...Gender and Transitional Justice An Assessment of the Contribution of Transitional Justice Mechanisms in Addressing Gender-Based Violence in post-Conflict Sierra Leone Introduction Sierra Leone, a relatively small country with a population of just over 6 million people, has been the focus of considerable attention due to the recent Ebola epidemic and, prior to that, the decade-long civil war (1991-2002) (Mills, Nesbitt-Ahmed, Diggins & Mackieu, 2015, p. 4). After the war, the transition from civil war to peace witnessed a number of landmark procedural innovations with widespread implications for gender justice. The decade-long conflict had shattered the West African country, displacing more than one million people and leaving more than two hundred thousand women and girls dealing with the aftermath of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Then, in 1999, the Lomé Peace Agreement traded amnesty for peace, making provision for the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone to work parallel to the Special Court of Sierra Leone (otherwise called the Special Court or the SCSL) in order to prosecute those who bore “the greatest responsibility” for mass atrocities committed during the civil war. While there is a growing consensus that truth and reconciliation commissions as a transitional justice mechanism can be effective tools “in the construction of a post-conflict society that is more democratic and more respectful of human rights” (Wielbelhans-Hrahm...
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...returning offenders who will become reinvolved in crime unless there is a focused effort to control reentry through judicial, correctional, and law enforcement supervision. Successful reentry initiatives provide support through existing service systems, such as those involving mental health, employment, substance abuse prevention, housing, welfare, faith-based, and transportation services. This paper will answer the following question, the different types of community-based programs that are available (Carmen, 2008). Compare and contrast the services they offer and include a discussion of the types of agencies that would refer juvenile offenders to each type of program. Compare and contrast the juvenile justice system to the adult system of probation and parole. Include a discussion of the communty-based programs available for each, and identify differences between the types of programs available (Carmen, 2008). The different types of community-based programs that is available. There are many programs available in my community for reentry offender in the community. The programs are mental health, Drug and Alcohol, Education help, counseling and transitional program. Compare and contrast the services they offer and include a discussion of the types of agencies that would refer juvenile offenders to each type of program. The services they offer are mental health, Drug and Alcohol, Education help, counseling and transitional program. The court, probation and parole office can...
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...No Peace WiThouT Justice Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity No Peace WiThouT Justice No Peace Without Justice Copyright 2010 © No Peace Without Justice Via di Torre Argentina 76, I-00186, Roma, Italy www.npwj.org Permission to reproduce and distribute this document is hereby granted provided that this notice is retained on all copies, that copies are not altered and that No Peace Without Justice is credited. This publication is also available at www.npwj.org. No Peace Without Justice is an international non-profit organisation founded by Emma Bonino and born of a 1993 campaign of the Transnational Radical Party that works for the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and international justice. NPWJ undertakes its work within three main thematic programs: International Criminal Justice; Female Genital Mutilation; and Middle East and North Africa Democracy, including specific work on Iraq. NPWJ is a Member of the TRP Senate, a Member of the Steering Committee of the NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court and the Italian civil society partner in the Democracy Assistance Dialogue. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of No Peace Without Justice and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European...
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...modern society, dangerousness refers to a group of offenders who repeatedly commit crimes and jeopardize the well-being of the community in the process; they are judged as "neither sane nor insane"(Pratt, 2000, p.35). Penal practices, discourses, and institutions play an active role in the determination process through which shared meanings and values are reproduced in society. Punishment produces categories and classifications through which people understand both each other and themselves and it provides an organizing cultural framework (Garland, 1990, p.251). Punishment also interprets events, defines conduct, classifies action, and evaluates worth and it also communicates meaning about not only crime and punishment but also power, morality,...
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...crime This paper focuses on the information about the crimes. Different theories about the criminology are described. Main focus will be on the criminology and its two theories. Criminology is the study of factors about the crimes that lead to its phenomena. This crime may be of individual or social nature. It includes making laws, breaking laws and attempts to break the laws. Criminology focuses on the social, cultural and individual causes of the illegal behavior. Criminology is directly related to sociology and psychology in all disciplines that deal with a group or individual behavior. However an act that is immoral or indecent can be criminal act unless it is not outlawed by the state. Criminology consists of our organized ways of thinking and talking about crime, criminals and crime control (Garland and Sparks, 2000, 192). Personal and neighborhood income are the strongest predictors of violent crime" (cited in "Wasting America's Future (Arloc Sherman, 1994, p88). Demonstrates that glaring social and economic inequalities in our society impose correspondingly high costs in the form of street crime. (John Hagan & Ruth D. Peterson, Crime and Inequality, 1995, Stanford U, p4) Causes of Crimes: Causes of crime may be environmental, hereditary or psychological. Environmental causes are ruled out as independent causes of crimes. But psychological conditions are said to be determinant of an individual’s reaction to persuasive environmental influence. Criminologist...
