...Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.[8] Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims.[9] The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.[10] Oghuz Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert.[11] Several small beyliks and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion. Starting from the 13th century, the Ottoman beylik united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern...
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...Turkey in the 1980s and the Islamist Aftermath During the 1980s, the military attempted to re-bolster its authoritarian rule. The 1961 coup, one that attempted to clamp down on politicians collaborating with religious groups, had not produced the pristine secular regime the military desired, nor prevented the political gridlock between partisan political authorities. In order to defend itself from the Marxist threat, an ideology promoted during the Cold War by the Soviet Union, the military began to relegate more funds towards building up conservative Islam as a bulwark against leftist ideology. Due to the alienation of minorities in Turkey, the military became nervous of a communist takeover (Taspinar 137). During this decade, Kurdish unrest expressed itself as a rebellious Kurdish Separatist movement known as the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which threatened threaten Turkish sovereignty. Ironically, Kemal’s ethnic nationalist agenda would serve as a role model for the PKK, which has sought to unify Kurds and establish a Kurdish state. In order to regain control in Turkey, the military relegated more funds towards building up conservative Islam as a bulwark against leftist...
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...RUNNING HEADER:WHAT IS THE COOPERATION BETWEEN TURKEY AND ISRAEL? Abstract: This paper addresses the relations between nations of Turkey and Israel. It reviews the history of the relations since Israel’s independence and Turkish government and politics towards this. It summarizes the declining of relations between these two countries and their continuing relations that are worsened through last years and also it explains the solution to this problem. 2 RUNNING HEADER:WHAT IS THE COOPERATION BETWEEN TURKEY AND ISRAEL? History Background of Turkey and Israel relations: Israel, created a nation in the land of the Palestinian Arabs, millions of Palestinians have fled their homeland forced with weapons used by Israel Army. The government of USA was the first country to recognize Israel. Turkey was the first Muslim country to recognize the state of Israel. Israel, in fact, destroyed the Ottoman state and order in the region as the last nail in the coffin nailed. Nevertheless, the Republic of Turkey, on the contrary on March 28th 1949 was the first Muslim country to recognize Israel. This recognition took place during the reign of Ismet İnönü, the help from the United States, according to experts, was to underline the country's Western identity and to get the international Jewish support. According to Turkish Foreign Minister Sadak Israel had now become a reality all over the world and Turkey had to recognize the fact that Israel was......
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...From Africa to East Asia, a new Islamic movement is attracting millions of followers and a lot of money. Even though Gulen movements do not call themselves an Islamic movements they Inspired by a little-known Turkish imam his name is Fethullah Gülen.The. Gulen movement is linked to more than 1,000 schools in 130 countries, newspapers, TV and radio stations, universities and even a bank. They describe themselves as civil society movement. It started out as a local service group of students, teachers, parents, and small business owners around the Turkish scholar and preacher Fethullah Gulen in the city of Izmir, Turkey. The movement gives a lot of attention to education and science. These schools have attracted Muslim and non-Muslim. The chief characteristic of Gulen’s followers is that they do not seek to disrupt modern secular states; rather, they encourage Muslims to use the opportunities offered. Gulen sees science and faith as not only harmonious but also complementary. He encourages scientific research and technological advancement for the good of all humanity .In this paper we will write about the founder his ethnic origin, his Islamic education, his teachings and the history of the movement. Also, the demographic characteristics of the movement, and the historical transformations to modern times. Also, the relationship with the other parties and movements. We will be looking into how the movement begin and what made this movement grew so popular. One of the areas we...
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...Terrorist Activities Turkey is at a turning point in the world’s geographic and political scene. The developing relationships of the nation have spread opposition and wars on a global level. Terrorist organizations in Turkey are triggering the country into internal turmoil with continuous threats against the government, military, and civilians. Major terrorist groups in Turkey are the nationalist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and Al Qaeda known to use improvised explosive devices (IEDs), suicide bombing, and kidnapping to further their causes. This essay will review articles on terrorist organizations in Turkey comparing and contrasting the sources rendering of perspective or slant on the information given. Terrorism in Turkey Two distinct sides within this nation are both fighting for control; the Turkey’s Justice and Development Party commonly known as the AKP for Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi and the (PKK) Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Bajalan, 2011). The Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) has been fighting against Turkish authorities and rival Kurdish groups since 1984. The government and media have yet to label the PKK that fist began in 1978 as a terrorist organization causing an outcry by the public. According to Cable News Network (2011), “The PKK is a terror group established during the Cold War with the aim of fulfilling a nationalist dream” (para. 5). The public made an exhibition of their discontent by having protests in western Turkey after the violent......
