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Types of Rocks

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LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM
GEOGRAFI

Guru Pembimbing : Ms. Shinta

SHB 3 Kota Modern - Tangerang Jln. Hartono Raya, Perumahan Kota Modern, Tangerang Telp. (62-21) 55780936 -55780937 Fax. (62-21) 55780938
Tahun 2010

Tim Penyusun: 1.)Christina (10A/4) 2.)Chrishella (10A/5)
3.)Stefan (10A/)
Kata pengantar

Puji syukur kami panjatkan Kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena berkat rahmat Allah yang maha kuasa. Kami dapat mengerjakan tugas ini dengan sebaik-baiknya. Tugas ini merupakan kewajiban bagi siswa-siswi SMA Harapan Bangsa kelas 10 yang mengikuti kegiatan percobaan dengan menggunakan sebuah batu
Dalam kesempatan ini tidak lupa kami menyampaikan banyak terima kasih kepada :
1.)Kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa
2.)Ms. Shinta selak pembimbing guru Geografi Laporan ini berisikan tentang batu-batu yang kita gunakan dalam percobaan sederhana yang kita lakukan. Dalam percobaan ini kita menggunakan 3 jenis batu yang berbeda. Penjelasan selengkapnya akan kita jelaskan dalam bab pembahasan dan juga gambar batu tersebut akan di lampirkan pada bagian lampiran. Dalam mengerjakan tugas ini kami memang mempunyai beberapa hambatan, salah satu hambatan itu adalah sulitnya untuk berkumpul bersama teman sekelompok hal itu di karenakan keterbatasan waktu yang kita miliki untuk bertemu satu sama lain. Akhir kata kami ucapkan semoga laporan ini bisa bermanfaat bagi para pembaca, dan semoga dapat berguna sebagai penambah wawasan tentang batuan.Dan tidak lupa kami ucapkan, terima kasih sekali lagi bagi semua pihak yang telah membantu terciptanya laporan perjalanan outing ini. Sebaliknya kritik dan saran sangat kami harapkan agar kita bisa mengetahui kekurangan dari laporan ini.

Tangerang,20 November 2010 Hormat Kami, Tim Penulis

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman judul……………………………………………………i
Kata Pengantar…………………………………….……………ii
Daftar isi …………………………………………………………… iii
BAB 1: PENDAHULUAN………………………………….…………………1
A.Latar Belakang………………………………….…………………1
B.Tujuan Laporan……………………………………………………1
BAB 2:
Bahan dan penelitian……………………………..1
BAB 3:
PEMBAHASAN TENTANG BATUAN………………………………..…… 2
BAB 4:
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN………………………………………..……5
BAB 5:
KESIMPULAN ……………………………8

BAB 1

PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

SMA Harapan Bangsa mengadakan praktikum yang merupakan proses belajar yang berada di luar ruang kelas. Praktikum ini merupakan praktikum untuk mengetahui tentang pelajaran mengenai batuan. Pada laporan ini kami akan mejelaskan selengkap-lengkapny tentang batuan. Bagaimana batuan tersebut bisa terbentuk dan contoh-contoh batuan tersebut. Selain laporan ini kami juga membentuk data berupa presentasi data tersebut kita masukan dalam bentuk power point. Data tersebut akan kami presentasikan, data tersebut di ambil dari laporan ini. Demikianlah latar belakang dari laporan ini.

B. Tujuan Laporan

Tujuan dari pembuatan laporan ini adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan yang menyeluruh tentang praktek yang kami lakukan. Serta memudahkan kita untuk mempelajari tentang batuan terutama dalam mengukur ketebalan batuan dengan cara yang sederhana.

BAB 2
BAHAN DAN PENELITIAN

Alat dan Bahan : * 3 buah batu yang berbeda * koin 500 rupiah lama

Cara kerja : * Gosokan uang 500 lama ke batu yang anda bawa. * Jika terdapat goresan berwarna putih pada batu tersebut maka batuan itu memiliki ketebalan setebal 3,5. * Jika tidak terdapat goresan maka anda harus menggosok batu itu dengan benda yang lebih tebal atau lebih keras dari pada logam

Fungsi dari praktikum yang dilakukan : * Kita dapat mengetahui proses pembentukan suatu batuan * Untuk mengetahui kandungan mineral dari batuan tersebut. * Untuk mengetahui berat jenis suatu batuan

