...Transactional analysis Jump to: navigation, search |Transactional analysis | |Intervention | |[pic] | |Diagram of concepts in transactional analysis, based on cover of Eric Berne's | |1964 book Games People Play. | |MeSH |D014152 | Transactional analysis, commonly known as TA to its adherents, is an integrative approach to the theory of psychology and psychotherapy. It is described as integrative because it has elements of psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive approaches. TA was developed by Canadian-born US psychiatrist, Eric Berne, during the late 1950s. According to the International Transactional Analysis Association,[1] TA 'is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change'. 1. As a theory of personality, TA describes how people are structured psychologically. It uses what is perhaps its best known model, the ego-state (Parent-Adult-Child) model, to do this. The same model helps explain how people function and express their personality in their behavior[1] 2. It is a theory of communication that can be extended to the analysis of systems and organisations.[1] 3. It offers a theory for child development...
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...Transactional Analysis is a theory developed by Dr. Eric Berne in the 1950's. Originally trained in psychoanalysis, Berne wanted a theory which could be understood and available to everyone and began to develop what came to be called Transactional Analysis (TA). Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method to improve communication. The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the philosophy that: • people can change • we all have a right to be in the world and be accepted Initially criticised by some as a simplistic model, Transactional Analysis is now gathering worldwide attention. It originally suffered much from the popularised writings in the 1960's. Many did not appreciate the duration and complexity of the training. Today there is greater understanding of Transactional Analysis. More and more people are taking the four to five year part-time training courses to qualify, and increasingly universities are accrediting these courses for masters degrees. Those taking training include psychiatrists, organizational and management consultants, teachers, social workers, designers, engineers and the clergy. Today Transactional Analysis is used in psychotherapy, organisations, educational and religious settings. Books have been written for all ages, from children through...
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...Title: Compare and contrast transactional analysis psychotherapy with the Freudian approach, the work of Carl Ransom Rogers and the Kleinian viewpoint. In particular, show how you would use this approach in your practice. Word Count: 5223 Introduction: In 1961, Eric Berne wrote a book called Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy. It sold reasonably and was well referenced in its field. Three years later Berne published a sequel based on the same topic. Games People Play was lighter and easier for the layman to read. It sold 300,000 copies in two years and spent two years on The New York Times bestseller list. Underrated by critics when released, Games People Play marked the beginning of the popular psychology boom. The serious psychologists of the day looked down on it as shallow and pandering to the public. Today, Games People Play has sold millions of copies and is quite deserving of its place among the psychology classics. This essay will explore transactional analysis. It will explore the concepts which underpin this theory and look at it in comparison to other psychotherapeutic models. Finally, it shall explore how transactional analysis may be used within the therapeutic relationship. I will now begin by exploring the key principles within the theory of transactional analysis. The Princess and the Frog: Once upon a time, a wicked witch cast a spell upon a handsome prince, turning him into a frog. The only way in which the spell could be broken was with...
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...reinforces the life script. The antithesis of a game, that is, the way to break it, lies in discovering how to deprive the actors of their payoff. Payoffs There are a number of payoffs of this game; every game pays off at three different levels: 1. The biological payoff of a game is strokes. Even though games end badly, all the players get a considerable number of strokes -- both positive and negative -- out of playing them. 2. The social payoff of a game is time-structuring. People are able to filled time which otherwise might have been dull and depressing with an exciting activity. 3. The existential payoff of a game is the way in which the game confirms the existential position of each player. Students of transactional analysis have discovered that people who are accustomed to a game are willing to play it ,even as a different "actor" from what they were originally.Analysis of a gameOne important aspect of a game is its number of players. Games may be two handed (that is, played by two players), three handed...
