...Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health issue in the United States. Each year traumatic brain injuries affect millions of Americans. Some cases often result in death while those that survive are left with severe disabilities. Every twenty-one seconds, one person in the United States is sustained with a TBI. In 2013 alone, 1.5 million Americans suffered from traumatic brain injuries. What exactly is a TBI? A traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. TBI’s can be classified as congenital, perinatal, or acquired. In congenital and perinatal cases of TBIs, children are born with such diseases and/or physical abnormalities. Two subcategories of an acquired TBI are non-traumatic and traumatic. From there traumatic brain injuries are broken down into two more sub-categories called open and closed injuries. Open head injury is a skull fracture that is driven into the brain caused by high- momentum causes or objects to the head where as a closed head injury is a mild physical trauma, but still keeping the skull intact. Typical causes for TBI’s are falls, motor vehicle- traffic accidents, struck by/collision accidents, and sports injuries. The two main causes are motor vehicle- traffic accidents and sports injuries. Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of all head injuries. These accidents cause about 28% of traumatic brain injuries. The...
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...Traumatic brain injury is the result when the brain tissues get damaged due to certain blows to the head (Anderson). According to Anderson in her article Traumatic Brain Injury: Complex Condition with Lasting Effects, among the leading contributors to traumatic brain injury are “unintentional falls, motor vehicle traffic incidents, and assaults”. In the said article, many different numeric descriptions have been presented. More specifically, the article provides the readers with different measures of central tendency, namely the mean, median and mode, thus giving the readers enough information about the topic and the population being described. For each of the three leading contributor to traumatic brain injury, the article describes the different age groups and the frequency of occurrence of the injury to each group. The mode, i.e. the age group with the highest number of occurrences of traumatic brain injury was identified. Since this data is purely categorical, using the mode to describe the data was indeed appropriate (Dodge 2008). The median was also used in order to describe the occurrence of traumatic brain injury. With the age ranging from zero to 91 years old, the median age was 23 years. That is, 50% of the total numbers of incidence occur for those below 23 years old, while the other 50% occur for those people who are above 23 years old. Since the data is ordinal in nature, the median was an appropriate measure of central tendency. The average time that it takes...
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...The lecture explained the acute processes of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, with their cellular and vascular vulnerability and finally brain remodeling after stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is found 1.5 million annually, while stroke figures show 600,000 new or recurrent strokes annually. Strokes are more common in men than women but women have high mortality following a stroke. TBI is usually found in adolescent, young adults, and people over the age of 75. Stroke is defined as a condition wherein the blood flow to the brain is hampered. This leads to the decimation of cells within the brain. It can be of two types ischemic and hemorrhagic. 80% strokes are ischemic while only 20% are hemorrhagic. TBI termed as...
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... 10 August 2014 Samantha Corbett 6 Ganglia Crescent East London 5610 Tel: 043-‐7453546 Fax: 043-‐7453547 samanthac@border.co.za Dr. D.L. James Editor-‐in-‐Chief Student Perspectives in Cognitive Neuroscience 1 August 2014 Dear Dr. James, I would like to submit my article entitled, “Recovery from Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Case Study-‐Susan” for publication as a review article in the Student Perspective in Cognitive Neuroscience. The article traces traumatic brain injury in an eight-‐year-‐old child with a premorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and challenging family environment. With the aid of Luria’s conceptual approach to brain organisation and function, and Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, we are able to gauge the impact of the trauma on brain function and also the long term...
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...understand traumatic brain injury, what causes it, and what the effects can be. I. Introduction A. Did you realize that an estimated 1.7 million people suffer from a traumatic brain injury in the United States every year, and 52,000 of those die? And each year direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated 60 billion in the United States. B. According to “brainline.org,” brain injuries are most often caused by motor vehicle crashes, sports injuries, and simple falls. C. Traumatic brain injury can range from being mild as in a slight concussion to severe as an unconsciousness, coma, and even death. D. I will be telling you what traumatic brain injury is, what causes it, and what the effects of traumatic brain injury is. II. Body A. First we are going to go through what traumatic brain injury is. 1. Traumatic brain injury, according to “brainline.org” can be defined as a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain. 2. Traumatic brain injury can be a slight contusion, generally caused by a slight bump to the head. 3. Traumatic brain injury can be a bleeding or hemorrhaging of the brain generally caused by a severe blow or the brain hitting the skull. 4. Traumatic brain injury can also result from an object such as a bullet penetrating the brain. B. Now that we know what brain injury is we are going to discuss what causes traumatic brain injury...
