...Explaining trends in UK immigration Received: 11 February 2004 / Accepted: 6 December 2004 / Published online: 22 November 2005 © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Since the 1970s Britain has gone from being a country of net emigration to one of net immigration, with a trend increase in immigration of more than 100,000 per year. This paper represents the first attempt to model the variations in net migration for British and for foreign citizens, across countries and over time. A simple economic model, which includes the selection effects of differing income distributions at home and abroad, largely accounts for the variations in the data. The results suggest that although improved economic performance in the UK relative to overseas has tended to increase immigration, rising UK inequality has had an even larger effect. Immigration policies at home and abroad have also increased net immigration, particularly in the 1990s. Keywords Immigration . Emigration . Immigration policy JEL Classification F22 . J61 . J78 1 Introduction In the last 20 years the UK has become a country of net immigration. During the 1960s and 1970s, emigration exceeded immigration so that net immigration was persistently negative. Since then net immigration has progressively increased. The best available measure of long-term trends indicates an increase in the annual net immigration from −24 thousand in the early 1970s to 89 thousand in the late 1990s —a total increase of 113 thousand. Recent trends are even...
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...investigation into the current trend of Japanese immigration. Introduction The wave of globalization has been associated with an increase in cross-border relocations for goods, capital and human resources. The movement of people however in the post-world war attracted the attention of most of the industrialized nations of the west. Terrorist attacks of September 2011 initiated the review of immigration laws. Studies show that most of the industrialized states which tend to receive the highest number of immigrants are currently in the process of revising their demographic structures. They are characterized by an aging and shrinking population with consequences being evident in their work force. UNPD report of 2000 regarding replacement migration in the industrialized nations shows vividly the replacement is important to maintain the level of employed to that of the unemployed (Coleman, 2000). Japan being amongst fastest industrialized nations of the world is reported to experience high number of immigrants from the western countries. If demographic factors such as fertility and retirement age are not revised, the country will need a high labor immigration to maintain its workforce. Its political leaders are however reluctant in embracing measures to open doors for such immigrants. The country still continues to bar the entry of foreigners in the country through comprehensive screening, work permits and visa regulations. Although immigration seems economically needed in the...
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...technology and interaction of various cultures. It is therefore important to understand the trends in migration and the factors causing migration. Migration trends also need to be understood in terms of the characteristics of immigrating groups. In so doing the cause behind the migration of these groups becomes evident. This research tackles the factors causing immigration whilst paying special attention to the role played by government policy and state action. This is mainly because emigration and immigration have, over the years, become state affairs transcending the personal requirements of individuals. Countries have adopted strict laws, policies and protocols that guide the emigration and immigration processes. The paper established a deep correlation between these laws, policies and protocols and the migration patterns. This was after analysis of available migration statistics as well as government policy and state action. The latter was found to have a rooted influence on the former either directly or indirectly. In the direct influence, government policy presents a push or pull factor that necessitated migration. In the indirect influence, government policies affect other push or pull factors that in turn accept migration. Thesis Statement The current government policies, laws and protocols coupled with relevant state action impact the global emigration and immigration trends. In order to fully address the thesis statement, the research paper is organised into three...
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...Immigration and Canada’s Aging Demographic With more people living longer and having fewer children, can the arrival of immigrants help to stabilize the balance between generations? Immigrants play an important role in supporting programs that maintain an aging work force but immigration may not be able to relieve Canada of the challenges of an aging population. One in seven Canadians is a senior citizen, 13.7% of the Canadian population was over 65 in 2006, with the fastest growing group being seniors aged 85 years or old (Soc. p. 278). The proportion of seniors will double by 2031, totalling around 25% of the population (Soc. p. 278) In September 2005, Statistics Canada released a study on the population of Canada. This report gave a detailed picture of past, present and future population trends. Understanding population trends is important to the running of social and economic systems and plays an important role in determining government policy. The report contains a warning that Ottawa and other levels of government in Canada need to make some dramatic policy changes to meet the demographic challenges of the future. The Statistics Canada Report shows that Canada’s fertility rate is 1.5 children per female. With Canada’s aging population of “baby boomers” it means that in twenty years death may outpace births. This means as Canadians we are not even “replacing” ourselves. As a result, the growth rate in our population will change from increases to an actual decrease...
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...Trends Paper Because the world is constantly changing, the field of human services has to change with it. In order to see the impact of how and what services will be delivered now and in the future, both economic and political events and how they are related to human service trends will be observed as well as demographic trends that will influence the future needs in the delivery of human services. Economic Events “As human services changes, there may be both negative and positive reactions. It is possible that services will become more streamlined yet less available, and the cost containment will save money but become an overriding factor in limiting treatment and other services.” (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p. 91). Job loss and unemployment, can affect a client’s ability to provide basic care for themselves or their family. The client’s self-esteem, self-confidence and overall mental health can be affected causing a “domino effect” of other problems and difficulties causing the client to slip permanently into poverty, even as economic conditions improve, and seek out social services to relieve some of their financial hardship. Food assistance programs, low rental housing and job training are a few of the services that can be provided by the human service professional to ease some these financial burdens. As baby boomers age, the number of seniors will increase causing economic changes in the population. Poor physical and mental health, housing, employment and environmental...