BAB 3
PEMBAHASAN TENTANG BATUAN

1.) Batuan Beku
Batuan beku atau batuan igneus (dari Bahasa Latin: ignis, "api") adalah jenis batuan yang terbentuk dari magma yang mendingin dan mengeras, dengan atau tanpa proses kristalisasi, baik di bawah permukaan sebagai batuan intrusif (plutonik) maupun di atas permukaan sebagai batuanekstrusif (vulkanik). Magma ini dapat berasal dari batuan setengah cair ataupun batuan yang sudah ada, baik di mantel ataupun kerak bumi. Umumnya, proses pelelehan terjadi oleh salah satu dari proses-proses berikut: kenaikan temperatur, penurunan tekanan, atau perubahan komposisi. Lebih dari 700 tipe batuan beku telah berhasil dideskripsikan, sebagian besar terbentuk di bawah permukaan kerak bumi.
Menurut para ahli seperti Turner dan Verhoogen (1960), F. F Groun (1947), Takeda (1970), magma didefinisikan sebagai cairan silikat kental yang pijar terbentuk secara alamiah, bertemperatur tinggi antara 1.500–2.5000C dan bersifat mobile (dapat bergerak) serta terdapat pada kerak bumi bagian bawah. Dalam magma tersebut terdapat beberapa bahan yang larut, bersifat volatile (air, CO2, chlorine, fluorine, iron, sulphur, dan lain-lain) yang merupakan penyebab mobilitas magma, dan non-volatile (non-gas) yang merupakan pembentuk mineral yang lazim dijumpai dalam batuan beku.
Pada saat magma mengalami penurunan suhu akibat perjalanan ke permukaan bumi, maka mineral-mineral akan terbentuk. Peristiwa tersebut dikenal dengan peristiwa penghabluran. Berdasarkan penghabluran mineral-mineral silikat (magma), oleh NL. Bowen disusun suatu seri yang dikenal dengan Bowen’s Reaction Series.
Dalam mengidentifikasi batuan beku, sangat perlu sekali mengetahui karakteristik batuan beku yang meliputi sifat fisik dan komposisi mineral batuan beku. Dalam membicarakan masalah sifat fisik batuan beku tidak akan lepas dari
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Tekstur
Tekstur didefinisikan sebagai keadaan atau hubungan yang erat antar mineral-mineral sebagai bagian dari batuan dan antara mineral-mineral dengan massa gelas yang membentuk massa dasar dari batuan.
Tekstur pada batuan beku umumnya ditentukan oleh tiga hal yang penting, yaitu:
A. Kristalinitas
Kristalinitas adalah derajat kristalisasi dari suatu batuan beku pada waktu terbentuknya batuan tersebut. Kristalinitas dalam fungsinya digunakan untuk menunjukkan berapa banyak yang berbentuk kristal dan yang tidak berbentuk kristal, selain itu juga dapat mencerminkan kecepatan pembekuan magma. Apabila magma dalam pembekuannya berlangsung lambat maka kristalnya kasar. Sedangkan jika pembekuannya berlangsung cepat maka kristalnya akan halus, akan tetapi jika pendinginannya berlangsung dengan cepat sekali maka kristalnya berbentuk amorf.
Dalam pembentukannnya dikenal tiga kelas derajat kristalisasi, yaitu:
• Holokristalin, yaitu batuan beku dimana semuanya tersusun oleh kristal. Tekstur holokristalin adalah karakteristik batuan plutonik, yaitu mikrokristalin yang telah membeku di dekat permukaan.
• Hipokristalin, yaitu apabila sebagian batuan terdiri dari massa gelas dan sebagian lagi terdiri dari massa kristal.
• Holohialin, yaitu batuan beku yang semuanya tersusun dari massa gelas. Tekstur holohialin banyak terbentuk sebagai lava (obsidian), dike dan sill, atau sebagai fasies yang lebih kecil dari tubuh batuan.
B. Granularitas
Granularitas didefinisikan sebagai besar butir (ukuran) pada batuan beku. Pada umumnya dikenal dua kelompok tekstur ukuran butir, yaitu:
1. Fanerik/fanerokristalin, Besar kristal-kristal dari golongan ini dapat dibedakan satu sama lain secara megaskopis dengan mata biasa. Kristal-kristal jenis fanerik ini dapat dibedakan menjadi:
- Halus (fine), apabila ukuran diameter butir kurang dari 1 mm.
- Sedang (medium), apabila ukuran diameter butir antara 1 – 5 mm.
- Kasar (coarse), apabila ukuran diameter butir antara 5 – 30 mm.
- Sangat kasar (very coarse), apabila ukuran diameter butir lebih dari 30 mm.
2. Afanitik, Besar kristal-kristal dari golongan ini tidak dapat dibedakan dengan mata biasa sehingga diperlukan bantuan mikroskop. Batuan dengan tekstur afanitik dapat tersusun oleh kristal, gelas atau keduanya. Dalam analisa mikroskopis dapat dibedakan:
- Mikrokristalin, apabila mineral-mineral pada batuan beku bisa diamati dengan bantuan mikroskop dengan ukuran butiran sekitar 0,1 – 0,01 mm.
- Kriptokristalin, apabila mineral-mineral dalam batuan beku terlalu kecil untuk diamati meskipun dengan bantuan mikroskop. Ukuran butiran berkisar antara 0,01 – 0,002 mm.
- Amorf/glassy/hyaline, apabila batuan beku tersusun oleh gelas.
C. Bentuk Kristal
Bentuk kristal adalah sifat dari suatu kristal dalam batuan, jadi bukan sifat batuan secara keseluruhan. Ditinjau dari pandangan dua dimensi dikenal tiga bentuk kristal, yaitu:
- Euhedral, apabila batas dari mineral adalah bentuk asli dari bidang kristal.
- Subhedral, apabila sebagian dari batas kristalnya sudah tidak terlihat lagi.
- Anhedral, apabila mineral sudah tidak mempunyai bidang kristal asli.
- Ditinjau dari pandangan tiga dimensi, dikenal empat bentuk kristal, yaitu:
- Equidimensional, apabila bentuk kristal ketiga dimensinya sama panjang.
- Tabular, apabila bentuk kristal dua dimensi lebih panjang dari satu dimensi yang lain.
- Prismitik, apabila bentuk kristal satu dimensi lebih panjang dari dua dimensi yang lain.
- Irregular, apabila bentuk kristal tidak teratur.