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...Running head: GLOBAL BUSINESS CULTURAL ANALYSIS: TURKEY Abstract A global business cultural analysis is a tool used in order for one to become more familiar with a culture, more attune to the implications that the culture has on the business conducted by the people group of the culture, and more aware of the attitudinal and behavioral implications a member of a different culture should expect when working with members of the people group. In exploring the varying cultural elements, one examines the role and perception of women, the role and influence of religion, and the role and perspective of time. The cultural elements have an impact on business that should be considered by a U.S. American seeking to conduct business with members of this people group. Global Business Cultural Analysis: Turkey Primary sources serve to provide a foundation for definitions when pursuing a research project. They are also beneficial for defining terms and establishing reasons behind why one might pursue a particular research topic. When beginning a global business cultural analysis, it is important to understand what is meant by the term culture. Hofstede defines culture as “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 9). The people group focus for this study is the members of the Republic of Turkey. Though the culture in Turkey differs from that of other people groups around the world,......
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...exclusively populated by denizens whose ethnic identification is classified as Greek. The northern third of the island, occupied by self-avowed Turkish Cypriots, recognizes itself as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The only other country in the world that recognizes the TRNC is Turkey, while the Republic of Cyprus is recognized internationally. While the international community recognizes the Republic of Cyprus as having jurisdiction over the island as a whole, in fact the Republic’s authority stops at the green line, a fact which has led at a number of confusing international issues, including Cyprus’ and Turkey’s EU accession bids. The Beginnings of Cypriot History Cyprus is an island state that has only recently achieved sovereignty. Inhabited for well over two thousand years, it has a four hundred year colonial history of shared culture, language, and mores between the Turkish and Greek Cypriots that populate its scenic mountains, plains, and beaches. These shared mores and sense of culture will prove essential to my discussion of how to best address the current conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. The island’s strategic location approximately 40 miles south of Turkey and 400 miles east of Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean, at the crossroads of three continents, coupled with its expansive coastline and small size (approximately 3,572 square miles), has historically made it an...
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...powerful than hard power. Cultural diplomacy is one of the strongest soft power items of last century. With right strategy of cultural diplomacy, a new image of a country can be created at other countries. This can affect so many statistics of a country in a positive way, such as tourism and trade. There are still many countries which are not aware of the strength of soft power and cultural diplomacy. In the other hand there are countries which are aware of this strength and it is easy to see how they are successful to create an impressive image. United Kingdom, Germany and United States can be three examples to see success and power of cultural diplomacy. Turkey has been trying to attempt to European Union since so many years. All of attempts were not successful. What can be the reason for that? , Culture? , Impression of Turkey? , Politics? , Population? , Economics? , Religion? Or another question can be asked is, what is Turkey’s image at European Countries? What is Culture? The origin of the word “culture” in Latin “cultura” is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator, Cicero: “cultura animi.” The term “culture” appeared first in its current sense in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, to connote a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture. In the 19th century, the term developed to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education, and then......
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...THE ALEVI COMMUNITY IN TURKEY AFTER 1980: AN EVALUATION OF POLITICAL GROUP BOUNDARIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNICITY THEORIES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ALİ MURAT İRAT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION APRIL 2006 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Head of Department This is to certify that we read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı Assist. Prof. Dr. Aykan Erdemir (METU-ADM) (METU-ADM) (METU-SOC) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Ali Murat İrat Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE ALEVI COMMUNITY IN TURKEY AFTER 1980: AN EVALUATION OF POLITICAL GROUP BOUNDARIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNICITY THEORIES ...
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...Every year, every Thanksgiving, Americans look forward to the President of the United States to present the pardoned turkey. For the last seven years, it has been President Obama with both his daughters, Sasha and Malia cracking dad jokes and finishing with a Queen-knighting like process where the President pardons a turkey. Naturally, the media coverage is abnormally large, maybe due to the fact that it humanizes the Obama family or maybe because it’s a funny American tradition. Rewinding slightly back in time, Harry Truman was the first to really receive a live turkey but it was actually on Christmas instead of Thanksgiving. John F. Kennedy first got a turkey in which he celebrated for being just the a turkey for the white house. President...
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...Country Analysis Economics Like many Eurasian states, Turkey struggles to find a balance between new capitalistic markets consuming its larger cities and the agricultural sector of its economy that still accounts for 25.5 percent of employment. Its influence in the global market has been slim; however, technology and automobile markets are growing significantly and have helped raise real GDP by over five percent per year. Turkey’s main priority is to maintain the stability of growth in GDP and reduction in inflation (“Turkey”). Since the 1980s, Turkey has struggled to reform its economic policy through the ups and downs of military coupes and competing government parties. Turgut Ozal, finance minister at the time, is responsible for Turkey’s economic reforms. Ozal focused on the reliance of market forces; he devalued the Turkish lira, reduced exchange rates, increased incentives for exports, increased the price of goods produced by public sector companies, and abolished price controls (Rivlin, 212). The policy was successful, driving down inflation and increasing GDP. By the mid-eighties, however, inflation rates skyrocketed due to outside spending that increased national debt, an increase in unemployment rates, and unstable trade agreements (213). Throughout the next decade, the rollercoaster of inflation and increased debt continued to plague Turkey’s economy. A 1989 reform allowed capital movements in and out of the country and high interest rates encouraged......
