...(a) Introduction Financial derivatives are a financial instrument that value is depend upon or derived from price of underlying items such as commodity, indicator or index. Financial derivatives enable participants involved to trade specific financial risks for example, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, equity and commodity price risk and credit risk to other entities who are more willing or better suited to take or manage these risks (International Monetary Fund, n.d.). Even though there are some speculators are aim to earn profit by using the financial derivatives. The main categories of derivatives are forward and futures contracts, options and swaps. They are financial instruments that are mainly used to protect against and manage...
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...International Financial Management Assignment: Exchange Rate Risk Management As the world of business becomes increasingly global, multinational corporations (MNCs) are establishing the production and marketing operations in foreign countries. These MNCs face a variety of challenges. One of challenge faced by MNCs in foreign markets is fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Movements in exchange rates can cause instability in profit margins and significant losses to an MNC’s bottom line. Thus, exchange rate risk management is an integral part in MNC’s decisions about foreign currency exposure. Measuring and managing exchange rate risk exposure are important functions in reducing a MNC’s vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements. In order to manage currency exchange rate risks, MNC often use financial instruments or currency derivatives. Required: 1. What are the types of exchange rate risks faced by the MNCs? 2. Understand the attempt for the use of foreign exchange derivatives (exchange rate risk management approaches) that can benefits the MNCs. Assignment required student to demonstrate professional skills in research, presentation and communication with full references and an appropriate bibliography. * Assignment should be completed using a word processor and should be no more than 10 pages, using Arial 12, single spaced. * Submission should be a single word document. * This is an independent assessment, and it is unlikely that students...
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...FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES (A Future of Indian Financial Market) Dr. Ritu Kothiwal, Associate Professor, BIET, Hyderabad Contact No: 09246193330 Email Id: kothiwal55@gmail.com Mr. Ankur Goel, Research Scholar (Management), Mewar University, GZB. Contact No: 9917745990 Email Id: mrankurgoel@gmail.com. ABSTRACT Among all the innovations that have flooded the international financial markets, financial derivatives occupy the driver's seat. These specialized instruments facilitate the shuffling and redistribution of the risks that an investor faces. Thus aids in the process of diversifying ones portfolio. The volatility in the equity markets over the past years has resulted in greater use of equity derivatives. The volume of the exchange traded equity futures and options in most of the mature markets have seen a significant growth. It goes beyond that the local derivative in the emerging markets have witnessed widespread use of the derivative instrument for a variety of reasons. This continuous growth and development by the emerging market participants has resulted in capital inflows as well as helped the investors in risk protection through hedging. INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF DERIVATIVES: Derivatives are financial contracts whose values are derived from the value of an underlying primary financial instrument, commodity or index, such as: interest rates, exchange rates, commodities, and equities. The International Monetary Fund defines derivatives as "financial...
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...A PROJECT REPORT ON “Analysis of derivative segment (Future & Options Market) of capital market” SUBMITTED BY: RAVINDER SINGH NEGI NRS/011304 In the partial fulfillment of the requirement as per THE INSTITUTE OF COST AND WORKS ACCOUTANT OF INDIA Institute of Cost and Works accountant of India Delhi Office 3, Institutional Area Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003 Phones: 011-24622156, 24521492 Fax: 011-43583642, 24622156, 24618645 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Project report has been prepared by me during the year 2011. In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Institute of Cost and Works Accountant of India (NIRC). Ravinder Singh Negi Place:--New Delhi Date:--...
