...principal product streams; titanium dioxide minerals – in the form of rutile, ilmenite and leucoxene; and zircon. The principal valuable heavy minerals (VHM) include ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile and zircon. Variations of other titanium minerals occur between the end members of ilmenite and rutile, including pseudo rutile and anatase. Most mineral sands deposits are found in unconsolidated fossil shorelines several hundreds of metres to tens of kilometres and occasionally hundreds of kilometres inland from the present coastline. Mineral sands orebodies essentially fall into two categories based on the mode of deposition: alluvial or aeolian. Alluvial deposits are further split into marine beach placers (or strandlines) and lacustrine heavy mineral (HM) accumulations. Exploration for mineral sands involves the positive identification of key criteria leading to the focus of exploratory surface sampling, augering and drilling. Assaying is primarily focused around determining the percentage of HM contained within a given sample. Other results of interest include clay fines, sand and oversize. Metallurgical/mineralogical assessment is often undertaken by via laboratory scale bench tests that replicate the wet concentration and dry mill processing routes. The most critical component in resource assessment for mineral sands is about quantifying HM grade, then mineralogical assemblage and then quality of those mineral species. This will determine whether a mineral sand final product is marketable...
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...and a recommendation will be made regarding which costing method should be used by Competition Bikes. Traditional method to figure out costs- this method computes the overhead cost of titanium bikes at $239,020 and the overhead costs of carbonlite bikes at $232,380 for a total overhead cost of $471,400 ($239,020 + $232,380= $471,400). Again this information was derived from the excel document titled, “JET2 Task 1-4 Workbook” and by clicking on tab ‘Task 4 Cost-Volume-Profit’ and by viewing the second half of the page, looking at the summary of traditional and carbonlite overhead costs. Once the overhead costs are known the direct costs for each bike will be added to that number. So for titanium bikes the direct cost is $402,300 plus the overhead cost $239,020= $ 641,320 for titanium bikes. For carbonlite bikes the direct cost is $447,000 + $232,380= $679,380. The $641,320 for the titanium bikes is considered the total cost and the $679,380 is considered the total cost for the carbonlite bikes. Take the total cost for each bike and divide it by the number of units sold for each bike which is taken from the “Task 4 Activity Based Costing” in the excel document “JET2 Task 1-4 Workbook”. So for titanium bikes the formulas would look like: $641,320/ 900= $712.57 is the cost to produce each titanium bike. The carbonlite formula would look like: $679,380/ 500= $1,358.76 to produces each carbonlite bike. Since the cost to...
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...Q1. Explain in detail, the significance of the Pilling-Bedworth ratio as applied to the oxidation of metals. Titanium has a similar Pilling-Bedworth ratio to nickel and yet nickel alloys are chosen in preference to those based on titanium for use in high temperature applications such as gas turbines- why? If designing a jet engine, what other materials selection criteria might be important? Q2. What would happen to the microstructure and properties of a typical Al-Cu alloy, as used for precipitation hardening, when it is slowly cooled from its solution temperature? Q3. Explain what you understand by the term “oxygen concentration cell” and give some examples of where such cells might exist in an engineering context. In steel suggest how can such a cell give rise to “crevice corrosion” and give reasons why such a corrosion mechanism can be very problematic. How can such cells be avoided in practice? Q4. Briefly explain why stainless steel usually exhibits a far better corrosion resistance than conventional low carbon steels. What is the accepted minimum content of chromium to ensure corrosion resistance? What must be present in the environment in order to ensure corrosion resistance? Does stainless steel ever corrode? Q5. Explain what the benefits are of superalloy single crystal turbine blades in terms of reducing creep defomation. How are they made? List some of the other methods used by engineers and metallurgists to tackle creep in these components. Q6. Show how TTT diagrams...
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... Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Though steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, its use became more common after more-efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, steel became an inexpensive mass-produced material. Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), lowered the cost of production while increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced...
