...Inductance 3 1.1.2 Ideal Transformer 3 1.1.3 Real Transformer 3 1.2 Main Types 3 1.2.1 Step-up Transformer 3 1.2.2 Step-down Transformer 3 1.3 Transformer Ratios 3 1.3.1 Turn Ratio 3 1.3.2 Voltage Ratio 3 1.3.3 Power Ratio 3 1.4 Uses and Applications 3 2 History of Transformer 3 2.1 A.C or D.C 3 2.2 Need of Transformer 3 2.3 Invention of Transformer 3 2.4 First Commercial Use 3 2.5 Transformer Development Timeline [13] 3 1830s 3 1836 3 1876 3 1878 -1883 3 1881 3 1880-1882 3 1882 - 3 1884 3 1884 3 1885 3 1885 3 1886 3 Later 1880s 3 1889 3 1891 3 1891 3 1880s - Today 3 3 Working of Transformer 3 3.1 Construction 3 3.1.1 Core Construction 3 3.1.2 Winding Arrangements 3 3.2 Working 3 4 Types of Transformer 3 4.1 On the Basis of Construction 3 4.1.1 Core Type Transformer 3 4.1.2 Shell Type Transformer 4 4.2 On the Basis Their Purpose 5 4.2.1 Step up Transformer 5 4.2.2 Step down Transformer 6 On the Basis of Type of Supply 7 References: 8 1 Introduction A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit using inductively coupled conductors. In other words by putting two coils of wire close together while not touching, the magnetic field from the first coil called the primary winding effects the other coil (called the secondary coil). This effect is called "inductance". [12] 1.1 Working Principle Transformer works on the principle of...
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...The Transformers Transformers is a live action movie released by DreamWorks in 2007. The story follows the Transformers’ arrival on modern-day Earth and their interactions with the human race, as they search for the life-giving AllSpark and continue their ages-old civil war. The movie is fiction but also distinct in its own right. My favorite "Transformers" character is Bumblebee who is a robot that transforms into Sam's car. I like him because he is a loyal Transformer and transforms into a Camaro which is a great sports car. He feels like a guardian for Sam and wants to be with him always which is very sweet. I also like the character of Optimus Prime because he is a leader who shows children how to be loyal and lead with integrity. Optimus Prime works with the United States military team and helps them defeat the decepticons by fighting alongside them. He could have taken the autobots and left Earth but he chose to help out others and use his powers for good which is very commendable. My favorite scene is when the autobots are trying to hide from Sam's parents. It made me laugh that they were on the front lawn destroying the house. Sam's parents thought he had locked his door because he was doing something wrong and Mikaela had to reveal herself in order to get them to stop bothering him. The quote I like the most is Sam Witwicky in the 2007 "Transformers" movie, "Hello? 911 emergency! My car's been stolen! I'm in pursuit! I need the whole squadron, bring everyone! No...
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...Introduction to Auto-transformers An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding. The auto prefix refers to the single coil rather than any automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer portions of the same winding act as both the primary and secondary. The winding has at least three taps where electrical connections are made. An autotransformer can be smaller, lighter and cheaper than a standard dual-winding transformer however the autotransformer does not provide electrical isolation. At first sight, an autotransformer appears to be similar to a resistance potential divider. But this is not so. A resistive potential divider can’t step up the voltage, whereas it is possible in an autotransformer. Operation An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more terminals at intermediate tap points. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost always having one terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common. Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer part of the current flows directly from the input to the output, and only part is transferred inductively, allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a single winding. One end of the winding is usually...
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...Abstract Power transformers are one of the most important parts of the power system. Failure of a transformer affects power supply to citizen and affects the income of business sector. Condition monitoring of power transformer is very important. By measuring the furan contents in power transformer oil can give a sign of the power transformer health, using this method is more convenient and economical among all the methods. With the aid of UV-Vis Spectrometer, light absorption and transmission with various furan contents of different power transformers with different ages are measured and compared. The measured results are used to predict the furan contents and remnant life of the power transformer can estimate. Copper dusts added into transformer oil in order to investigate the effect on the light absorption and transmission. The measured results show the impact of copper dust on light absorption and transmission characteristics that can provide indication of transformers remaining health condition. This thesis presents the measurement of power transformers oil samples with different furan contents for remnant life estimation. Key words: Power Transformer, Copper Dust, Transformer oil, UV-Vis Spectrometer, Furan, Health Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Power Transformer Figure 1: A basic power transformer. Power Transformers are critical elements in an electrical power system. It is used to step-up or step-down voltage level as needed to serve the transmission...