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...Future of Policing Future of Policing With the new trends and issues currently facing policing, changes are needed in order to effectively address these critical issues. Intelligence- led policing is a philosophy where data analysis and crime intelligence are central to an objective which is to aid in crime and problem reduction, disruption, and prevention through both strategic management and effective enforcement strategies that target serious offenders. This tactic emphasizes the gathering of information through the use of confidential informants, offender interviews, analysis of recorded crime and calls for service, surveillance of suspects, and community sources of information. After analyzing these sources, law enforcement officials can determine effective policing tactics in regards to enforcement targets, prevention activities, and further intelligence gathering operations. (Ratcliffe, 2008) In the last few years, the meaning and interpretation of intelligence-led policing has changed. It is evolving into a management philosophy that places greater emphasis on information-sharing and strategic solutions to crime problems at the local and regional level. (Ratcliffe, 2008) Another trend that will impact policing in America is the changing cultural dynamics of our nation. We will see fewer younger violent criminals, and more white-collar criminals committing identity fraud, Internet-facilitated fraud, money laundering, and other financial crimes...
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...restrict immigration from poor countries. As various researchers have noted, civic integration courses have been used to raise the barriers to entry; residency or naturalisation (Baubock and Joppke 2010) .... Such policies set relatively high standards for knowledge of language, extend integration requirements to civic orientation, history and culture, and tend to demand loyalty oaths and commitment to political or cultural values. Conditions like these are another way of trying to force immigrant populations to culturally assimilate into their destination country. If they do not properly assimilate, they will be ridiculed and seen as a problem in society; which leads to even more anti-immigrant and refugee rhetoric. “...unemployment and/or economic shrinkage might [also] increase support for anti- immigrant parties, which would put pressure on mainstream parties to tighten immigration policy. Unemployment can create a pool of disgruntled workers who may choose to vote for the Radical Right.” As radical right parties whose campaigns stand for anti-immigration policy continue gaining votes, they may begin to increase their campaign outreach. In Cas Mudde’s...
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...In recent years, an often topic debated is that what fundamental problems British society is concerning, such as life, legal security, health, education, employment, standard of living, care and support, power and voice. Both immigration and youth unemployment are two problems being the most noteworthy in the UK. These issues have detrimental effects on many sections in Britain, such as culture, jobs and security The Executive Summary is identified by Equality and Human Rights (2014). In order to demonstrate this view, the essay will be started with the background of immigration and youth unemployment in a few years recently. Then we shall consider the adverse effects of two problems in British society, and then either immigration or youth...
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...Question 1 One demographic trend would be how immigrants are becoming overall residents within the U.S. a second demographic trend would be the aging of people is rising rapidly. The first demographic trend is to how immigrants keep coming into the U.S. to become permanent residents. Due to this they now “make up about 37% than 20% in 1980” (103). They are also taking up cities such as “New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Detroit, and Dallas” (103). Also, “Asians and Latinos are increasing the populations by 43% with the U.S” (103). The second demographic is with there being a prediction about how there will be an “increase of senior citizens by 20% in 2030” (110). There is also an issue with how the baby boomer generation is starting...
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...Youki Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of immigration to a country’s economy. The new immigration policy in UK is limit on immigration. According to this policy, the essay will describe the advantages and disadvantages of immigration to EU countries’ economy. The immigration brings a positive impact to the EU countries. For example, the workers from other countries are younger. Europe faces aging population, it needs immigrants both economically and demographically. (Quentin, 3, March, 2005) According to Dustman et al(2003)said, “ the migration from EU 8 countries broadly positive, impact on the UK labor market.” What’s more, immigration can increase the tax income and improve the economy in UK. The government said, “ 17% the total amount of 2004, the Birth economic growth was created by immigration.” According to the survey in 2000, the British immigration taxes pay for GBP 31.2 billion. In addition, the contribution from the immigration is a rising trend year of year. On the other hand, the immigration can have negative impact on the country. For example, the government underestimates the number of the immigration. Society may face a housing problem and security problem. People do not work will alcohol abuse and flooding homeless. The British worker will have a lot of pressure. The immigration to work in UK will be less paid and younger. They are often from a poor country. The British workers need to take pay cuts with ‘serious implications’ because of the...