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...as one of the pioneers, Minex organization is based in India. Minex is an ISO 9001-2008 certified company serving Aluminum, Iron & Steel Industries & Non-Ferrous Industries for 30 years. The company is in operation since 1984 and has 3 operating plants in Central India, in the vicinity of Nagpur. In the past decade, Minex has emerged as a benchmark in providing total alloying solutions making it a $100 million company. The following products are regularly being used by reputed foundry industries: IRON FOUNDRIES: Ferro Silicon Magnesium Alloys for S.G. Iron production. Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Zirconium based inoculants. Nickel Magnesium Alloys. Rare Earth and Mischmetal Cored wires for S.G.Iron production, inoculating wires of various specifications for S.G. Iron production.Minex Wire Injection system for injection of Ferro Silico Magnesium cored wires and Inoculants cored wires. STEEL FOUNDRIES: Ferro, Aluminum Ferro, Silico, Calcium Ferro, Titanium Ferro, & Zirconium Cored Wires. ALUMINUM FOUNDRIES: Titanium, Boron, Aluminum, Aluminum-Boron, Iron Tablets. Aluminum-Chromium, Aluminum-Strontium, Aluminum-Iron Cored Wire Injection System. In the field of Cored Wire Feeder and Cored Wire, Minex is pioneer in this part of the world, having introduced this technology during the Eighties, initially with Wire Feeder and Metallurgical Cored Wires. Minex has installed, provided technological support and evolved Wire Injection System since 1988 and...
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...Aluminum matrix * Continuous fibers: boron, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite * Discontinuous fibers: alumina, alumina-silica * Whiskers: silicon carbide * Particulates: silicon carbide, boron carbide STIR CASTING METHOD OF FABRICATION OF MMCs * Liquid state fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites involves incorporation of dispersed phase * into a molten matrix metal, followed by its Solidification. * In order to provide high level of mechanical properties of the composite, good interfacial * bonding (wetting) between the dispersed phase and the liquid matrix should be obtained. * Wetting improvement may be achieved by coating the dispersed phase particles (fibers). Proper * coating not only reduces interfacial energy, but also prevents chemical interaction between the * dispersed phase and the matrix. * The simplest and the most cost effective method of liquid state fabrication is Stir Casting. * 26 * Stir Casting * Stir Casting is a liquid state method of composite materials fabrication, in which a dispersed * phase (ceramic particles, short fibers) is mixed with a molten matrix metal by means of * mechanical stirring. * The liquid composite material is then cast by conventional casting methods and may also be * processed by conventional Metal forming technologies. * Stir Casting is characterized by the following features: * Content of dispersed phase is limited (usually not more than...
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...intelligent technology. The demands made on modern materials are increasing with the same dynamism. The features that are demanded include greater strengths for material-saving constructions, lighter components for energy saving, higher quality for more security and longer service life. After all, cost-effectiveness plays a crucial role. Ceramic materials have in the past made an important contribution to this process of innovation. Requirements for the successful application of ceramics include constructions that are appropriate to the materials and the manufacturing processes, as well as appropriate applications. The point is not that common materials can be displaced, but rather that customised products allow completely new solutions. In order to make intelligent and effective use of the properties of ceramics, it is not sufficient simply to take an existing structural component and to replace it in every detail with a ceramic part. A drawing of the component used so far, however, together with a great deal of supplementary information, can show the way to the mass-produced ceramic component. Thermal, electrical, mechanical loading and the chemical environment must all be taken into account in this process. Appropriate criteria relevant to each particular case mean that one or more suitable materials out of the wide range of available ceramics can be identified. The materials tables and associated descriptions in the following chapters will be helpful in this process. The...
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...Engineering Composite Aircraft Module no: AE3110 Module Title: Aerospace Technology Submitted by: Muhammad Ariffin Bin Omar (K1068479) Abstract This report will contain the study of composite materials, why it is attractive for applications in the aerospace industry, factors limiting its use, as well as a brief review of the composite materials in commercial aircraft over the past 20 years. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Composite 5 Advantages of Composites in Aerospace Application 6 Factors limiting use of Composites 8 Applications of Composites in the last 20 years 10 Potential Challenges 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction During the early years of aviation, aircrafts were constructed by using wood and cloth. Later on in the 1930’s it began to transit into the use of aluminum, steel and titanium as the main building materials for constructing aircrafts. Only in the 1950’s was composite material being introduced to construct aircrafts when it was used on the Boeing 707 commercial aircraft. Even so, its application in the aerospace industry was still very little. Only recently has composite material been more widely used for aerospace applications. The Airbus A380 uses composites in the construction of its wings, and the Boeing 787 has a structure that is 50 percent made of composites. This evolution in material used driven by economics, logistics and the expectations of society. The developments in materials, processing methods and design tools have helped...
