...Ultrasound For our project we researched ultrasound which is also commonly known as a Sonogram. The definition of ultrasound is energy that is generated by sound waves of 20,000 or greater vibrations per second. Ultrasound is used in many different arrays. It is most often used in the medical field. Ultrasound uses sound waves that are too high to be heard by the human ear. A part of the ultrasound machine called the transducer is placed on the body part and sound waves are emitted from the transducer and reflected back from organs and tissues. When the wave is sent back to the transducer it puts it into the computer which then measures the length of time it took for the wave to leave and come back and this is what makes up the pictures. Ultrasounds are used to look for many different things in the body from tumors to bones to examining an unborn baby. The history of Ultrasound doesn’t go back very far. Although ultrasound has been around since the first world war. It wasn’t until the 1940’s when it was first used for medical purposes. Two researchers are recognized in the history of ultrasound, Doctor Karl Theodore Dussik of Austria and Professor Ian Donald of Scotland. They were the first physicians to use ultrasound for medical purposes. Dussik first used ultrasound to find tumors in the brain and to look for the cerebral ventricals. He called his procedure hyperphonography. Donald wrote an article called Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound. That was...
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...Thump Thump, The welcome of a new heart beat. It’s amazing how such a small heart can make tremendous noise. Even before a baby is born, a mother can get an idea of how her baby might look. It’s the highlight of an ultrasound. Ultra sounds are the best way to get a diagnose, they are non- harmful because they aren’t based on radiation. Instead ultrasounds rely on sound waves to get a clear image of the internal organs of a patient including soft tissues, blood vessels and also to observe developing fetuses in the womb. With that being said ultrasounds also have the benefit of being less expensive than many other imaging apparatuses such as, MRI or CT scan. Many people conclude that ultra sounds are only used on mothers to be but, the truth is that ultra sounds are also used for obstetric imaging, soft-tissue analysis, therapeutic treatment and dental treatment. Says radiologist (Dr. Joe Antony)....
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...Dylan Hannum Dr. Wong 11/6/2015 Case 2.8: Ultrasounds In India In India, having a daughter is often viewed as incurring a lifetime of debt for parents because of the dowry payment at marriage. Mothers will abort their unborn daughters just so they may try again for a son. Some estimate that hundreds of thousands of girl fetuses are aborted each year. Boys in India are viewed as wealth earners during life and lighters of one’s funeral pyre at death. A leading cause of the abortions, some think, is the availability of ultrasounds. For more than a decade, the Indian government has tried to stop ultrasound technology from being used as a tool to determine gender. India has passed laws forbidding doctors from disclosing the sex of fetuses, required official registrations of clinics, and stiffened punishments for offenders. India’s National Family Health Survey showed that 90 percent of parents with two sons didn’t want any more children. Of those India’s National Family Health Survey, released in February, showed that 90 percent of parents with two sons didn’t want any more children. Today any clinic that has an ultrasound machine must register with the local government and provide an affidavit that it will not conduct sex selection. During an audit last year, Kumar demanded paperwork for 389 local scan centers. Only 16 percent could furnish complete address information for its patients, making it almost impossible to track women to check if they had abortions following their...
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...methods to treat and diagnose a patient. One similarity to these fields are that they both are one to one with the patient and you get to know the person a little better as they open up to you and tell you what is going on as they tell you their life stories. Sonography and Ultrasound is the same thing; it just has two names it can go by. In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, three physicians discovered that sound waves were sent though the body with echoes from different tissues that would form different images of the anatomy of your body. Ultrasound is a sound beam that transfers energy from one point to another like an x-ray beam. These sound waves can only pass through matter and are small vibrations. If there is not matter for the waves to travel through, there is nothing for it to vibrate on and therefore the sound would not exist. There are three components used in Ultrasounds; transducer, the ultrasound beam and an image display on a cathode ray tube or on a screen where the picture is produced. A transducer has two main purposes: Senses the echoes that have returned from the previous pulses to produce the image and it transmits sound in pulses and bursts to create the picture. An ultrasound beam is where light bends and passes through different materials to create an image. A cathode ray tube is a high-vacuum tube in which cathode...