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...INTRODUCTION Transactional Analysis involves the identification of the ego states behind each and every transaction. Berne defined an ego state as “a consistent pattern of feeling and experience directly related to a corresponding consistent pattern of behavior.” Transaction analysis has been used with organizational development in order to improve quality of work life. It has also been used to develop multinational corporations which prepare mangers to operate efficiently within other cultures. This is a theory of social action which is based on the assumption that when two or more people interact, each gains some kind of psychological benefit from the exchange. The ego state (parent-Adult-child) is based on two notions first we have three parts or “ego-states” to our “personality, and secondly that these converse with one another in “transactions”(hence the name). TA is a very common model used in therapy and there is a great deal written about it. This type of psychology examines the transaction between a person and other people. This is being used within relationship marketing to develop good human relations with customers. Transactional analysis is a method of understanding behavior in interpersonal dynamics. When you talk to someone about anything, you are involved in interpersonal dynamics, and a series of transactions take place. An organization is a product of the process of its human relations. Organizations have trained their employees in Transaction analysis to improve...
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...........................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................4 1 SOCIAL INTERCOURSE..........................................................................................................................................4 2 THE STRUCTURING OF TIME ...............................................................................................................................5 PART I ANALYSIS OF GAMES ...................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER ONE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER TWO TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................10 CHAPTER THREE PROCEDURES AND RITUALS .........................................................................................................14 CHAPTER FOUR PASTIMES .......................................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER FIVE GAMES .............................................................................................................................................19 1 DEFINITION...
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...Introduction to Transactional Analysis 1. Origin Transactional Analysis or TA as it is popularly called owes its origin to a psychotherapist Eric Berne. During his early professional years (the 1940’s and 1950’s). Berne made a departure from the existing orthodox psychiatric practices which consisted of analyzing a patient’s case in a highly esoteric language which the patient could not understand. Beme disapproved of the then-prevalent ‘expert-impersonal object’ relationship between the therapist and the patient. It often tended to raise the therapist to a lofty position and to reduce the patient to the status of an inanimate object incapable of understanding the complex dynamics of the mind. In his treatment of patients, Beme made a conscious effort to develop a simple, high-impact language to explain to his patients their inner processes and to involve them actively in his line of therapy. His efforts led to the emergence of a new, powerful system of analysis of behavior called Transactional Analysis (TA). Beme first put forth his ideas on TA in a book titled Games People Play, which immediately became very popular. Beme and his associates in their subsequent work developed these ideas. Thus, with efforts of Beme and many other behavioral scientists, TA transcended the boundaries of therapy to enter the world of lay people, their lives on-the-job, and off-the-job. II. Ego States The unit of analysis used in TA for understanding human behavior is...
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...Berne Book Review by Suresh A M, I semester, MBA, JSSCMS Eric Berne was a psychoanalyst who became well known in the 1970s for his system of "transactional analysis", the transactions in question being mostly those between a young child and its parents. He proposed various structures for this relationship based on the roles parent/adult/child that every person plays and presents life stories as scripts that can be good or bad. This book is considered by many to be Eric Berne's sequel to Games People Play. Although Berne published other books since Games People Play was released in 1964, most of those works were oriented towards those trained in psychotherapy and not towards the individuals who made Games People Play a two-year bestseller. The book is his last book completed just before his death in 1970. Berne's bad luck was that he wrote the book in 1970 when psychology was going through a bad patch with a flood of bizarre systems appearing. The good gets lost with the bad and transactional analysis now tends to be labeled as an outmoded California fashion related to Freudianism. In the preface he says that the book is "primarily intended as an advanced textbook of psychotherapy, and professionals of different backgrounds should have no difficulty in translating into their own dialects the short and simple annals of transactional analysis. No doubt some non-professionals will read it too, and for that reason I have tried to make it accessible to them. It may demand thinking, but...