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...published report and company long term strategy from annual report. I suggest for company has to invest into countries ensuring demand in the future and developing. As well it is important to evaluate possibility to expand further in terms of country development in size and going to other regions. X is mostly acting in Europe and I think that company has to search for investment opportunities inside Europe. Turkey is as important as the BRIC countries in terms of its vast potentials and I have selected Turkey as country to invest. X can use Turkey in three selected directions: 1. Market with huge potential at the moment and bigger in the future; 2. Production capacities; 3. A bridge for further development to other East countries. Bellow I will list reason to go for and few risks company has to take into account. Macroeconomics reasons: GDP growth. Turkey will have one of biggest GDP growth in short term and long term compared to Emerging Europe and CEE. Economy size. Currently Turkey is biggest in CEE in population, which leads to No. 16 by GDP (PPP) in US Dollars. Turkey intends to become one of the top 10 economies of the world by 2023 Rank Country GDP (PPP) $Billion 1 United States 15,653 2 China 12,383 3 India 4,711 4 Japan 4,617 5 Germany 3,194 6 Russia 2,512 7 Brazil 2,366 8 United Kingdom 2,316 9 France 2,253 10 Italy 1,834 11 Mexico 1,758 12 South Korea 1,622 13 Canada 1,446 14 Spain 1,407 15...
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...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (May 19, 1881 – November 10, 1938) was an army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Salonika in the spring of 1881.He graduated from the War Academy on January 11, 1905.Mustafa Kemal established himself as an intelligent and extremely capable military commander while serving as a division commander at the Battle of Gallipoli. He later fought with distinction on the eastern Anatolian and Palestinian fronts, making a name for himself during World War I. Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish national movement in what would become the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Entente powers. His successful military campaigns led to the liberation of the country and to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to examine to extent to which Mustafa Kemal was an effective military leader. Leadership behavior; The study of the actions, or behaviors, that define a leader is known as behavioral leadership. First developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964, this theoretical approach to understanding leaders creates categories of styles, which are aligned with the actions the leader may take, or the methods they use to reach their goals. In the following paragraphs, I will give a example of Mustafa Kemal’s leadership......
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...Culture is what makes a society; what makes the diversity and uniqueness of the world we live in. Greece is a country of a great interests and diverse cultures. The Greeks are particularly proud of their culture and speak of their country with an intense passion, feeling that their Greek culture is a definition of their national and ethnic belonging. Traditions, religion, music, language, food and wines are the major composites of the Greek culture. Greek culture began in Greece located in the southeastern region of the European continent, on the far southern edge of the Balkan Peninsula. The country is well known for the thousands of islands. It is surrounded by mountains and in the north by water. The mountains, which surrounded Greece, gave them the advantage of being well protected. The Ionian and the Aegean seas, together with natural islands and bays, gave the Greeks the opportunity to develop their high level of commerce and their rich culture. They relied on the Aegean Sea for trade and supplies. The Greeks were introduced to many other cultures and they were exposed to western benefits of agriculture and various techniques of metalwork. In addition, they shared their culture with other countries as well. Western culture has learned a lot from the Greeks. Greece is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and the cradle of Western culture as we know it. The Greeks’ have made countless contributions that have made Greek Culture a part of western society in the......
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...1. Where was the Persian Empire located? The Persian empire was spread across the three continents Africa, Asia and Europe; including countries: Libya, Egypt, Africa, Macedonia, Thrace of Europe, Babylonia and Syria. 2. Who were the Achaemenids? The Achaemeids were the royal family of the Persian Empire. 3. Name the Persian Kings and their contribution to the expansion of the Persian empire. (Table) Kings | | Cyrus | 559-530 BC- He added countries such as Medina and Lydia (and more) | Cambyses | 530-486 BC -Cambyses added Egypt into the Persian Empire. | Darius | 522-486BC Gandhara, India, Thrace. | Xerxes | 486-465BC- led 2nd Persian Invasion of Greece | Artaxerxies | 465-424BC | Daruis 2 | 424-404 BC | Artaxerxes 2 | 404-358 BC | Artaxerxes 3 | 358-337 BC | 4. Who were the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor? The Ionians were the Greek settlers which established colonies in western Asia Minor before 1000 BC 5. What were ‘tyrants’? Leaders who had overturned an existing regime. 6. Outline the cause of the Ionian revolt? Ancient Historian Herodotus states one reason behind the Ionian Revolt was that the king of Persia, King Darius gave Persian worker Histaeus a piece of ………. To own. Darius then took back the land, and sentenced Histeaus to imprisonment although the reason why is unknown. The son of Histeaus, Aristagoras then approaches Naxos (powerful leaders). Together they went to Darius, however the Persians were warned and saw them......
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