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...“Brain Injured Students At My School? In My Room?” by Bobbin Kyte Cave comes from The Clearing House journal and was published in 2004. This article discusses traumatic brain injury and how it relates to an educational environment. It outlines some of the causes of TBI, what results from a brain injury, how the law intertwines with TBI and which educational interventions are successful for students with a brain injury. Critique The background information provided about TBI is thorough, but some areas if the paper could use more empirical support. For example, the first paragraph of the manifestation section could use some support for the idea that, “Students with brain injuries often have good memory for prior learning but exhibit an inability to connect new learning to prior knowledge,” (Cave, 2004). This could be a result of the author’s professional experiences as a psychological development counselor, but nothing directly indicates that. Another area that is in need of empirical support is the second paragraph on page 172. The statement that begins, “Students with brain injuries find it helpful when…” appears to be a matter of opinion without the research to lend credibility to this statement. Overall the manifestation section of the article is very thorough in its coverage of the many different ways in which brain injuries affect individuals. The author at one point makes a great transition from the medical aspects of the TBI to the psychological aspects. This inclusion of the...
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...Throughout the last 10 years the discussion regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions has been inflamed within the media. Prior to this time little research was conducted regarding various forms of TBI, concussions, and enduring consequences of experiencing a TBI. As a result of the many soldiers returning from the continuing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with TBI diagnosis, much research has been directed toward this field. A sizeable contributor in the media recognition of the significant impact of TBI and concussions is the popularity of the National Football League (NFL) and college football. Players in various professional and college football leagues have long been experiencing TBI as a result of the contact nature of the...
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...Introduction Defining brain death has continued to be a highly controversial phenomenon in our society today. In fact, it was recently described as being “at once well settled and persistently unresolved” (Truog 273). Traditionally death involves the “permanent stopping of the heart and cessation of breathing” (Fins and Laureys 1). However, with the advent of the artificial ventilator invented by Bjorn Ibsen from Denmark, a patient’s breathing and heartbeat could be continued, even in the absence of brain function (Fins and Laureys 1). Once physicians diagnose a patient as brain dead, the next step is often the procedure of organ transplantation. There is a multiplicity of views on brain death and subsequent organ transplantation, with each culture’s beliefs shaping its own medical practices; these differing stances often lead to ethical debates. Background Brain death was first described in the 1950s by two French physicians, Mollart and Goulon, who termed it as “coma depasse,” a state beyond coma and differentiated it from “coma prolonged,” a continual vegetative state (Ganapathi 10). The Harvard Ad Hoc Committee later reported two definitions of death: the “traditional” cardio-pulmonary death and “brain death” (Lock 138). In 1981, the Report of the Medical Consultants on the Diagnosis of Death to the US President's Commission reevaluated death, advocating that the diagnosis of brain death should not be distinguished from the death of “the organism as a whole” (Death...
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...The purpose of this article is to give information about students with TBI. It explains about neuroimaging and how it affects the students. Students with traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually survive. In this article it says, “In 2009 approximately 3.5 million individuals sustained and survived a TBI.” The students have a school psychologist and the psychologist does many things to help the students. It states that, “a school psychologist’s typical psychoeducational assessment is comprised of standardized paper-and-pencil cognitive, achievement, emotional and behavioral testing, and classroom observations (Merrell, Ervin, & Peacock, 2012).” The article also talks about the brain network which it talks about different parts of the brain. The...