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...MGMT 404 week 3 O*Net Research Center 1. The occupation I was looking for was an Ultrasound technician. Ultrasound tech. was the second occupation that came up during my search. I think the information was comprehensive. The site gave specific information like salaries by state. I really liked the salary break down. The list of tasks is very close to what the ultrasound techs do at my office. They have to submit a report after every ultrasound that they complete. They also have to decide what images they are going to include in the clients portfolio. Before an ultrasound can began, the ultrasound tech. has to review the patient’s record to see if they are having a normal or abnormal pregnancy. Apart of the ultrasound tech. job is to understand the past problems that the client has had. The tools and technology used are also the same. In order to do an ultrasound the tech needs a machine, probe and the correct software. There is a great deal of knowledge that is needed to operate an ultrasound machine. Education, customer service, and physics are all things that an ultrasound tech. must have. The skills needed to work as a tech are speaking, active listening, monitoring, time management, operation monitoring. At my office we do fetal ultrasounds and it is important for the ultrasound techs to monitor the settings on the machine so they don’t become harmful to the unborn baby and mother. 2. I was surprised at the choices that O*Net chose for me. Anesthesiologists were...
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...Hellinger, J. C., & Epelman, M. (2010). Fetal MRI in the Third Dimension. Applied Radiology,39(7-8), 8-22. Ultrasonography is a primary diagnostic tool used in obstetrics for multiple reasons, but predominantly because it’s minimally inconvenient for the mother, and it produces dependable, prompt results. Ultrasound uses a 2-dimensional grayscale and Doppler static and cine techniques to achieve structural and functional information. Advantages of utilizing ultrasound is the aid in evaluating: facial abnormalities, neural tube defects, skeletal defects, congenital heart disease, the central nervous system, and fetal biometry. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is advancing as a secondary diagnostic tool for both the fetus and the mother....
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...shapes of the surrounding objects are determined according to the echo of sound waves. Bat’s Sonar * Send’s sound waves in all directions 20 to 30 times each second. * Bats reduce their sonar squeals to prevent confusion from overlapping waves by the echoes. * Technology counterpart is the AWACS Boeing 767 jets Moths * Can disrupt the flow of the bat’s ultrasound waves so they can’t be detected * Technology counterpart is EA-6B Prowler * Dolphin’s Sonar * Can produce as many as 1200 clicks per second. * The echoes let the dolphin determine the direction, speed, and size of the object that reflects them. Sonar Technologies that Help the Visually Impaired Smart Canes * Independent mobility to blind people * Emits ultrasound waves to detect nearby obstacles and vibrates to inform the user Ultra Canes * Provides distance and direction to navigate narrow paths while avoiding obstacles Ultra Bikes * Contains 2 ultrasound sensors and has 2 arms that vibrate to inform the cyclist about obstacles. Superior Bat Design for Safe Travel * Ultrasound sensors bounce sound waves off obstacles, using the echo to know the distance. * As they get closer, the speaker in the car bleeps increasingly. Technologies Inspired From Aquatic Animals Stun Gun * Scientists imitate the defense mechanism of an electrical eel and its principles Fish Detector * Water...
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...Solution to Musculoskeletal Injuries in Sonography Sonography, as a profession, is often enticing. When most individuals think of sonography, the thought that comes to mind is a sonogram with the pictures of a baby in gestation within a mother’s womb. Though this can be an interesting and rewarding career choice, this profession, as in most, can have its drawbacks. Many sonographers are at risk of suffering from musculoskeletal injuries and a significant amount are already experiencing injuries, especially those with considerable workloads and ones who have been in the profession for a large amount of time. In order to make sonography a safer profession, the work environment of sonographers must be redesigned with better ergonomics in mind. Having a safer ergonomic design must play an essential part of equipment design, along with changes to the layout of the work setting. Musculoskeletal Disorder also known as work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD) can include a number of symptoms ranging from swelling and inflammation of the muscles, spasms, tingling or burning sensations, to the loss of sensation completely (Coffin, 2014). In certain cases, a loss of muscle strength can occur. While this disorder is accumulative, the symptoms considered to be small can evolve to become more critical and also debilitating. Among North American sonographers in 1997, the occurrences of musculoskeletal injury were 84% and increased to 90% in 2008 (Coffin, 2014). According to the...
