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Type 1 Diabetes

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Type 1 Diabetes

Definition: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease in which the pancreas no longer produces a sufficient amount of insulin or the cells do not respond to the insulin that is being produced. This causes the glucose in the body to not be a absorbed by the cells. Type 1 Diabetes or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) happens when the body does not produce insulin, requiring the individual to inject insulin.

Epidemiology: Type 1 Diabetes is prevalent among children and adolescents. Studies have shown that children receiving oral antibodies and insulin has increased eight times between 1998 and 2005.( Hindmarsh et al., 2009) The current global increase in incidence of 3% per year is well reported, and it is predicted that the incidence of type 1 diabetes will be 40% higher in 2010 than in 1998. (Gillespie 2006) The Search for Diabetes in Youth found that type 1 diabetes is the primarily in children 10 years and younger.(Aanstoot et al., 2007) High rates of type 1 diabetes were found in non-Hispanic white youth.(Dabelea et al., 2011) While most cases of type 1 diabetes are found in children and adolescents there is an increasing rate in older adults.

Etiology: Type 1 DM is linked to a genetic component. Antibodies to the islet cell and to insulin are can be positive for several years before diabetes occurs. Non-genetic factors may also contribute. Viruse such as mumps, rubella, coxsackievirus B4 can be potential triggers for immunologic destruction of the beta cells include. Toxic chemicals, serotoxins, and exposure to cow’s milk in infancy can also lead to the destruction of beta cells.

Pathophysiology: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder in which circulating insulin is absent or very low, plasma glucagon is increased, and the pancreatic beta cells fail to respond to all insulin stimuli. Lymphocytic infiltration shows in the pancreas and insulin-secreting cells of the islets of Langerhans are destroyed, causing insulin deficiency. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes is elevated in patients with autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis, Addison disease and Graves disease. Pathogenesis: Cytokines is a major effecter in the β-cell destructive process. As beta-cell mass decreases with continued immunologic destruction, insulin secretion declines until the available insulin is no longer adequate to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Diabetes may be diagnosed after 80-90% of the beta cells are destroyed, and hyperglycemia develops.

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