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...Derivatives and Hedging Over recent years, the volatility in the financial markets has increased due to substantial changes domestically and internationally. This has given rise to increased financial price risks faced by both domestic and multi-national companies. Financial Derivatives are widely used by corporations to adjust to exposure to currency risk, interest rate risks, commodity price risks, and security holdings risk. Largely, companies are currently exposed to risks caused by unexpected movements in exchange rates and interest rates. Companies with a growing global presence are especially exposed to a wide range of financial risks, in particular foreign exchange risks and interest rate risk. Although, financial risks are the center of business operations of financial service firms, but they also impact the risk exposure of non-financial corporations. The management and supervision of these risks has become vital for the existence of companies in today’s unpredictable financial markets. The major financial risks that most firms are exposed to are interest rate risk, currency rate risk, commodity price risk, and security holdings risk. Interest rate risk is a very common type of risk, and result from a discrepancy in the sensitivity of a firms assets and liabilities to interest rate movements. On the other hand, currency risk exposure is virtually encountered by all firms, even if their exposure is not from a transaction or a translation risk. Many firms are...
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...ethical risks associated with derivatives. Derivatives are financial instruments with values that change relative to underlying variables, such as assets, events, or even prices. The ethical risk that derivatives pose is that they can be very risky for inexperienced investors. The basic of derivatives is that they offer a large reward but this can be a major risk if they are unaware of the investment that they are making at the time. Another ethical risk is that of the mangers and traders not taking into consideration the risk of their stakeholders and investors who has entrusted their investments. The last ethical risk I see is that they are being deceptive and not letting the investors know by not communicating with them and this is very unethical and a big risk because the investor is unaware. 2. Explain the difference between making a bad business decision associated with derivatives and engaging in unethical conduct using derivatives. When you make a bad business decision associated with derivatives you are basically not thinking logically and doing good business. You have the mindset but are not thinking and you are making a bad decision by engaging in derivatives in which you know that it will be bad for the company. Then in contrast when you engage in unethical conduct using derivatives you are aware of what you are doing and you engage in these acts because you are being unethical and trying to find the best way out by using derivatives. The main difference is...
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...DERIVATIVES A derivative is a financial instrument - or more simply, an agreement between two people or two parties - that has a value determined by the price of something else (called the underlying). It is a financial contract with a value linked to the expected future price movements of the asset it is linked to - such as a share or a currency. There are many kinds of derivatives, with the most notable being swaps, futures, and options. However, since a derivative can be placed on any sort of security, the scope of all derivatives possible is nearly endless. Thus, the real definition of a derivative is an agreement between two parties that is contingent on a future outcome of the underlying. Some of the widely known underlying assets are: * Indexes (consumer price index (CPI), stock market index, weather conditions or inflation) * Bonds * Currencies * Interest rates * Exchange rates * Commodities * Stocks (equities) Categorization Derivatives are usually broadly categorized by the: * relationship between the underlying and the derivative (e.g., forward, option, swap) * type of underlying (e.g., equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives or credit derivatives) * market in which they trade (e.g., exchange-traded or over-the-counter) * pay-off profile (Some derivatives have non-linear payoff diagrams due to embedded optionality) Another arbitrary distinction is between:...
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...3. Classification of Financial Instruments lassification of financial instruments and identification of their nature is one of the most important phases for compilation and presentation of monetary statistics. Like other classifications used in monetary statistics, it is also advisable here to follow international standards that would help to make statistics comparable across countries’ and ensure its unity. In carrying out classification, there will be a need to consider features of a country’s banking and financial system paying a due regard to their development prospects. C Financial instruments are financial contracts of different nature made between institutional units. These comprise the full range of financial claims and liabilities between institutional units, including contingent liabilities like guarantees, commitments, etc. Financial asset is defined as any contract from which a financial claim may derive for one party and a financial liability or participation in equity for another. Financial instrument can exist only between two institutional units. Where financial instruments are compounded, i.e. represent a set of several instruments, for compilation of statistics there will be a need to distinguish them into separate instruments so that each of them includes only a single pair of institutional units. Financial assets are contracts that do not contain contingency, i.e., irrespective of any conditions, generate financial claims having demonstrable value...