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...should be regulated and, to a certain extent, restricted for economic, security and cultural reasons. I argue that Immigration Reform is not needed in the United States because it will have detrimental effects on the economic stability, innovation, and reputation of the country. Reform, refers to the changing, improvement or restructuring of something. In the United States, Immigration Reform is used by both those who support and those who oppose immigration. U.S. Immigration Reform is most often characterized as a set of policies that address the problem of 12 to 20 million undocumented workers in the United States (usaimmigration-reform.org, 2011). There have been several failed attempts to implement an Immigration Reform policy throughout U.S. history. Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007 was the last failed attempt by congress. Immigration Reform has five primary focuses, increasing border security, creating new worksite enforcements, implementing Guest Worker Programs, revamping the current immigration system, and employing The Naturalization Process. In attempts to keep illegal immigrants from getting hired, fewer documents will be accepted when determining worker eligibility (usaimmigration-reform.org, 2011). When comparing the benefits of a society with immigrants, and the costs of having them in them in the country, it is clear that Immigration Reform is not needed. Both legal and illegal...
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...all, let me briefly introduce the trend in current labor force. The first phenomenon is aging, say, when population was 282,194,000 in 2000, the total size of the labor force was 142,583,000 while 17% of labor force was people who aged at least 55. By 2020, the estimated share of the labor force held by those who 55 years old and older is projected to be nearly 24%. However, in 2050, the population is expected to be 322, 600, 00 while the total size of labor force is 194,757, 000. One thing that needs to be noticed is that the people aged 55 or above possess nearly 27% of labor force. The aging of the labor force results in a slowing down of the growth rate of the labor force. Significant numbers of the older age groups in the labor force will be retiring, resulting in a loss of much- needed skills and significant amounts of institutional knowledge. You may want to ask that why those senior people choose to continue to work rather than relax at home while the answer is with the downward of economy, the government is under a heavy burden so that it is not able to accommodate sufficient pension as well as social security welfare, under which elder people have to enter the job market despite of their senior age. The second problem is that the work force is becoming more and more diverse as increasing number of woman entered the job market, meanwhile the proportion of the group including black, Hispanic and Asian is expanding nowadays. The third trend is that with the development of...
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...Gianna Blanco 05-19-2015 MAR4503 Internet Assignment #1 Several websites and databanks have configured predictions for the United States population in 2025. These reports are intended to inform the U.S. about evolving population trends, which might affect the demographic landscape of our country by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Many suggest how States are projected to become more racially and ethnically diverse over the next 10 years. Marketing strategies will shift over time, based on the trends and statistics of the population. Size and Growth of Regions and States Many of the reports suggest that states in the South and West will have a substantial increase in population, to which will be most evident in three states; California, Texas and Florida. Census.gov created an in-depth report of their statistical predictions for the U.S. population in 2025. According to the Census, the nation’s young will only account for 27 percent of the population, in comparison to 29 percent in 1995. Also, in discussing growth of states, California is projected to add the largest number of international migrants (8 million). After 2015, Florida is projected to replace New York as the Nation's third most populous State, with Texas ranked second. The graph above shows the predicted populations based on age and gender. Race and Hispanic Origin Distribution Out of the five largest ethnic/race groups in the U.S., the white population is projected to be the slowest growing...
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...Effect Of the US Immigration Bill 2013 On the American And Indian Economy Executive Summary Eight U.S. senators from the Republican and Democratic parties have submitted a new bill,i.e., the US Immigration Bill 2013, to overhaul the immigration system, with a focus on immigrant work skills and improved border security. The proposed legislation is 844 pages long. Under the new proposal, the cap on H-1B visas would nearly double from 65,000 to 110,000, and could rise to 180,000 if certain conditions are met. Spouses of people holding H-1B visas would be given the right to work and they would not count against the cap on H 1-B visas, if in turn, their country of origin allows the spouses of U.S. nationals working in that country to hold employment. The Americans feel the top H-1B and L-1 employers are using the programme to substitute tens of thousands of high-wage, high skilled American jobs and give them to non-Americans. The bill proposes that a company that employs 50 or more employees in the United States may not hire additional H-1B or L-visa employees if the number of such employees exceeds: (1) 75% of the total number of employees for FY2015, (2) 65% of the total number of employees for FY2016, and (3) 50% of the total number of employees for each subsequent fiscal year. These provisions are seen as directly targeting Indian information technology companies. While the U.S. operations of these companies form a large percentage of their revenue, the majority...
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...Nancy Foner compares two distinct waves of immigration to New York, from 1880 to 1920 and from 1965 to present, to illustrate how immigrants have impacted the city across time. In her comparative studies of New York immigration patterns, she highlights certain trends that immigrants have shaped throughout these two eras. For centuries, immigrants have dynamically enriched the city’s multicultural landscape and developed its commercial and industrial infrastructures. Yet, although mobility has increased for recent female arrivals of color, they still face a domestic confinement that their predecessors endured between 1880 and 1920, and immigrant marginalization continues on the basis of gender. Although immigrant women of color continue to face gender subordination as they gain econo-physical mobility, Foner argues that many immigrants have thrived while driving New York’s economic and cultural growth. Recently-arrived professionals revitalize its economy and geographically-diverse newcomers continue to embellish its cultural traditions by forming network-based ethnic enclaves, progressively making the city a more welcoming and prosperous immigrant destination....
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