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...references to personal experiences of supervision. 1750 words Please note: Students who have not yet experienced any supervision will need to make sure they have had the minimum of one session before they write the assignment (see assignment criteria two). The programme has a list of recommended supervisors students can refer to in order to arrange a one to one session with an appropriate supervisor. Assignment Criteria 1. Analysis of basic concepts and principles of good quality supervision. 2. Evaluation of students own use of supervision. 3. Application of the notion of the internal supervisor to student’s evaluation of their own use of supervision. 4. Clarity of expression and relevant literacy references. Title –‘The importance of supervision within the counselling profession.’ This will include references to personal experiences of supervision. 1750 words INTRODUCTION Bayner & Jinks maintain that supervision both safeguards the client and facilitates the effectiveness of the counsellor 1. Analysis (break into elements or component parts/describe the main ideas in depth, showing why they are important and how they are connected) of basic concepts (theory, model hypothesis and principles (values, ideology) of good quality supervision What constitutes good quality supervision? What I have learned good quality supervision is: - No. 1 – 50% of answer Intro: 5-10% of the word count. 175 words max ~Comment on the subject of...
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...Name: Hakima Missbah PsychSim 5: ALL STRESSED OUT This activity examines the way that psychologists conceptualize stress, emphasizing that stress is a biopsycho-social process. You will explore the sources of stress in your own life, review your body’s response to stress, and then learn how cognitive appraisal dramatically affects how much stress you actually experience. Checking the Level of Stress in Your Life • What was your “Stress Test” score? __23__________ • Do you think that such a test accurately captures your experience? What other stressors should be included? No, because I think its normal to get stressed because of my high expectations, that doesn’t mean I have problems because of it. Stress, Stressors, and Coping • Psychologists differentiate stressors, strain, and stress. What does each of these terms mean? • Stressors: prediction of someone’s health based of on stress levels. • Strain: The resulting damage of object • Stress: process of coping with environmental factors that threaten you’re life. The General Adaptation Syndrome • Describe Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. The depleting energy to overcome the stress and harms of environmental aspects that limit someone’s ability to progress. The Biology of Stress • Although both men and women experience the fight-or-flight syndrome, some scientists argue that women also can experience stress differently (tend-and-befriend). Briefly explain...
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...1. What communication type avoids conflict and focuses on facts and details rather than the big picture? They may be perceived by others as unemotional and nonchalant. • Argumentatives • Sympathetics • Systematics • Directs 2. A criticism of social media is that it • is only available to the media savvy. • contributes to the decline in writing and language skills. • leads to separation of the haves and have-nots. • leads to information overload 3. In Korean culture, a business deal is dependent on contractual information as well as how the parties perceive each other’s values and ethics. According to Edmund Hall, this behavior exhibits the theory of • proxemics • low-context cultures • Ethno-centricism • high-context cultures 4. Your supervisor sends you an e-mail requesting an article for the employee newsletter about company loyalty. You write the article featuring customers who are brand loyal. Later, your supervisor criticizes you for not writing about the topic that he requested. After a face-to-face meeting, you realize that he wanted you to write about employee loyalty. This is an example of what type of noise? • Unwanted • External • Semantic • Internal Want more details? Download now COM 537 Final Exam 5. The head of the holiday party committee at your office is trying to set a location for the event. The committee chairperson announces three choices for members to vote on. When Erin hears that the Boar’s Tavern is one of the choices, her...
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...I'm OK-You're OK By Thomas A. Harris MD Contents: Book Cover (Front) (Back) Scan / Edit Notes About The Author Illustrations Author's Note Preface 1. Freud, Penfield, and Berne 2. Parent, Adult, and Child 3. The Four Life Positions 4. We Can Change 5. Analysing the Transaction 6. How We Differ 7. How We Use Time 8. P-A-C and Marriage 9. P-A-C and Children 10. P-A-C and Adolescents 11. When Is Treatment Necessary? 12. P-A-C and Moral Values 13. Social Implications of P-A-C References Index (Removed) Scan / Edit Notes Versions available and duly posted: Format: v1.0 (Text) Format: v1.0 (PDB - open format) Format: v1.5 (HTML) Format: v1.5 (Ubook-HTML) Genera: Self-Help Extra's: Pictures Included Copyright: 1969 Scanned: November 8 2003 Posted to: alt.binaries.e-book (HTML-PIC-TEXT-PDB Bundle) alt.binaries.e-book (HTML-UBook) Note: The U-Book version is viewable on PC and PPC (Pocket PC). Occasionally a PDF file will be produced in the case of an extremely difficult book. 1. The Html, Text and Pdb versions are bundled together in one rar file. (a.b.e) 2. The Ubook version is in zip (html) format (instead of rar). (a.b.e) ~~~~ Structure: (Folder and Sub Folders) {Main Folder} - HTML Files | |- {PDB} | |- {Pic} - Graphic files | |- {Text} - Text File -Salmun About The Author Thomas A. Harris is a practising psychiatrist in Sacramento, California. Born in Texas, he received his B.S. degree in 1938 from the University of Arkansas Medical School and his M.D. in 1940 from Temple...