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...UNDERSTAND CLOGGING IN IF GRADE AND SUGGEST COUNTERMEASURES TO MINIMIZE IT A Project Report Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for Summer Training By ABHIJEET DASH (VT20132141) Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Under the Guidance of Mrs Shainu Suresh Sr. Manager, Steel Technology and Casting Flat Product Technology Group, Tata Steel Ltd. Jamshedpur i|Page DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Understand clogging in IF grade and suggest countermeasures to minimize it” is an authentic record of my own work carried out at Tata Steel Ltd., Jamshedpur as requirement of short term industrial/research experience for the award of degree of B.Tech Metallurgy, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, under the guidance of Mrs Shainu Suresh during 14th May to 9th July, 2013 Place: Jamshedpur Date: 8th July,2013 Abhijeet Dash VT20132141 Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Mrs Shainu Suresh Sr.Manager, Steel Technology and Casting Flat Product Technology Group, Tata Steel Ltd. Jamshedpur. ii | P a g e iii | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Management of Tata Steel Ltd. for giving me this wonderful opportunity to work with highly knowledgeable people on a project of great importance. I owe my deepest gratitude to my guide Mrs. Shainu Suresh, Sr.Manager, Steel Making and...
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...Technical Report For Aero Structures – Properties & Performance Version 1.0 approved Prepared by <enter your name> <Organization> <Date created> Table of Contents Table of Contents i Revision History i 1. Repairing a cracked aircraft longeron 1 1.1 Abstract 1 1.2 Introduction 2 1.3 Damage Analysis of the Cracks in Longeron 2 1.4 Conventional Metallic Patch Repair 3 1.5 Bonded/fortified Patch Repair 4 1.6 Repair Design 4 1.7 Testing of the Repair Concept 6 1.8 Inspection of the bonded patch repair 8 1.9 Concluding Remarks 9 1.10 Repair Design Diagrams 10 2. Redesigning the Aircraft Wing 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 How the Structure of an Aircraft being made 14 2.3 Design for Assembly and Manufacturing of Aircraft Wings 15 2.4 Types and Characteristics of Wings Assembly Method 15 2.5 Comparison of Wings Assembly Methods 17 2.6 Selection of Wing Assembly Method 18 2.7 Structural Wing Design & Analysis 18 2.8 Wing Structure (Spar) 19 2.9 Wing Structure (Ribs & Skin) 21 2.10 CFRP Composite Material for Constructing Wing Assembly 22 3. References 24 3.1 Books 24 3.2 Other Sources 24 Revision History Name | Date | Reason For Changes | Version | | | | | | | | | Repairing a cracked aircraft longeron A fighter was found with a fatigue crack on one of its longerons, which may eventually lead to a catastrophic failure. So, here in this report some of the techniques and possibilities...
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...(iLAS), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Denickestr. 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany a Abstract New layer wise manufacturing technologies such as Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) allow innovative approaches to product design. Especially for lightweight design in aircraft applications LAM offers new possibilities for load-adapted structures. However, to fully capture lightweight potential of LAM technologies new design guidelines and processes have to be developed. A novel approach to extreme lightweight design is realized by incorporating structural optimization tools, bionic structures and LAM guidelines into one design process. By consequently following this design process designers can achieve lightweight savings in designing new aircraft structures. Keywords: Additive Layer Manufacturing; Laser Addative Manufacturing; Selective Laser Melting; light weight design; bionic design; structural optimization 1. Motivation In addition to already existing American competitors, a rising number of internationally acting companies from Far East and Russia lead to a steadily increasing pressure of cost efficiency and innovation in the European aircraft industry. The increasing struggle for efficient aircrafts can be noticed, among others, in the rising use of lightweight structures based on structural optimization tools. The introduction of these load optimized components results in falling lot sizes, highly complex parts and the demand for reduced production times at...