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...LARGE POWER TRANSFORMERS AND THE U.S. ELECTRIC GRID Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability U.S. Department of Energy April 2014 Update Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid This page intentionally left blank. DOE / OE / ISER April 2014 ii Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid FOR FURTHER INFORMATION This report was prepared by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability under the direction of Patricia Hoffman, Assistant Secretary, and William Bryan, Deputy Assistant Secretary. Specific questions about information in this report may be directed to Dr. Kenneth Friedman, Senior Policy Advisor (kenneth.friedman@hq.doe.gov). Tiffany Y. Choi of ICF International contributed to this report. The U.S. Department of Energy would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their contribution to this report: ABB American Transmission Company Bartley, William H., Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, A member of the Munich Reinsurance Company North American Electrical Reliability Corporation Ontario Power Generation Scott, Daniel U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Homeland Security U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Cover photo sources: Large power transformer photo: Siemens.com High-voltage transmission lines photo: Utilities-me.com DOE / OE / ISER April 2014 iii Large Power Transformers...
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...uninterrupted Power supply. NEHU Grid substation is connected to 4 Grid Substations namely Umiam Grid s/s by Umiam Feeder, Mawlai Grid S/s by Mawlai Feeder, NEIGRIHMS Grid S/s by NEIGRIHMS Feeder and Khliehriat S/s by Khliehriat Feeder which are further interconnected to other S/s and Power stations of the state of Meghalaya. The transmitting voltage is 132 KV. The Power received at NEHU S/s at 132 KV voltage level is transfer to the 33 KV Bus after the voltage is stepped down from 132 KV to 33 KV by 2 nos. 20 MVA transformer located in the 132 KV switchyard of the S/s. These two Transformers operate in parallel. From the 33 KV Bus the power is transfer to the different 33/11 KV sub-stations by the 33 KV Feeders viz, Happy Valley Feeder, Meter factory feeder, SE Falls Feeder, Umiam feeder and NEHU-Mawiong Feeder. There is also one 33 KV Tie-Line namely 33 KV Tie-Line-2 which connects the NEHU Grid S/s and Mawlai Grid S/s. This line facilitates the transformers at both Sub-stations to operate in parallel when the CBs and isolators of the line are closed at both ends. Some of the power received at NEHU S/s is consumed as energy in the Sub-station itself as station service for lighting, supply to the charging motors, Battery charger, cooling fans. etc. For this there is one 33/...
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... Using Superposition Theorem, 3V source is removed to calculate the contribution of the 8 V supply. Similarly, 8V source is removed to calculate currents due to 3V supply. a) Voltage across the 18 ohm resistor is 4.6872 volts and current across is 0.2604 amperes; b)Current in the 8V generator is 1.667 amperes; c) Current in the 3V generator is 0.656 amperes. (John, 2003) Question 1.3 a) Transformers are electrical devices that play a very vital and key role in electrical power distribution and transmission systems. They are static devices, that is, they do not have any moving components. Transformers utilize one of the most basic forces in nature, the electromagnetic force to convert alternating electrical energy of one power rating to another power rating, but do not change the frequency of the primary electrical energy. Voltage transformers are used to lower or raise the magnitude of the incoming voltage and accordingly current increases or decreases. Electromagnetic induction is used to perform this conversion, more specifically mutual induction. In a simple voltage transformer, two coils are present that have common magnetic flux in between them but are electrically isolated. This path of magnetic flux has some magnetic reluctance that actually helps in power conversion. The core constitutes of laminated sheets around which the incoming voltage coils, also called the primary windings, and the outgoing voltage coils, also known as, secondary windings are wound. The laminations...