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...commander who in charges of the whole strategy. Correspondingly, any organizations cannot function without leaders. Leader is the most substantial element of successful organizations. Becoming outstanding leaders, leadership skill is vital in order to drive the organizations forward. Several leadership principles are extensively used these days. Burns (1978) identified two types of leadership comprise of transactional and transformational leadership. Hence, leaders should be capable to indicate which theory should be applied in accordance with organization’s culture and objectives. This essay aims to evaluate the resemblances and the differences between transactional and transformational leadership as well as the feasibility to utilize a mixture of them by giving the definitions and examples followed by the supporting researches and studies. Initially, transactional and transformational leadership are different in terms of implementation and its outcomes. However, transformational leadership was developed from transactional leadership (Downton, 1973). Bass (1985) defined transactional leadership as an exchange activity that leaders execute to motivate subordinates in order to achieve their tasks by giving out reward or punishment correspond with their performance. Additionally, active and passive management by exception are taken into account when it comes to misconception and faults. Bass (1985) stated that transformational leadership emphasizes the value of subordinates, encourages...
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...I used the Seven Habits Profile for my personal leadership analysis. The Seven Habits Profile helped me to identify the strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement of my leadership qualities. The completed Seven Habits Profile shows that I scored very well on Emotional Bank Account which is one of the foundational habits. Interestingly I got the lowest score on Life Balance which is also one of the foundational habits. I scored well on the Be Proactive, Synergize, Sharpen the Saw and Think Win-Win categories. I scored lowest on Life Balance and Put First Things First. I am a workaholic who often forgets about the importance of family time and works long hours on weekdays and holidays. This has caused a lot of issues in my personal life and infused some negativity into my career. When I analyzed my Seven Habits profile I noticed that I scored less on Put First Things First as well. From my point of view both of these are related to my style of doing work. If I prioritize the tasks and work consistently with those priorities, there should have been a remarkable positive effect on my life. Instead, I often surf the web and chitchat with my colleagues during office hours wasting valuable time and causing me to spend extra time completing the tasks. For achieving life balance, I should prioritize the tasks and manage my time efficiently. My highest scores were on being proactive and think win-win. I feel that I am in control of my life and won’t allow it to be shaped by other...
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...The Transactional Leadership theory which is also known as Managerial Leadership became famous in the early 1980s. This theory was concerned about a reward and punishment system in leadership whereby the leader has the power to manipulate the followers in exchange of something of value (Bass, 1990; Burns, 1978; Kuhnert & Lewis, 1987; Yukl, 1989). It is based on bureaucratic authority and legitimacy within the organisation (Tracey & Hinkin, 1994). However, the theory works best in several assumptions namely; the highly structural organisation, employees are motivated by rewards, high tendency for guidance and monitoring among the followers. In other words, transactional leaders negotiate to followers what objectives are required to be achieved by the company. They negotiate the conditions either by providing rewards for accomplishing the objectives or threats of punishment for poor performance e.g. cut the bonus and suspension of promotion (Moore & Rudd, 2006; Bass, 1990). Further investigation on Transactional Leadership by Avolio & Bass (2004) described to consist of three factors namely; contingent reward leadership, management by exception (active) and management by exception (passive) which is simplified in Figure 1. Contingent Reward Leadership is a constructive transaction whereby the leaders reward the employees based upon their success and employees punished if they failed to perform. With the agreement made between the leader and employees...
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