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...As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2012, 5(05), 364-373 Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry ISSN 1906-3040 Available online at www.ajofai.info Research Article Kinetics of the reduction of pesticide residues in vegetables by ultrasonic cleaning Ratikorn Buakham1, Sirichai Songsermpong1* and Chutima Eamchotchawalit2 1 Food Engineering Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. 2 Email: sirichai.so@ku.ac.th Abstract The problem of pathogen and pesticide residues in vegetables is a big concern to both consumers and exporters. This study introduced a new method of cleaning vegetables with high frequency sound waves (ultrasonic) as a way to solve the problem. This research aimed at studying the kinetics of reduction of pesticide residues in four kinds of vegetables: coriander, kale, yard long bean and red chili by using the ultrasonic cleaner (60 kHz 140 W) with tap water compared with soaking in tap water. The cleaning was done at 20, 25 and 30oC for 0, 3, 7 and 10 minutes. The determination of the toxicity levels was done by means of cholinesterase inhibition technique. The decimal reduction time, the reaction rate constant and the activation energy were determined. It was found that ultrasonic cleaning at 25oC and soaking in tap water at 30oC was the best combination to reduce...
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...some private practices which may have need of medical sonographer. Usually these are specialized and gastroenterologist.” (Medical sonography). Holding the education of a medical sonographer can help the sonographer become a specialist in: breast, neuroson, or abdominal sonographer. There are many job advancement and options for a medical sonographer. Whoever there are many different ways a medical sonographer can advance in the field with the right education. Sonography is sounds waves used to generate an image. Salary for a medical sonographer can start small for someone just out of college, after a couple of years in the field it will upgrade. Medical sonography may seem like an easy task and career but there is more to it than just ultrasounds. Taking classes to further education for a sonographer can offer more opportunities. Sonographer are required to use equipment to see inside the body and help a person and situation. Making a better day for someone else by helping them, is already making a better tomorrow. ...
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...The effects of ultrasound waves on biological tissues are called bioeffects. Ultrasound is a non-ionizing form of radiation, they have an extremely low frequency which is why ultrasound waves are not known to cause harm to human tissue. There are different categories of bioeffects; these categories are known as thermal effects and mechanical effects. Thermal bioeffects depend on the duration of exposure and the frequency. In brightness modulation and in color mode a wider area is scanned so the heat can be distributed over that space. In amplitude modulation, motion mode, and Doppler modes, one line is scanned repeatedly to gather information which in turn makes that line have a concentrated amount of heat, increasing the likelihood of thermal bioeffects occurring. Thermal Index (TI) is the on screen measurement of the amount of energy absorbed by the body over a certain period of time. Thermal bioeffects are used as a form of medical heat therapy sometimes by applying low frequency ultrasound to joint and muscle sprains or tendonitis. Also thermal bioeffects have been used to thermally kill tumors or stop bleeding. Mechanical bioeffects are the effects of the ultrasound wave that are non-thermal, produced by force. The force that is usually produced is something called cavitation. Cavitation can occur if the Mechanical Index (MI) is the measure on screen of the potential for cavitation to begin in the tissue. There are two types of cavitation; stable cavitation that the gas bubbles...