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...because of the fact that it is an electric field that goes directly into the light and doesn't use the electrodes; even burned-out florescent lights will glow. The significant part of our proposed plan is that power is transferred wirelessly. The field produced is without any radiations and hence is harmless to human beings. I. Introduction Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla Coil, a type of air-cored resonant transformer, which is used to generate high voltage and high frequency electrical currents. Tesla coils are used to produce high-voltage, low-current, and high-frequency alternating-current. It can produce higher voltages than other artificial sources of high-voltage discharges and electrostatic machines. It takes the output from a 230vAC to several kilovolt transformer & driver circuit and steps it up to an extremely high voltage. II. Basic Scheme of Tesla Coil A Tesla coil is a resonant transformer containing a primary and a secondary LC circuit. The two LC circuits are loosely coupled together. Power is supplied to the primary circuit through a transformer, which charges a capacitor. If the voltage in the capacitor is extremely high, the air resistance between the spark gap drops quickly and now the spark gap becomes a good conductor. The capacitor will discharge through...
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...CHAPTER-1 Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) overview After the creation of an independent Bangladesh, in 1972, the first Government of Bangladesh, in an effort to speed up the investment in the sector issued an Ordinance creating the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) as the successor organization of the power side of EWAPDA. The Ordinance recognized the divergence of energy related issues in development. During 1972 to 1995, BPDB has increased the generating capacity in the country to 2818 MW, and the length of its 230 and 132 KV transmission networks to 419 KM and 2469 KM. For the first time in December 1982, the eastern and western halves of the country were electrically connected through the commissioning of double circuit 230 KV transmission line across the Jamuna riever energized at 132 KV between Ishurdi and Tongi called the first East-West Interconnector. Generation sources were diversified to include a 230 MW hydropower station at Kaptai on the Karnaphuli river and natural gas and imported fuel based, open and combined cycle power plants at different locations of Eastern and Western part of the country. The distribution networks of all major towns and cities had been linked through 230 KV and 132 KV inter-ties. In 1990, government issued an ordinance, which was subsequently enacted as an Act transferring the 132 kv, 33 kv Transmission and distribution system in the Greater Dhaka Area including the Metropolitan City to a newly created Government...
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...flagship product” of A-CAT are the voltage regulators. Voltage regulators have a variety of purposes but are most commonly used as protective devices for refrigerators and television sets, protecting them from load fluctuations and/or power failures. (Sharma, 2013) Aside from being a producer, A-Cat is also committed to the pursuit of a quality control program to monitor the quality of its transformers. Introduction to the Problem- A large number of products manufactured and sold by A-CAT, such as the voltage regulator, require a transformer as one of their principal and primary components; and another large percentage of products such as TVs, refrigerators, washing machines and other white goods use voltage regulators as a guard against potential voltage fluctuations. (Sharma, 2013) Due to the large amount of products that use transformers as a vital part of functioning, the store managers always tried to keep a good quantity of spare transformers as a buffer. Unfortunately, during the past few months, the sales of the voltage regulator have decreased and ordering/storing too many transformers exposes the capacity constraints of the supplier’s and can also lead to a substantial tie-up of the company’s cash reserves. (Sharma, 2013) This freeze of the company’s capital has a domino effect on the purchasing and inventory of other A-Cat products. A few of the functional department heads at A-Cat are questioning keeping a...
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...Relion® 615 series Transformer Protection and Control RET615 Product Guide Transformer Protection and Control RET615 Product version: 5.0 1MRS756891 H Contents 1. Description.....................................................................3 16. Inputs and outputs......................................................21 2. Standard configurations.................................................3 17. Station communication................................................22 3. Protection functions......................................................14 18. Technical data.............................................................27 4. Application...................................................................14 19. Local HMI....................................................................49 5. Supported ABB solutions.............................................18 20. Mounting methods......................................................50 6. Control.........................................................................19 21. IED case and IED plug-in unit......................................50 7. Measurements.............................................................20 22. Selection and ordering data.........................................50 8. Disturbance recorder....................................................20 23. Accessories and ordering data....................................51 9. Event log...