2.)Batuan Sedimen
Batuan endapan atau batuan sedimen adalah salah satu dari tiga kelompok utama batuan(bersama dengan batuan beku dan batuan metamorfosis) yang terbentuk melalui tiga cara utama:pelapukan batuan lain (clastic); pengendapan (deposition) karena aktivitas biogenik; dan pengendapan (precipitation) dari larutan. Jenis batuan umum seperti batu kapur, batu pasir, danlempung, termasuk dalam batuan endapan. Batuan endapan meliputi 75% dari permukaan bumi.
Penamaan batuan sedimen biasanya berdasarkan besar butir penyusun batuan tersebut Penamaan tersebut adalah: breksi, konglomerat, batupasir, batu lempung * Breksi adalah batuan sedimen dengan ukuran butir lebih besar dari 2 mm dengan bentuk butitan yang bersudut * Konglomerat adalah batuan sedimen dengan ukuran butir lebih besar dari 2 mm dengan bentuk butiran yang membudar * Batu pasir adalah batuan sedimen dengan ukuran butir antara 2 mm sampai 1/16 mm * Batu lanau adalah batuan sedimen dengan ukuran butir antara 1/16 mm sampai 1/256 mm * Batu lempung adalah batuan sedimen dengan ukuran butir lebih kecil dari 1/256 mm
3.)Batu Metamorf
Batuan metamorf adalah salah satu kelompok utama batuan yang merupakan hasil transformasiatau ubahan dari suatu tipe batuan yang telah ada sebelumnya, protolith, oleh suatu proses yang disebut metamorfisme, yang berarti "perubahan bentuk". Protolith yang dikenai panas (lebih besar dari 150 °Celsius) dan tekanan ekstrim akan mengalami perubahan fisika dan/atau kimia yang besar. Protolith dapat berupa batuan sedimen, batuan beku, atau batuan metamorf lain yang lebih tua. Beberapa contoh batuan metamorf adalah gneis, batu sabak, batu marmer, dan skist.
Batuan metamorf menyusun sebagian besar dari kerak Bumi dan digolongkan berdasarkan tekstur dan dari susunan kimia dan mineral (fasies metamorf) Mereka terbentuk jauh dibawah permukaan bumi oleh tegasan yang besar dari batuan diatasnya serta tekanan dan suhu tinggi. Mereka juga terbentuk oleh intrusi batu lebur, disebut magma, ke dalam batuan padat dan terbentuk terutama pada kontak antara magma dan batuan yang bersuhu tinggi. batuan metamorf (saat ini tersingkap di permukaan bumi akibat erosi dan pengangkatan) memberikan kita informasi yang sangat berharga mengenai suhu dan tekanan yang terjadi jauh di dalam permukaan bumi.