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...investment avenues in Capital Market with special reference to Derivatives. by Dr. K. RAVICHANDRAN, READER, Bharathidasan Institute of Management, (School of Excellence of Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirapalli. Introduction: In India, generally all capital market investment avenues are perceived to be risky by the investors. But the younger generation investors are willing to invest in capital market instruments and that too very highly in Derivatives segment. Even though the knowledge to the investors in the Derivative segment is not adequate, they tend to take decisions with the help of the brokers or through their friends and were trying to invest in this market. This study was undertaken to find out the awareness level of various capital market instruments and also to find out their risk preference in various segments. Need for the study: To educate investors who are risk averse for trade in derivatives Awareness about the various uses of derivatives can help investors to reduce the risk and minimize the losses REVIEW OF LITERATURE “Investment property portfolio management and financial derivatives” by Patrick McAllister, John R. Mansfield. His study on Derivatives has been an expanding and controversial feature of the financial markets since the late 1980s. They are used by a wide range of manufacturers and investors to manage risk. This paper analyses the role and potential of financial derivatives investment property portfolio management. The limitations...
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...the various types of orders used in Indian Derivatives Exchanges. 3. Explain what is meant by a perfect hedge. Does a perfect hedge always lead to a better outcome then an imperfect hedge? Explain your answer. 4. What do you understand by commodity futures? What are the benefits of commodity futures at national level? 5. Compare between forward, future and option. 6. Explain the regulatory framework of futures trading in India. 7. Explain carefully differences between hedging, speculation and arbitrage in the context of financial derivatives. 8. Explain the term ‘Financial derivative’. What are the important features .Explain with suitable examples. Which are different types of instruments ? 9. What do you mean by SWAPs? Explain the different type of Swaps in detail that are used to hedge different risks. 10. Explain what do you mean by long hedges and short hedges with example. 11. Discuss in detail what do you understand by hedge ratio and hedging effectiveness. 12. “Derivative contracts are used as a tool of hedging in financial market” . Explain the different types of risk that occur in a financial market. 13. Clearing house is the ‘de facto’ guarantor for all the transactions in futures. Describe briefly the functions of a clearing house. 14. What is currency Swap? Classify the different types of currency rate Swaps . How a person can do “Arbitrage” using currency future? 15. OTC derivatives v/s. Exchange traded derivatives 16. What are...
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...Indian Capital Market Nidhi Bothra Payel Jain Vinod Kothari & Company What are Financial markets Financial market is a market where financial instruments are exchanged or traded and helps in determining the prices of the assets that are traded in and is also called the price discovery process. 1. Organizations that facilitate the trade in financial products. For e.g. Stock exchanges (NYSE, Nasdaq) facilitate the trade in stocks, bonds and warrants. 2. Coming together of buyer and sellers at a common platform to trade financial products is termed as financial markets, i.e. stocks and shares are traded between buyers and sellers in a number of ways including: the use of stock exchanges; directly between buyers and sellers etc. Financial markets may be classified on the basis of • • • • types of claims – debt and equity markets maturity – money market and capital market trade – spot market and delivery market deals in financial claims – primary market and secondary market Indian Financial Market consists of the following markets: • • • Capital Market/ Securities Market o Primary capital market o Secondary capital market Money Market Debt Market Primary capital market- A market where new securities are bought and sold for the first time Types of issues in Primary market • • • • • Initial public offer (IPO) (in case of an unlisted company), Follow-on public offer (FPO), Rights offer such that securities are offered to existing...
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...Financial Institutions Center Derivatives and Corporate Risk Management: Participation and Volume Decisions in the Insurance Industry by J. David Cummins Richard D. Phillips Stephen D. Smith 98-19 THE WHARTON FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CENTER The Wharton Financial Institutions Center provides a multi-disciplinary research approach to the problems and opportunities facing the financial services industry in its search for competitive excellence. The Center's research focuses on the issues related to managing risk at the firm level as well as ways to improve productivity and performance. The Center fosters the development of a community of faculty, visiting scholars and Ph.D. candidates whose research interests complement and support the mission of the Center. The Center works closely with industry executives and practitioners to ensure that its research is informed by the operating realities and competitive demands facing industry participants as they pursue competitive excellence. Copies of the working papers summarized here are available from the Center. If you would like to learn more about the Center or become a member of our research community, please let us know of your interest. Anthony M. Santomero Director The Working Paper Series is made possible by a generous grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Derivatives and Corporate Risk Management: Participation and Volume Decisions in the Insurance Industry By J. David Cummins Wharton School, University...