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...MINISTRY OF POWER AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN APPROVED by Prikaz No 189 of the Minister of Power and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as of August 26, 2004.) REGULATIONS ON ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN (PUE) Astana, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: GENERAL REGULATIONS 10 CHAPTER 1.1: GENERAL 10 SCOPE, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 10 GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 11 CONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS TO THE POWER STATIONS 13 COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 14 CHAPTER 1.2 POWER SUPPLY AND POWER SYSTEMS 14 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS 14 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 14 CATEGORIES OF POWER CONSUMING DEVICES AND RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY 15 VOLTAGE LEVELS AND CONTROLS, REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 16 CHAPTER 1.3 SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING, CURRENT DENSITY AND CORONA DISCHARGE CONDITIONS 16 SCOPE 16 SELECTION OF CROSS-SECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING 17 MAXUIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR WIRES, CORDS AND CABLES IN RUBBER OR PLASTIC INSULATION 18 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR CABLES IN IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATION 22 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR BARE WIRES...
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...SOLAR CHARGER A great kit for self-sufficiency It' SOLAR CHARGERS: 1. SOLAR CHARGER - this page - using a ZTX 851 transistor 2. Solar Light 3. Power Supply 5v Solar - Circuit 1 4. Power Supply 5v Solar - Circuit 2 5. Solar Charger - Push Pull circuit Some products are not yet available for 12v operation but inverters are available from 100watts to 4kw. The aim of this project is to cater for the other end of the range. We are looking at charging a 12v battery, using the cheapest set of solar cells and the cheapest inverter. This also means the cheapest 12v battery - a 1amphr (1AHr) gell cell or 6v cells salvaged from old analogue mobiles! THE PROBLEM The problem with charging a battery from a solar panel is the SUN! It doesn't shine all the time and clouds get in the way! Our eyes adjust to the variations in the strength of the sun but a solar panel behaves differently. As soon as the sun loses its intensity, the output from a solar panel drops enormously. No only does the output current fall, but the output voltage also decreases. Many of the solar panels drop to below the 13.6v needed to charge a 12v battery and as soon as this occurs, the charging current drops to ZERO. This means they become useless as soon as the brightness of the sun goes away. Our project cannot work miracles but it will convert voltages as low as 3.5v into 13.6v and keep delivering a current to the battery. Obviously the current will be much lower than the maximum, when the sun...
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... Computation for a power system having 2 or more voltage levels become cumbersome Need to convert currents to a different voltage level wherever they flow through a transformer Page 3 Per Unit Solution A set of base values is assumed for each voltage class All values express in per unit (i.e. no dimension) Page 4 Per Unit To completely define a per unit system, minimum 4 base quantities are required Voltage Current Impedance Power Page 5 Per Unit General Per Unit= Actual / Base Vpu=Vactual / Vbase Ipu=Iactual / Ibase Zpu=Zactual / Zbase Spu=Sactual / Sbase Sbase= Vbase Ibase Vbase= Ibase Zbase Page 6 Specific Example Page 7 Example Page 8 Example Page 9 Example Page 10 Example Page 11 Example Page 12 Example Page 13 Example Page 14 Example Page 15 Fault Cause of Fault Effect of Fault Fault Level Page 16 Causes of Faults Transient over voltages the failure of insulation, resulting in fault current or short-circuit current. Insulation aging External object tree branches bird Page 17 Effect of Fault Equipment be damaged due to overheating or insulation breakdown Generator Transformer Busbar Cable Circuit Breaker etc. Page 18 Effect of Fault Power System becomes unstable Voltage Reduction for the whole power system. Frequency change ...
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...For our project we decided to disassemble and understand a Memphis 1 Channel Mono Block Amplifier. First we started by disassembling the amp down to the main circuit board. From there we assigned ourselves different components to understand what they were and how they worked inside the amp. We all researched our components and got back together to discuss and figure out the flow of power and operations of the amp worked. A general idea of what the amp does is as follows. Power comes into the inputs from the positive side of the car battery. A negative source comes from the car’s chassis to the negative terminal. The remote wire comes in from the head unit or source of sound to the remote input. When the source turns on, power runs from the remote wire to a relay inside that allows power to run through. Power then runs to various capacitors to store up power before running to the inductor that converts the power to usable power for the MOSFETs. As the power runs through the circuit, it eventually comes to resistors which slow up the current flow. Sound comes in through the inputs and to the MOSFET amplifiers. Then sound goes to the sound dampeners to clean the sound waves up before going to the sound outputs. To better understand the amp and its components we will branch off and explain each of the components and what they do. When a relay receives power, power runs through a set of coils and creates a magnetic field that actuates an arm inside and closes the circuit...
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