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...Chemistry Unit 2 AS Group 7, the halogens - Physical properties, fluorine is a pale yellow gas, chlorine a greenish gas, bromine a red-brown liquid and iodine a black solid o Fluorine is small and leads to the repulsion between non-bonding electrons because they are so close together o The atoms get bigger as we go down the group because each element has one extra filled main level of electrons compared with the one above it |Halogen |Atomic number |Electron Arrangement |Electronegativity |Atomic radius nm |Melting point K |Boiling Point K | |Fluorine |9 |[He]2s22p5 |4.0 |0.071 |53 |85 | |Bromine |35 |[Ar]3d104s24p5 |2.8 |0.114 |266 |332 | Electronegativity - This is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons, or electron density towards itself within a covalent bond o This depends on the attraction between the nucleus and bonding electrons in the outer shell, which depends on the balance between the nuclear charge and the distance between the nucleus and the bonding pairs plus the shielding effect of inner shells of electrons Melting and boiling points - Melting and boiling points involve weakening and breaking...
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...Fire Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and hazard to human and animal life. PHASES OF A FIRE First Phase – Incipient Oxygen content 20% - 21% with ceiling temperatures of approximately 37˚ C°. At this stage the produces of combustion are water vapour, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxiode, and hot gases rising. Smoldering fires my last for a few seconds to several hours before breaking into flames. A large volume of smoke will be present until flaming starts and then progress is rapid. Second Phase – free burning, flame producing or steady state At this stage the oxygen content is 15% - 19% and the ceiling temperatures are above 537°C and the products of combustion are water vapour, carbon dixiode, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. There large quantities of dark grey smoke and rapid destruction of combustible materials. It is at this point that flash over occurs. Flash...
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...precious stones. The more expensive models were made of platinum Vertu had invested considerable money as well as time in conceptualizing and creating its range of luxury phones. These extremely expensive phones were primarily targeted at young and successful businessmen. Vertu realized early that mobile phones, far from being just a communication device, would also come to reflect the personality of their owners. While the Vertu phones evoked a good response, some analysts doubted whether the interest would be sustained. As the product proved successful, the number of imitators was expected to grow quickly. And sure enough, companies like Mobiado3 and mainstream players like Motorola4, Samsung5, and LG6 launched high-end mobile models in the mid-2000s. Even as Vertu phones won praise for their design and build, they were criticized for being technological laggards. However, company officials did not see this as a drawback, explaining that a typical Vertu customer did not place as much emphasis on cutting-edge features as he did on design and high value components. Background Note Vertu, headquartered in the UK, was established by Nokia as a subsidiary in 2002. Although the idea to create exclusive luxury phones was first conceived by Frank Nuova (Nuova), the chief designer of Nokia, in 1995, it was several years before it took shape. "In 1995, Frank Nuovo,...
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...to new heights. The most prominent and significant change has been the reduction in size of these technologies. However, in the effort to simplify our lives by making things smaller and smaller, some of us fail to see the risk in such bold endeavors. This quest to manufacture objects at the microscopic scale has created the field of Nanotechnology which refers to the creation of devices and materials on extremely small scales. The products of Nanotechnology are composed of individual particles called Nanoparticles which have one dimension (width, height, or length) that is less than 100 nanometers. To put that in perspective, the width of a human hair is about 10 to 1000 times bigger than a nanometer. At such miniscule size, materials can be created with valuable chemical and physical properties, such as the ability to conduct electricity in the case of electronics, which enable for a wide range of technological applications, ranging from faster computer chips to new ways of treating cancer. The incorporation of Nano-technologies in commercial products has begun what some scientists and journalists are calling a “Nano revolution.” In other words, more and more technologies have at least some component that was engineered using Nanotechnology. With such wide range of applications, it is no wonder groups like the International Council of Nanotechnology (ICON) have been formed to investigate the possible harmful effects. In vitro cellular toxicology tests which are tests performed...
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