BAB 4
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

BATU KERIKIL

BATU KERIKIL | Kekerasan Batuan | 3,5 | Material Penyusun | Kerikil | Warna Batu | Hitam Keabu-abuan | Bentuk Batu | Bulat Teratur | Ada/Tidaknya Kristal | Tidak Ada | Jenis Batuan | Sedimen Mekanis |

BATU PASIR

BATU PASIR | Kekerasan Batuan | 3,5 | Material Penyusun | Pasir | Warna Batu | Hitam | Bentuk Batu | Bulat Teratur | Ada/Tidaknya Kristal | Tidak Ada | Jenis Batuan | Sedimen |

BATU KORAL KUPANG
PINK

BATU KORAL KUPANG PINK | Kekerasan Batuan | 3,5 | Material Penyusun | Pasir | Warna Batu | Pink | Bentuk Batu | Bulat Teratur | Ada/Tidaknya Kristal | Tidak Ada | Jenis Batuan | Sedimen |

BAB 5
KESIMPULAN

Kesimpulan yang saya dapatkan setelah melakukan praktikum ini adalah saya dapat mengetahui tentang perbedaan antara batu beku, batu sedimen,dan batu metamorf dan saya juga dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara menguji ketebalan pada sebuah batuan. Perbedaan tersebut akan saya jelaskan secara singkat dalam bab kesimpulan ini.
Sebuah batuan dapat dikatakan merupakan batuan beku jika batuan tersebut terbentuk dari magma yang keluar dari bumi. Batuan beku di bagi menjadi dua yaitu batuan beku luar yang mengalami pendinginan secara cepat,contohnya batu apung dan batuan beku dalam yang mengalami pendinginan dengan waktu yang sangat lama yang di cirikan dengan adanya Kristal-kristal.
Sebuah batuan dapat dikatakan merupakan batuan sedimen jikan batuan tersebut bahan bakunya berasal dari batuan beku yang hancur karena proses bertahun-tahun dengan bantuan hewan, tumbuhan, air, dan udara dan terendapkan contohnya adalah batu bara.
Sedangkan batuan metamorf terbentuk dari batuan beku dan batuan sedimen yang mengalami perubahan bentuk karena tekanan temperature atau suhu yang tinggi yang berlangsung dalam waktu lama, contohnya batu permata.
Dan untuk mengetahui ketebalan suatu batu adalah dengan cara menggosokan batu tersebut dengan menggunakan koin (500 rupiah lama). Jika pada saat di gosokan batu tersebut terdapat garis berwarna putih pada tempat yang kita gosokan tersebut, maka ketebalan batu tersebut adalah 3,5. Jika tidak terdapat garis putih, maka percobaan harus dilakukan lagi dengan penggosok yang berbeda dan lebih tebal salah satu contoh yang dapat di gunakan untuk mengukur ketebalan tersebut adalah kaca atau pisau.Demikianlah kesimpulan yang dapat saya ambil dari praktikum yang telah dilakukan.

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... AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS Rocks are in order to make it easier on people to confirm them in the future. This can be done in a numerous ways. Each rock type has their own specific ways, but there are two different aspect that apply to all. The particular and composition. These two, before with some others help to classify igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The First Group is Igneous rocks are historical first by construction. This is broken down mainly into grain size. First there are intrusive, or plutonic igneous rocks. These types of rocks cool within the crust and form large, visible crystals. The opposite would be extrusive, or volcanic rocks. “These rocks are characterized as either extrusive or intrusive”. Types of Extrusive Rocks Basalt is normally a dense, dark, massive rocks, high in calcium and iron magnesium- bearing minerals and low in quartz content. Andesite is an extrusive rock intermediate in composition between rhyolite and basalt. Andesite lava is of moderate viscosity and forms thick lava flows and domes. Rhyolite is a felsic extrusive rock. Due to the high silica content, rhyolite lava is very viscous. It flows slowly, like tooth paste squeezed out of a tube, and tends to pile up and form lava domes. Intrusive igneous rocks are made from silica and plagioclase. They tend to be grays and browns in color. And then, felsic rocks are light in color and contains with some amphibole and biotitew. Granite is an igneous rock composed mostly of...