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...transitioning to a lower level of care outpatient treatment. While attending both programs she participates in group and individual sessions addressing her domestic violence which she experienced by her past boyfriends. Additionally, Ms. Lee sought treatment to address her mental health diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) which she was prescribed antidepressants. Ms Lee also resided in transitional housing which she would present to her probation officer for random urine drug screens. Over the month Ms. Lee was able to obtain gainful employment, stable housing and regain custody of her children. However, Ms. Lee violated her probation after testing positive on a random urine drug screen (Geyer, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to discuss treatment outcomes models: recidivism model, relapse model, and harm-reduction model. The recidivism, relapse, and harm-reduction model have in common are they are used in forensic treatment literature (Geyer,...
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...(or both) Benefits of Writing the Traditional Essay 1. Mastering essays will help make you a better writer; 2. The discipline of writing an essay will strengthen your skills as a reader, listener and speaker; 3. Writing will make you a stronger thinker. Chapter Two The Writing Process This chapter will explain and illustrate • the sequence of steps in writing an effective essay • prewriting • revising • editing Prewriting techniques: a. Freewriting b. Questioning c. Making a list d. Clustering(Mapping) e. Preparing a Scratch Outline f. Writing the first draft g. Revising: h. a. the content of your essay i. Is my paper unified? j. Is my paper supported? k. Is my paper organized? l. b. the sentences of your essay m. Do I use parallelism to balance my words and ideas? n. Do I have a consistent point of view? o. Do I use specific words? p. Do I use active verbs? q. Do I use concise words? r. Do I vary my sentences? ChapterThree The...
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...Juvenile Services Comparison Archie Parks CJA/374 December 14, 2012 Steve Kurrle Juvenile Services Comparison Introduction For this comparison paper I have chosen to study two Juvenile programs that are actively involved in Norfolk Public School and work directly with student’s who have active cases in the Department of Juvenile Justice. This comparison will conduct research on the Youth Challenged Advised and Positively Promoted program (YCAPP) and the Tidewater Youth Services Commission (TYSC). The criteria for comparison is how both programs work to reduce juvenile crime, the major goals, objectives, and core beliefs of each program, who are the key participants are and what services they provide youths. In addition using the information that was researched a determination of which program is more effective in reducing crime and why will be discussed. Who They Are Both the YCAPP program and the Tidewater Youth Services Commission work with at risk youth to positively motivate them into the best person they can be. The direct beliefs responsibilities and goals for each is given below: a. YCAPP: YCAPP is a nonprofit organization who beliefs that youth no matter their circumstances and past transgressions can be positively motivated into productive members of society with bright futures. The YCAPP mission statement is to provide quality support and education to families in their natural environments through collaboration, positive inclusive interventions, and...
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...Richard Clayton 4 Michel J.G. van Eeten 5 Michael Levi 6 Tyler Moore 7 Stefan Savage 8 Abstract In this paper we present what we believe to be the first systematic study of the costs of cybercrime. It was prepared in response to a request from the UK Ministry of Defence following scepticism that previous studies had hyped the problem. For each of the main categories of cybercrime we set out what is and is not known of the direct costs, indirect costs and defence costs – both to the UK and to the world as a whole. We distinguish carefully between traditional crimes that are now ‘cyber’ because they are conducted online (such as tax and welfare fraud); transitional crimes whose modus operandi has changed substantially as a result of the move online (such as credit card fraud); new crimes that owe their existence to the Internet; and what we might call platform crimes such as the provision of botnets which facilitate other crimes rather than being used to extract money from victims directly. As far as direct costs are concerned, we find that traditional offences such as tax and welfare fraud cost the typical citizen in the low hundreds of pounds/Euros/dollars a year; transitional frauds cost a few pounds/Euros/dollars; while the new computer crimes cost in the tens of pence/cents. However, the indirect costs and defence costs are much higher for transitional and new crimes. For the former they may be roughly comparable to what the criminals earn, while for the latter they may be...
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...transnational security threats have emerged, and international peace has persistently been compromised by this trend. Solomon Islands, Somalia, Afghanistan and Sudan are good examples of failed countries that have contributed in several ways to transnational insecurity (Wyler, 2010). This essay explores the issue of transnational security threats from failed states. In detail, this paper illustrates the specific security challenges that failed states have posed on the traditional security concerns in the world. While the failure of states is attributed to struggles for political liberalism, the lack of sovereignty and autonomy are the major factors contributing to collapse in some states (Bar-Joseph. 2001). Fragile or failed states are defined as nations which face extreme levels of poverty and development challenges (AusAid, 2005). Other characteristics of failed states include frail political governance, improper institutional frameworks and persistent conflicts. Thus, such countries face many forms of instabilities in economic, social and political aspects. On the other hand, transnational crime perpetrators take the opportunity of these conditions to...