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...Dangerous derivatives at the heart of the financial crisis Financiers have engineered a “shadow banking system” that has subverted regulation and dumped risk. Complex derivative trades have fuelled a decade or more of cheap credit and destabilised the financial system. The financial and human costs are now being revealed as the massive borrowing spree unwinds, leaving the public purse to pay for failed corporate structures and the threat of a major economic recession. Fund managers, insurers and bankers have transformed investment practices by creating financial instruments known as derivatives, whose value is derived from the price of another underlying asset. The original idea of derivatives was to help actors in the real economy, such as farmers and manufacturers, insure against risk. A company may want, for example, to guard against increases in the prices of steel, wheat or other commodities. Price stabilisation and risk mitigation are worthwhile objectives, but many derivatives trades have crossed the line into speculation rather than risk management. Companies have been encouraged in this by derivative traders, who make money each time they create or sell a new product. Most derivatives are sold “over the counter” through private trades rather than on public stock or commodity exchanges. This gives investment banks flexibility to propose to their customers whatever deal they want, rather than being bound by the trades sanctioned by exchange supervisors. As the deals are...
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...2011 FRM EXAM TRAINING SYLLABUS PART I Introduction to Financial Mathematics 1. Introduction to Financial Calculus a. Variables – Discrete and Continuous b. Univariate and Multivariate Functions – Dependent variable and Independent variable c. Physical representation of a function d. Linear and Non-Linear functions e. Limits of a function f. The number e and Natural Logarithm g. Differential Calculus – Differentiation, Interpretation - Slope of a tangent, using derivatives to calculate function values and deltas. Linear functions - 1st order derivative. Non-linear functions – 1st and higher order derivatives, interpretations and usage. Rules of derivatives. h. Functions – Differentiation and Taylor Series Expansion i. Introduction to Partial Derivatives j. Introduction to Integral Calculus 2. Introduction to Bond Mathematics a. Finance and the Time Value of Money b. Concept of Zero Coupon (Discount) Bonds and Coupon Bonds. c. Bond Characteristics d. Bond Types – Fixed Rate, Floating Rate, Inverse Floater Rate, etc. e. Interest Rates – Discrete and Continuous Compounding f. Bond Pricing – using ZCYC or YTMC with discrete compounding or continuous compounding g. Difference between bond coupon rate and bond yield h. Calculating Bond Yield (YTM, CY, MMY, ZCY/Spot, Par Yield, etc.) i. Price Yield Relationship Introduction to Financial Statistics and Econometrics 1. Introduction to Financial Statistics a. Frequency distributions b. Measures of Central Tendency/Location (Mean/Mode/Median)...
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...A financial market is a market in which people and entities can trade financial securities, commodities, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect supply and demand. Securities include stocks and bonds, and commodities include precious metals or agricultural goods. The definition may be termed as: "Financial Markets are generally known as a market where financial securities or/and assets are bought and sold by the buyers and sellers respectively." Some of the salient features of financial market are: • Transparent pricing • Basic regulations on trading • Low transaction costs • Market determined prices of traded securities Basic Functions of Financial Market: Financial market has emerged as one of the biggest markets in the world. It is engaged in a wide range of activities that cater to a large group of people with diverse needs. Six key functions of Financial Market are – 1. Borrowing & Lending: Financial market transfers fund from one economic agent (saver/lender) to another (borrower) for the purpose of either consumption or investment. 2. Determination of Prices: Prices of the new assets as well as the existing stocks of financial assets are set in financial markets. 3. Assimilation and Co-ordination of Information: It gathers and co-ordinates information regarding the value of financial assets and flow of funds in the economy. 4. Liquidity: The asset holders can sell or liquidate their assets in financial market...
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