & John, 2001). which I found out that I’m marginal or no preference of Extraversion over Introversion is (1%), slight preference of Intuition over Sensing is (12%), moderate preference of Feeling over Thinking is (25%) and slight preference of Judging over Perceiving is (6%) after taking the big five test online. Therefore once one identifies a set of basic traits in this manner, a primary question is to identify where the traits come from. Why do some...
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