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...Brief History of Medical Imaging Medical imaging has played a very significant role in medicine for over the last one hundred years. It is one of the most important diagnostic tools available to doctors and has revolutionized the medical diagnosis of patients. The use of medical imaging has enabled doctors to see inside a patient without having to cut them open. Medical imaging, especially X-ray examinations and sonography which is also known to some as ultrasound, is essential in an everyday medical setting. Preventive medicine as well as healing medicine depends on the proper diagnosis and treatment by physicians, and the use of diagnostic imaging can help evaluate the course of a disease, as well as assess and document the disease in response to the treatment. Medical imaging has rapidly expanded from the first medical image discovered by Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. During a late night experiment in November of 1895, Roentgen, a physics professor from Germany, was examining Crookes tubes. He noticed that some light had managed to pass through a tube that he had wrapped in thin black cardboard, reflecting on the wall of his dark laboratory. Upon further investigation he found that the light could also be passed through paper, books, and eventually through human flesh. Unintentionally, he had stumbled upon a very important discovery that led to the discovery of what we now call an X-ray. One of the very first x-rays was one...
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...Fundamentals of Ultrasonics - PLASTICS please click for enlargement Variations of Joint Designs or Energy Directors For the design of plastic parts for assembly with ultrasonic energy, many recommendations exist to save time, energy and tooling modifications. The first step for a designer is to determine the most suitable joining technique. The following variations are possible: Ultrasonic Welding Ultrasonic Swaging, Staking, Spot-Welding Ultrasonic Insertion Ultrasonic Welding The molten material builds at the contact area of the energy director between the to be welded parts. The ultrasonic waves are transferred through the part to the joint area. Common "standard" joint designs include: Basic 90 Degree Energy Director 90 Degree Energy Director Step Joint 90 Degree Energy Director Tongue & Groove Herrmann Ultrasonics Mash Joint Double V-Point Tongue & Groove The recommended process examples listed above can be varied with inserted gaskets or in-molded 2K injection molded gaskets. Ultrasonic Swaging, Staking, Spot-Welding please click for enlargement In addition to conventional types of joint design for bonding injection molded plastic parts, ultrasonic welding can be used in a verity of forms to accomplish a mechanical bond when only one part is of thermoplastic material. Common applications include: Swaging, for deforming or bending an area of a plastic piece to trap the other part (of different...
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...Gray, Gabe Let’s talk Business Week one Individual work Mr. Davidson October 21, 2014 The six stages of the communication process consist of; encodes, sender, decodes, message, noise, feedback and receiver. There is a difference between listening and hearing. When you’re hearing your brain is registering sounds, vs. when you’re listening you’re actually paying attention to what is being said and trying to fully understand the full message. A huge situation going on today is the Ebola scandal, people are panicking and not actually listening to persuasions you can take. But the general public isn’t the only one not listening; unfortunately the nurses at hospitals aren’t taking full measurements to prevent this from spreading. If the first patient that went into the Texas hospital with the Ebola symptoms would have been taken care of then, it could have been prevented from spreading to others. We might not think about it on the daily, but the communication process plays an important role in our everyday life. Although the hospital has apologized for not taking better consideration of the first patient with Ebola, it doesn’t change the fact that now they have the whole country panicking. Yet again the communication process plays another big role, because if the general public would actually listen and understand how Ebola spreads they would know that you run a low chance of actually getting infected. People need to actually listen...
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...International Marketing Kaplan University Christina Olson October 16, 2011 Soft glow of the skin, feelings of butterflies in the stomach, and countless days of pampering and love; this is what pregnancy should be like. Expecting mothers should be joyous about the wonderful life that they are caring. Medical technology advancement has made the ability of planning for new born babies easier by the use of ultrasound machines. Currently ultrasound machines are produced by many different companies, one of them being General Electric. Ultrasound machines were first used to test the distance between two areas. During the 1950s these machines were used by doctors to identify masses in the human body such as tumors (Barfee.net, 2011). General Electric designs their ultrasound machines with the women’s body in mind, to be with her every step of the way from pre to post pregnancy (GE, 2011). This company is taking strides to ensure that all women are being looked after with the best technological advancements possible (GE, 2011). They have developed portable ultrasound systems which help to provide medical capabilities to all those in need at any location imaginable. In China the easy accessibility of GE’s ultra sound machines has become more of a negative effect than a positive one. Since the pass of China’s One-Child Policy, many women wanted only male babies. The Chinese government did not create the One-Child policy to ensure that only boys were being born, in fact...
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