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...Homelessness: Understanding Why Abstract In January of 2014, 578,424 people were going through homelessness, according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness. The three main reasons for the large measure of homeless families and people in America and other countries as well are affordable housing, low wages, and mental illnesses. Other reasons also include addictions, abuse, health care, and/or natural occurrences are contributors towards the distressing circumstances of homelessness, which often leads to divorce, health concerns, and educational obstacles. This paper introduces where homeless began and where it needs to end. Homelessness: Understanding Why T.S, Elliot stated “Home is where we start from”. David Belgum, a volunteer Chaplin with the Salvation Army Corp, asked these simple questions, “Is the length of residence in one place a criterion? How substantial does it have to be to be classified as a home? Who should judge whether or not the category of homelessness is to be applied in a given situation—the resident or residents, or someone from the "establishment"?” (Belgum). For many people this is true, but for many it’s not, but whose call is it to make? Many studies are inadequate when it comes to know accurately knowing how many people are in shelters or on the streets. The information found through these studies can be helpful when it comes to knowing roughly the amount of people that use the places like shelters and soup kitchens, but it could...
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...For the book review assignment, I chose to read “Crime and Human Punishment: Criminology of Genocide and Atrocities”. I chose this book, because the study of genocide is interesting to me, in learning about why it happens and how to stop it from happening in the future. In regards to the essay, it is going to be broken into three different parts. The first part, which is planned to be about half of the essay, will talk about some about a couple of the major themes of the book. The second part will consist of showing how the book is tied to content we have learned in class. And to wrap up the paper, I will talk about some of the strengths and weaknesses of the book. The first major theme I am going to talk about is the criminology of genocide...
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...It is good practice to include in a contract which state’s law will govern disputes that arise under the contract. A) True B) False 2. Stare decisis is typically of lesser importance to the Supreme Court in deciding constitutional issues than to trial courts in deciding specific controversies. A) True B) False 3. It is a violation of the separation of powers doctrine for State A to adopt a law identical to one adopted by State B. A) True B) False 4. Many areas of law important to businesses are governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. A) True B) False 5. A basic principle of statutory interpretation is that specific provisions in the statute are of greater weight than general provisions. A) True B) False 6. Only decisions by the United States Supreme Court can have the status of res judicata. A) True B) False 7. In deciding a case, a court will not use common law if there is a statute that applies to the dispute. A) True B) False 8. Criminal law is a subset of private law. A) True B) False 9. Tort law is a subset of private law that seeks to compensate the injured party for the loss caused by the actions of another. A) True B) False 10. The town of Somerset passed a law forbidding parking on Main Street between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. This is an example of an ordinance. A) True B) False 11. The body of law that will be used to determine which state’s law will apply in a multi-state transaction is conflict...
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...Final Project: Persuasive Research Paper Nycole Chatman COM/220 October 28, 2012 Debbi Kutner Reducing Recidivism in today’s Society Final Project: Persuasive Research Paper Reducing Recidivism in today’s Society Education and job skills are key elements to reducing recidivism therefore; prisons, county jails, and the probation offices should adopt mandatory programs so ex-offenders can become productive members of society. Every year approximately 9 million people are released from prison in the U.S. (Center, T. N.-e., 2012) and due to lack of education and job skills, 52% of those 9 million returns within three years. According to Yamatani & Spjeldnes (2011), “The United States represents only 5 percent of the world’s population, but we hold 25 percent of the world's inmates in our prisons and jails (Pew Center on the States, 2008). We have more people behind bars in total numbers and per capita than any other industrialized country--2.3 million out of nearly 300 million (750 per 100,000 residents)--one out of 100 U.S.” This essay will show the difference between recidivism and rehabilitation as well as showing how education and job training can effectively reduce the rate of recidivism in the U.S. What is recidivism you ask? The Merriam-Webster defines recidivism as a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012)...
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...Richard Harrington Summer 2012 GOVERNMENT CRIME Human rights are rights unequivocally inherent to all human beings, whatever our basic nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, or any other status. We are all entitled to our human rights without discrimination. Government exposure of political crimes and human rights violations have been in the forefront of the media in the last half-century, and the United States has always assisted itself in its own interests. For the past decade the United States has been a global power and presence and most other countries are not. We are often called upon to engage in conflict situations like preventing violations of Human Rights and Genocide. It seems the United States only intervenes when our nations interests is concerned, and only brings negative reactions which severely undermines our effectiveness and especially our international credibility.“ American leadership must be commensurate with U.S. interests and the nature of the challenges facing the county. The United States should not take the lead on every issue or assume that every problem in the world demands a U.S. response. In the majority of cases, the United States should “lead from behind” or from the side, or sitting in front but rarely by itself”. (Foreign Affairs, Zenko & Cohen, Vol. 91 No. 2.) Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the legal forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles...
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