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...on the surface of the Earth where magma has erupted out of the interior of the planet. Magma is molten rock, which has melted from the extreme heat (2200°C to 5000°C) and pressure that exists inside the Earth. Once molten rock has erupted onto the Earth’s surface, it is called lava. As lava spreads out on the surface, it cools and becomes solid rock again. The buildup of lava forms hills and mountains on land, and it forms islands if the volcano began on the ocean floor. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, exist because of volcanoes. Volcano Facts Stages of Volcanic Activity Volcanoes are classified as active or inactive. Inactive volcanoes are older and have usually erupted many times. A volcano is described as active if it is currently erupting or expected to erupt eventually. Eruption Stage A volcanic eruption occurs when lava, gasses, and other subterranean matter come out of the ground. The exact location of where they come out of is called a vent. A volcano usually has more than one vent. The following table lists three volcanoes and the date of the last eruption: Eruptions can be violent or quiet. Some eruptions send lava high above the surface in spectacular fountain shapes. Violent eruptions such as these often include chunks of solid rock that were blown off the interior walls of the vent. Quiet eruptions consist of lava simply flowing out of vents. Both types of eruptions can also have gasses, such as sulfur and fluorine gas, coming out of vents. Cooling and...

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Sci/245 Comparison Worksheet

...extrusive and intrusive rocks. Describe and compare each type in at least 150 words. Extrusive Rock Intrusive Rock Extrusive rock refers to igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out to the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastic. This is different from intrusive rock formation, in which magma does not reach the surface. The main effect of extrusion is that the magma can cool much more quickly in the open air or under seawater, and there is less time for the growth of crystals. Often, some of the lava fails to crystallize at all, becoming an interstitial natural glass or obsidian. If the magma contains abundant volatile components which are released as free gas, then it may cool with large or small vesicles (bubble-shaped cavities) like those found in pumice or scoria. These rocks form many kilometers below the Earth’s surface, as molten rock called magma flows into cracks or underground chambers. There, the magma cools very slowly over thousands to millions of years. As it cools, elements combine to form common silicate minerals, the building blocks of igneous rocks; the mineral crystals can grow quite large if space allows. Rocks that form in this way are called intrusive igneous or plutonic rocks. The mineral crystals within them are large enough to see without a microscope. There are many different types of intrusive igneous rocks but granite is the most common type. Use the following...

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Geological Survey of Nainital, India

...Damantital, Pannatal Lake and Naini Lake. It is spread over an area of 94 sq. km., which marks the catchment of all the seven lakes. Nainital is situated at 29º23’ N latitude, 79º30’ E longitude at an elevation of 2262m (7421ft) above sea level. The climate of the area is typical monsoonal with the three main climatic seasons being rainy (mid-June to mid-September), winter (November to February) and summer (April to mid-June). The transitional periods spring and autumn are March and October respectively. The total mean annual precipitation is around 1100mm/yr and average temperature is 25º C. The vegetation of the region majorly comprises of pine, deodar and evergreen broad leaf species. The primary motive of the field trips was to identify the rock types and various geological features present in the region. The following figure shows a map depicting the sites...

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...room. The class consisted of 37 students learning about rocks and minerals in our unit of “Rocks and Minerals”. Learners There were 37 learners involved in this lesson. Learning Goal In this lesson, students were introduced to rocks and minerals. Students had to explore several websites to reach several questions about rocks and minerals: What is the relationship between minerals and rocks? What are the three types of rocks? What is the process of formation for each type of rock? Technology Students used portable, wireless laptops that were provided by the school. They were instructed to use Internet Explorer to complete the assignment. Students were given several websites to use to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between minerals and rocks? What are the three types of rocks? What is the process of formation for each type of rock? Students had to use the researched information to create a “Rocks and Minerals” flipbook. Students were also directed to give at least three examples of each type of rock and provide pictures of each. Facilitating (or impeding) Learning The initial time frame for this assignment was to be 1-2 days. However, it took 4 days because of consistent battery failure of the laptops. The wireless laptops were fairly old and the batteries seemed to die after 30 minutes. Needless to say, after reviewing the students’ work and after grading the “Rocks and Mineral” post test, it was evident that students learned...

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