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...are directly affecting actions, without first being processed by the frontal cortex first. Behavioral Symptoms Associated with Adolescent Traumatic Brain Injury The mesolimbic system, due to its connection to DA and major brain regions associated with emotion and memory, like the limbic system, is known for its significant contribution to reward, motivated behavior, and cognitive processes along with involvement in promoting/reinforcing learning and forming goal-directed behavior (Crews & Boettiger, 2009). When properly functioning, this system allows for a smooth balance between actions permitting pleasurable activity when beneficial, but preventing them when there are foreseeable negative consequences (Crews & Boettiger, 2009). In the case of Judy, it was noted that she experienced problems with self-monitoring and self-regulation, and had an all around changed personality. She was also demanding, abrupt, and curt with people when interacting with them. Her parents also mentioned she would switch between bursts of irritability and agitation, and was subject to moments of becoming extremely loud, obnoxious, and lacking any form of modesty (Apps et al., 2010). All of these behaviors can be connected to dysfunction in reward regulation caused by trauma acquired by the PFC within the mesolimbic system. Due to her sustained injuries, Judy had problems handling social interaction with the people around her, an important component of adolescent development (Fuster, 1988)....
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...Traumatic brain injury also known and abbreviated as TBI, it is described to different for every person, and varies depending on the circumstances. TBI is a disability that is recognized by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and a very common injury. Playing tackle football or even romping around with siblings can cause this injury, and very commonly overlooked due to no visible injuries but can be very dangerous and life-threatening if not looked at by medical professionals. Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury: A traumatic brain injury varies from state to state. However, in the state of Kentucky the definition for students to be to be categorized by this disability “is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an...
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...In this assignment, I intend to explore how Traumatic Brain Injury rehabilitation employs case management, vocational rehabilitation and assistive technology along a continuum to “to develop or restore functional independence and quality of life to a standard that meets the client’s desired goals”. Finfer and Cohen (2001) ascribe that Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the leading cause of death in young adults in Western counties and contribute to the disability and death internationally at the rate of 15% which is predicted to rise to 20% by 2020. In Ireland, it is estimated that there are 34,890 people of working age and 80,000 individuals in the general population living with TBI related impairment or disability (O’Connell, 2010). TBI...
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...children a sense of team work and it also gives them responsibility and keeps them busy at the same time. Even though it is good for them in a way, it can also cause tragedy and pain for everyone that is involved in it. Each year the U.S. emergency departments treat and estimated 173,285 sports-and-recreation-related traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, among children from birth to 19 years old, and each year TBIs contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability (CDC, 2010). With this information in mind, parents, athletes, and coaches have to be very careful when it comes to concussions, a concussion can happen without the knowledge of the person involved and it can show itself right away after the injury or it can take up to days or weeks after it (brainline.org). The Frontal and Temporal lobes are the most affected areas by Traumatic Brain Injury because they are against the most rigid bones, after this traumatic event has occurred, a person is not the same, personality changes, issues with relationships can occur and even interaction is harder (Kelly, 2008). A study that took place between the periods of 1997-2007 reported that an annual average of...
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...risks for traumatic brain injury (TBI) age groups are ages 0-4 and 15-19, which the leading cause of disability and death in young children in the United States. 62,000 children endure brain damages demanding hospitalization as a consequence of motor vehicle smashes, falls, sports injuries, physical abuse and other causes and there are 564,000 children in hospital emergency departments for TBI and released. According to 2004 report to Congress, traumatic brain injury in the United States, there are some factors to lead cause of TBI within the age between 0-4 such as emergency room visits, hospitalizations and deaths. About 1,300 US children experience severe or fatal head trauma of child abuse each year. Very young children (i.e., infants, toddlers and preschool children) often directly affected, such as crash on the head from a host of mechanisms (including being hit), car crashes, tricycle / bicycle accident, or as child abuse. Sometimes these events can be significant enough to cause a concussion. Determine what to hit a child who may be difficult to immediately assess concussions his head. It may have concussion-like symptoms, but young children do not express in the same way. For example, a child may describe the feeling of nausea and memory loss, or even they cannot explain the wound site. Parents and doctors when considering the presence...
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...Literature Review Traumatic brain injuries are inherently complex in that most do not affect only one brain region or circuit but encompass many different dimensions. In the case of Judy, the frontal and temporal lobes are injured along with generalized stress put on most other brain regions as well (Apps, Newby, & Roberts, 2010). This complicates the process of relating individual symptomology to specific isolated causality. Rather traumatic brain injury being a consequence of specific, repeatable action, each incident is a product of its own unique circumstance constructed from many different connections. Due to this, it makes sense to focus on one or a few different areas that have more profound implications on the system than more minor...
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